于洋,朱琳,胡敏
(廣州體育學(xué)院 運(yùn)動(dòng)與健康系,廣東 廣州 510500)
近五年非酒精性脂肪肝運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的研究進(jìn)展
于洋,朱琳,胡敏
(廣州體育學(xué)院 運(yùn)動(dòng)與健康系,廣東 廣州 510500)
非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)是全球普遍流行的肝疾病,近年來呈低齡化發(fā)病趨勢(shì),與肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血、心腦血管疾病以及人們生活方式密切相關(guān)。目前臨床上通常采用減輕患者體重,與肥胖、糖尿病等疾病同時(shí)治療的方式,尚缺乏單一治療NAFLD的方法。運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)NAFLD治療的有效性已得到多數(shù)學(xué)者的認(rèn)同,且相比于手術(shù)、藥物等療法更加經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全,被譽(yù)為NAFLD綠色療法。以近五年來國內(nèi)外研究文獻(xiàn)為依據(jù),總結(jié)不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)NAFLD治療的作用。
運(yùn)動(dòng);非酒精性脂肪肝;代謝疾病
非酒精性脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是一種無過量飲酒史,肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性和脂肪貯積為特征的臨床病理綜合癥,是肝病變?yōu)樘卣鞯拇x綜合癥,是全球較為普遍流行的肝疾病。西方國家NAFLD發(fā)病率為20%~50%[1,2],與肥胖增長(zhǎng)率和靜坐生活方式密切相關(guān)[3],肥胖或2型糖尿病患者中NAFLD發(fā)病率高達(dá)75%~100%[4,5]。近20年來亞洲國家NAFLD增長(zhǎng)迅速且呈低齡化發(fā)病趨勢(shì),隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,我國發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)如上海、廣州等地成人NAFLD患病率約為15%[6],已成為僅次于病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病。
按照組織病理學(xué)變化NAFLD可發(fā)展成為單純性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎(Nonalcohalic steatohepatitis, NASH)和脂肪性肝纖維化,最終可演變成肝硬化和肝癌(圖1)。伴有肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血等其他代謝疾病的NAFLD患者,NAFLD發(fā)展成為NASH的幾率加大;伴有腹部肥胖、高血壓、胰島素抵抗等NASH患者發(fā)展成為脂肪性肝纖維化的幾率大于單純性NASH患者。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),脂肪性肝纖維化患者容易病變成為肝硬化,引發(fā)肝癌[7]。不僅如此,肝內(nèi)鐵蛋白含量增加、天門冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)與丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)比高于0.8,也會(huì)增加肝纖維化轉(zhuǎn)化為肝硬化的幾率。另有研究指出,patatin樣磷脂域3基因(PNPLA3)具有多態(tài)位點(diǎn),其中I148M多態(tài)位點(diǎn)與血清甘油三酯、AST、ALT以及肝脂肪含量相關(guān),對(duì)NAFLD發(fā)展起重要作用[8-11]。
圖1 非酒精性脂肪肝的自然發(fā)展過程
早期人們治療NAFLD主要是防止心血管綜合癥和肝惡化引發(fā)的死亡[13]。隨著研究的深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)NAFLD與肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血等代謝疾病密切相關(guān),多采用治療肥胖、糖尿病等手段同時(shí)治療NAFLD,但卻缺少僅針對(duì)NAFLD的治療方法。減輕體重是NAFLD治療的首要任務(wù),因此臨床上采用手術(shù)、藥物以及內(nèi)窺鏡治療方式減輕患者體重,從而達(dá)到治療NAFLD的目的[12]。此外,2012年版美國非酒精性脂肪肝診治指南、中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)肝病學(xué)分會(huì)發(fā)布的《非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南(2010修訂版)》和中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)內(nèi)分泌學(xué)會(huì)制訂的《非酒精性脂肪性肝病與相關(guān)代謝紊亂診療共識(shí)(2013版)》認(rèn)為改變生活方式可以降低肝酶水平和改善肝脂肪病變[14-16]。對(duì)于非酒精性脂肪肝患者,減少靜坐時(shí)間,增加運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)可有效防治NAFLD[17,18]。與手術(shù)、藥物等治療方式相比,運(yùn)動(dòng)是更加經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全的綠色療法,同時(shí)還可以治療肥胖等其他代謝性疾病。以下主要闡述不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度以及運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)NAFLD的治療作用。
2.1 運(yùn)動(dòng)方式
2.1.1 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)
