以瓊劇《張文秀》為例,探索在進(jìn)行瓊劇漢英翻譯實(shí)踐時(shí)運(yùn)用哪些翻譯理論,以有效實(shí)現(xiàn)文本的交際功能和翻譯的目的。
海南省作為國際旅游島,文化是它的魂。瓊劇是海南文化的一張名片,它是地方特色文化的一面旗幟。我想為傳播瓊劇貢獻(xiàn)自己的一份力量。我總結(jié)一下自己的翻譯體會。
一、理解字句的含義
根據(jù)句子的內(nèi)容、文體和語境等判斷其含義。
例1王員外:貧富懸殊損門楣。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:The huge gap between the rich and the poor disparages my family status.
例2張文秀:二姐夫那雙眼比狗眼還好,夜晚還能認(rèn)得出狀元來。你真看得準(zhǔn),明陰陽通古今,真不愧軍師之才??上е辉谠勒砷T下,當(dāng)個(gè)管家奴,未免太屈才。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:The eyes of my second brother-in law are brighter than the ones of dogs. Even at night you can still recognize No. 1 scholar in the imperial civil service exam.
you know everything. You should have been a military adviser, but you are only a housekeeper in father-in-law house. What a pity!
“明陰陽通古今”,就是“無所不知”,譯成“everything”
二、理解字句以外的含義
例1 二姐夫:天下哪有你這樣的白肚狀元。
張文秀:白肚狀元總比黑肚監(jiān)生好得多(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:—Is there No.1 scholar in the highest civil service exam who dress in gray in the world ?
—It’s better than the vicious Imperial College student.
“白肚狀元”是指“土灰,也指人狼狽不堪的樣子”,該劇中張文秀是去給岳丈拜壽,不可能穿白衣服?!昂诙潜O(jiān)生”是指“心腸陰險(xiǎn)狠毒的監(jiān)生”。
三、詩詞的漢英翻譯
詩詞漢英翻譯要注意韻律,形神兼?zhèn)洌娗闈庥簟?/p>
例1王三姐:金烏欲落歸西山,留余暉,映紗窗。倦鳥知懷相呼喚,并翼投林影雙雙。愁滿懷,空自嘆,俯首含淚暗思量。萬物皆有歸宿處,游子何故不還鄉(xiāng)。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:Crows fly down and return to the western hills,
Leaving their shadows on the screen windows.
Tired birds care for and summon each other,
Tweeting and flying to the forest in pairs.
I sadly sign with the dropping head,
Thinking to myself with tears.
Everything has returned to its home,
Why not the wanderer go home?
例2王三妹:姐妹是同根相連,骨肉相殘心何忍?張郎啊,我的苦衷訴不盡,我等你,東去春來日子遙遙,多么可憐。(《張文秀》)
譯:Born as we are of the selfsame root,
Why should one torment the other?
Master Zhang, my dear!
The torture I endure silently is innumerable.
I am waiting for you for endless days through spring and summer.
How wretched I am!
四、修辭學(xué)的漢英翻譯
(一)比喻
明喻譯成英語的simile(如:像甲→like A);暗喻與借喻譯成英語的metaphor(是甲→be A)。英語中simile的類似表現(xiàn)體為:like,as,look,seem(to / that / as if…),as if,as though,such as,just as,similar to,so / as…as等。
例1 王家二姐:她是爛泥扶不上墻。(王大姐和二姐勸說王三妹另嫁無效后,責(zé)備她不懂她們的用心良苦。)(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:She is like the mud which is too sloppy and loose to paste the wall. She insensible of our good intentions.(本人譯)
(二)借代
借代是指不直說某人或某事物的名稱,而是借和它密切相關(guān)的名稱去代替,這種辭格也叫做“換名”。一般采用直譯和意譯相結(jié)合的辦法。
例1 反腐就是連老虎和蒼蠅一起打。(“老虎”指位高權(quán)重的高官,“蒼蠅”是指那些損害群眾切身利益的小官小吏。)
譯:Anti-corruption is to fight against both tigers and flies—including all high-ranking (tigers) and lower-level officials (flies) for serious discipline and law violations.