有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)和干預(yù)生活方式引起的體重減輕是治療NAFLD的重要方法。Sullivan等讓18位NAFLD患者以45%~55%最大耗氧量進(jìn)行上肢運(yùn)動(dòng),每周5次,每次30~60 min,共運(yùn)動(dòng)16周。運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組均不限制飲食。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然運(yùn)動(dòng)組體重沒有減輕,但是其肝內(nèi)TG含量明顯減少,同時(shí)ALT降低[19]。Oh等將有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)合飲食管理與單純飲食控制進(jìn)行比較,52名NAFLD伴肥胖患者以大于40%最大耗氧量進(jìn)行走步或慢跑運(yùn)動(dòng),每周3次,每次90 min,根據(jù)營(yíng)養(yǎng)師建議患者每天攝入1680 kcal食物。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)合飲食控制組血清炎癥標(biāo)記物、肝脂肪變性、皮下脂肪以及IR均較單純控制飲食組得到明顯改善[20]。上述表明,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可有效治療NAFLD。
2.1.2 無氧運(yùn)動(dòng)(抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng))
有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)雖然能夠有效治療NAFLD,但對(duì)于心肺功能低下、體重過大、缺少運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力的NAFLD患者來說,他們不適合進(jìn)行有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),可選擇抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)方式。Hallsworth等人使具有靜坐習(xí)慣的NAFLD患者每天進(jìn)行約1 h的劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng),但不干預(yù)他們的飲食。8周后發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然患者體重沒有變化,但肝脂肪變性明顯降低,血糖和脂質(zhì)氧化得到明顯改善[21]。Zelber-Sagi等利用超聲和肝腎指數(shù)檢測(cè)抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)NAFLD的影響發(fā)現(xiàn),抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)3個(gè)月后肝腎指數(shù)下降11%,血清鐵蛋白和膽固醇也明顯降低[22]。上述表明,抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)可有效治療NAFLD,對(duì)于不適宜有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)NAFLD患者可采用抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)方式治療。
2.1.3 混合運(yùn)動(dòng)
對(duì)于重度肥胖者、喪失運(yùn)動(dòng)能力以及年紀(jì)較大的NAFLD患者來說,有氧或抗阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)都不適宜,可選擇混合運(yùn)動(dòng)方式?;旌线\(yùn)動(dòng)包括肌肉收縮和電刺激。Kawaguchi等人采用下肢屈伸運(yùn)動(dòng)形式,患者無需站立,在床上也可進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。研究結(jié)果顯示,35位患者經(jīng)過12周(每周2次)運(yùn)動(dòng)后,體脂肪、血清ALT、肝脂肪變性以及IR都明顯降低,但對(duì)血清脂質(zhì)和基礎(chǔ)代謝率無顯著影響[23]。
2.1.4 加速運(yùn)動(dòng)
對(duì)于不喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)的NAFLD患者還可以采用加速運(yùn)動(dòng)方式。加速運(yùn)動(dòng)是通過振動(dòng)方式增加作用于骨骼肌物理刺激的加速度,是一種新型訓(xùn)練方式。受試者既可以通過維持姿勢(shì)也可以通過力量運(yùn)動(dòng)刺激肌肉纖維,增加肌肉耐力和長(zhǎng)度。Oh等人選擇18名NAFLD伴肥胖受試者,進(jìn)行為期12周的加速運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,期間不限制飲食。管理結(jié)束后發(fā)現(xiàn),受試者的胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)含量明顯得到改善,肝內(nèi)脂肪變性下降了8.7%,然而肝酶無顯著變化[24]。
綜上所述,根據(jù)NAFLD患者的身體條件,選擇適合自己的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式可實(shí)現(xiàn)治療NAFLD的目的。不僅如此,優(yōu)化運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間將更有助于NAFLD的治療。
2.2 運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度