例2丫環(huán):我輕扶織女度鵲橋。牛郎早已待在橋頭。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:I help my mistress across the bridge,. My master is already waiting there.
文中丫環(huán)把“織女”代替的“女主人”,把“牛郎”比作“男主人”。
(三)雙關(guān)語
雙關(guān)指在一定的語言環(huán)境中,利用詞的多義和同音的條件,有意使語句具有雙重意義,言在此而意在彼的修辭方式。雙關(guān)可使語言表達(dá)得含蓄、幽默、而且能加深語意,給人以深刻印象。采用直譯和意譯相結(jié)合的辦法,并指出諧音或諧意的雙關(guān)所在。
例 賈璉道:“打量你哥哥行事像個(gè)人么?你知道外頭的人叫他什么?……叫他‘忘仁’!”……鳳姐“噗嗤”的一笑:“他可不叫王仁,叫什么呢?”賈璉道:“你打量那個(gè)‘王仁’嗎?是忘了仁義禮智信的那個(gè)‘忘仁’哪!”(《紅樓夢》)
譯:Jialian said: “You may think that brother of yours a gentleman; but do you know what people outside call him?... Wang Ren(忘仁—forgetting humanity)” …Xifeng burst out laughing. “ Of course, that’s his name—Wang Ren(王仁).”he said: “It’s not the Wang Ren you think, but the Wang Ren meaning that he’s lost all sense of decency and propriety.” (楊憲益,戴乃迭譯)
五、成語、歇后語、諺語或俗語的漢英翻譯
對此靈活采用“歸化”或“異化”等翻譯方法,突出“功能對等”,突破文化障礙。
例如“洞房花燭夜,金榜題名時(shí)(The greatest joy of life is either to spend the first night in the nuptial chamber or to pass a civil service examination.)”、 “天下沒有不散的宴席(All good things must come to an end.)”、“好漢不吃眼前虧(Only a fool goes looking for a trouble.)”、“冤家路窄(Foes are fated to meet.)”和“酒逢知己千杯少,話不投機(jī)半句多(A thousand cups of wine are not enough when treating a bosom friend, but half a disagreeable word is too much.)”等。又如:
例1王家二女婿:過家后米成熟飯難在改。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:What has been done can't be changed after her entering new home.
這里 “生米煮成熟飯”比喻“事情已經(jīng)做成了,不能再改變”,只能意譯。
例2王家大姐:常言道:“肥水不流外人田”。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:As the saying goes: “Rich water should be kept on its own fields.”
六、典故的漢英翻譯
找出典故的來歷,典故通常不直譯的,要變通。對具有民族特色的典故、神話故事、經(jīng)典出處,必要的話要略做文化背景的注釋。
例1張文秀:文秀非是薄幸兒,今天特回來探問。不應(yīng)該出言不慎把你氣。萬望小姐放心開。我不愿蟾宮折丹桂。愿只愿和小姐鳳凰齊飛。(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:I’m not insensitive to luck. Today I’m here specially to visit you and shouldn’t talk rashly. Hope you can set your mind at ease. I prefer flying along with you like phoenix to getting official rank.
例2 張文秀:小姐啊,你爸盼你攀高門。你我焉能詠關(guān)雎?(瓊劇《張文秀》)
譯:Dear, your father wish you to marry a man with riches and honors. It’s impossible for us to sing like ospreys.
必須承認(rèn),任何翻譯理論都不是十全十美的。因此譯者要正確運(yùn)用得當(dāng)?shù)姆g策略和語言技巧,才能有效實(shí)現(xiàn)文本的交際功能和翻譯的目的,譯文才會更準(zhǔn)確、鮮明、生動和傳神,并能保存原作的豐姿。
基金項(xiàng)目:海南省哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)2015年規(guī)劃課題〔HNSK(2C)15-39 〕“瓊劇英文翻譯理論與實(shí)踐-以《張文秀》為例”
(作者單位:??诮?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院)