Oh等研究者不僅發(fā)現(xiàn)加速運(yùn)動(dòng)可改善肝脂肪變性,還指出中度到劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)有益于NAFLD患者的抗氧化和抗炎作用[24,25]。根據(jù)不同強(qiáng)度的加速運(yùn)動(dòng),研究者將NAFLD患者分為3組:每周運(yùn)動(dòng)少于150 min組,每周運(yùn)動(dòng)150~250 min組以及每周運(yùn)動(dòng)超過250 min組。各組均運(yùn)動(dòng)管理12周,并限制飲食每天攝入1680 kcal食物。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),各組受試者體重和身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)均降低;其中每周運(yùn)動(dòng)少于150 min組體重減少12.4%,肝脂肪變性減少。每周運(yùn)動(dòng)超過250 min組除了肝脂肪變性減少外,鐵蛋白和炎癥標(biāo)記物含量也降低。Kistler等人研究指出,中度到劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)可減輕肝纖維化和脂肪性肝炎[26]。此外,他們還認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)NAFLD的治療作用優(yōu)于運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間和運(yùn)動(dòng)量。另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為低強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)可以有效改善人體成分,降低體脂含量及體脂百分比,降低血脂[27,28]。
2.3 運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間
為了探尋運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)NAFLD的治療作用,Haus等人進(jìn)行了一周短期的運(yùn)動(dòng)管理。他們篩選17名NAFLD伴肥胖和17名NAFLD受試者,指導(dǎo)受試者進(jìn)行7天走步或慢跑,每天以80%~85%最大心率運(yùn)動(dòng)50~60 min。療程結(jié)束核磁共振檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),7天運(yùn)動(dòng)后受試者肝不飽和脂肪酸含量和血清脂聯(lián)素含量增加,抗炎因子調(diào)控脂質(zhì)氧化[29]。結(jié)果表明,短期有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同樣對(duì)NAFLD改善其作用。
近年來隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,我國人民生活質(zhì)量大幅提高,生活方式也隨之發(fā)生變化,高熱量飲食、久坐和高強(qiáng)度工作狀態(tài)以及運(yùn)動(dòng)或身體鍛煉減少,這些往往引發(fā)代謝性疾病。目前NAFLD已然成為與肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血等密切相關(guān)的代謝性疾病,成為僅次于病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病。對(duì)于大多數(shù)NAFLD患者來說病情是可以逆轉(zhuǎn)的。迄今為止,除手術(shù)、藥物等治療方式外,運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的有效性已得到很多學(xué)者的認(rèn)可。運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)NAFLD的治療具有綜合性、全面性的治療特點(diǎn)[30],且相對(duì)于手術(shù)、藥物等治療來說更加經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全,同時(shí)還可治療伴有肥胖、高脂血等其他代謝疾病。由于運(yùn)動(dòng)療法具有個(gè)性化,因此運(yùn)動(dòng)處方的設(shè)計(jì)和制定,優(yōu)化運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間等仍需進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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Green Therapy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Recent Five Years
YU Yang, ZHU Lin, HU Min
(Key Lab of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Department of Sports and Health,Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education, Guangzhou 510500, China)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a overall prevalence hepatic disease. The incidence of NAFLD is increased in recent years with the age decreased. It is associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and lifestyle. Currently, numerous pharmacologic agents can be used to treat the metabolic derangements such as obesity and diabetes mellitus that often coexist in NAFLD, pharmacologic treatments for NAFLD itself are lacking. Many researchers indicate that exercise is an effective treatment for NAFLD. Exercise is known as green therapy, and it is more secure and inexpensive compared with surgery and pharmacologic therapy. The article summarized the effect of various exercise mode, intensity and duration on NAFLD in recent five years.
exercise; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; metabolic disease
2016-07-12
于洋(1981—),女,黑龍江佳木斯人,講師。研究方向:運(yùn)動(dòng)生理、運(yùn)動(dòng)與體質(zhì)健康。
G804.55
A
1671-1300(2016)04-0101-04