籍萬(wàn)杰

每一篇文章作者都有自己的寫(xiě)作目的，且在寫(xiě)作中通過(guò)文字傳達(dá)自己的看法。對(duì)此，高考閱讀理解設(shè)計(jì)的題目就是寫(xiě)作意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題。該類題目屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的深層次閱讀理解題，要求考生在復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)境條件下把握作者的思路，探尋作者隱藏的思想及真正的寫(xiě)作意圖。

[題型特點(diǎn)與設(shè)題方式]

作者的寫(xiě)作意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度滲透在文章的字里行間，有時(shí)可能比較明顯，有時(shí)則可能比較含蓄、隱晦，需要仔細(xì)揣摩才能得出。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：

1. Whats the writers /authors attitude towards ...？

2. The writer/author tries to tell us .

3. The writers/authors tone would be best described as .

4. What is the main purpose of the passage？

5. What is the authors opinion on ...？

6. Which of the following words can best describe the authors feeling in writing this passage？

寫(xiě)作意圖和觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度題主要考查考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容推測(cè)作者的寫(xiě)作意圖和情感傾向的能力?？忌氚盐兆髡叩膶?xiě)作意圖，就應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合文章的體裁，關(guān)注主題句，全面理解文章的內(nèi)容及中心思想。

作者的情感傾向往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾性的詞語(yǔ)之中。因此，考生在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，描寫(xiě)環(huán)境氣氛的語(yǔ)言以及表達(dá)作者情感、態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)，結(jié)合相關(guān)背景知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理。

結(jié)合案例，我們來(lái)看看寫(xiě)作意圖題和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題的解題技巧：

1. 寫(xiě)作意圖題

該題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，推測(cè)作者的寫(xiě)作意圖或運(yùn)用某種寫(xiě)作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí)和形象，使讀者自發(fā)地信服某種想法或意見(jiàn)。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)還要知悉作者的寫(xiě)作手法，具備對(duì)作者闡述的問(wèn)題的分析、歸納和總結(jié)的能力。

例1 （2015重慶卷） In ancient Egypt， a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead， with more tactics （策略）.

One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example， stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food （垃圾食品） later in their trip. In department stores， the womens shoe section is generally next to the womens cosmetics （化妝品） section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe， bored customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.

Besides， businesses seek to appeal to customers senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping， so they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods， too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played， sales of French wines went up.

When it comes to the selling of houses， businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in the door， and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house， the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows， and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.

43. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.

B. To introduce how businesses have grown from the past.

C. To report researches on customer behavior.

D. To show dishonest business practices.

解析 A。作者寫(xiě)作意圖題。本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章的第一段就點(diǎn)明了主題。文章主要介紹的是商家是通過(guò)哪些手段把人們變成顧客的。因此選擇A項(xiàng)。文中雖然提到了古埃及，但并不是介紹商品是如何從過(guò)去發(fā)展而來(lái)的，因此B項(xiàng)不對(duì)；文章主要聚焦在商家的一些做法上，因此C項(xiàng)有誤；D項(xiàng)的dishonest一詞與全文的基調(diào)不一致，文章只是客觀介紹，并沒(méi)有表明或者暗示商家不誠(chéng)實(shí)。

點(diǎn)撥 不同體裁的文章的寫(xiě)作目的不同。故事類記敘文的目的通常是娛樂(lè)讀者（to entertain）；廣告類應(yīng)用文的目的一般是推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)（to persuade）；議論文的目的是要闡述論點(diǎn)（to argue）；科普、文化類說(shuō)明文的目的大多是介紹知識(shí)，幫助大家廣聞博見(jiàn)（to inform）。

2. 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

所謂作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，就是表達(dá)作者對(duì)某個(gè)話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺(jué)或判斷。作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂(lè)觀，客觀、中立，反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀。作者的思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)之中。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。例如：

積極/肯定 approving贊許的，optimistic樂(lè)觀的，sympathetic同情的，positive積極的，enthusiastic熱烈的，有積極性的，favorable贊成的、有利的，supportive支持的；

消極/否定 negative否定的、消極的、反面的，pessimistic悲觀的，critical持批評(píng)態(tài)度的，depressing令人沮喪的，disappointing令人失望的，doubtful懷疑的，opposing反對(duì)的，scared驚恐的，panick恐慌，suspicious懷疑的，disapproval不贊成；

中性 objective客觀的，neutral中立的，reserved有保留的，impartial公平的、不偏不倚的；

其他 amazed驚奇的，puzzled迷惑的，ambiguous模棱兩可的，indifferent漠不關(guān)心的，subjective主觀的，arbitrary武斷的，cautiously謹(jǐn)慎地，radical激進(jìn)的。

解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意：

1. 理解文章，合理推斷，切不可憑借以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)妄下判斷。

2. 找文中帶有感情色彩的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞，根據(jù)作者用詞的褒貶來(lái)判斷作者的態(tài)度。文章中有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)帶有感情色彩的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)這些詞語(yǔ)往往能夠推斷出作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。一般來(lái)講，如果文中出現(xiàn)的褒義詞比較多，那么作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往是正面或積極的；如果文中出現(xiàn)的貶義詞較多，那么作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往是負(fù)面或消極的；如果文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)多少表示褒貶的詞語(yǔ)，通篇使用的都是中性詞匯，那么作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往就是中立的。

3. 根據(jù)作者舉的例子判斷。作者在文章中常會(huì)通過(guò)舉例來(lái)論證觀點(diǎn)，因此結(jié)合例子的內(nèi)容往往可以推斷出作者所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。

例2 （2015北京卷） Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life， mostly for the better. However， social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys （調(diào)查） on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.

However， greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.

In the context （背景） of this discussion， it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently， would this have been possible？ Probably not. On the other hand， does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago？ Many studies show that older parents—todays grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.

Furthermore， studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new； nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad； it is a fact of college life， today and in the past.

Thanks to the advanced technology， we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

68. The writer believes that .

A. parents today are more protective than those in the past

B. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages

C. technology explains greater parental involvement with their children

D. parents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence

解析 C。文章第一段就點(diǎn)出了全文的主旨：科技帶來(lái)的社會(huì)變化往往被誤解為人們態(tài)度的變化。在第三段中作者指出調(diào)查的結(jié)果并不一定表明家長(zhǎng)對(duì)孩子不放手，在接下來(lái)的一段作者論述了出現(xiàn)這種結(jié)果的一個(gè)原因是科技的發(fā)展讓父母對(duì)子女生活的介入更方便了。最后一段再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了科技在父母更多地參與子女生活上所起的作用，故C項(xiàng)正確。

點(diǎn)撥 考生在解答作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度及寫(xiě)作意圖題時(shí)往往易犯主觀臆斷、憑空想象、隨意揣測(cè)、以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)等方面的錯(cuò)誤。為避免以上情形，我們應(yīng)該明了：

1. 對(duì)于新聞報(bào)道，作者往往持中立態(tài)度。而對(duì)于議論文，作者的態(tài)度要么支持，要么反對(duì)，帶中立色彩的選項(xiàng)往往是錯(cuò)誤的。同時(shí)，絕對(duì)化或感情過(guò)于強(qiáng)烈的表達(dá)也應(yīng)排除；

2. 要注意區(qū)分考查的是作者的態(tài)度還是作者引用的別人的觀點(diǎn)；

3. 當(dāng)作者的態(tài)度沒(méi)有明確提出時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者在文章中所運(yùn)用的具有褒貶含義的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)判斷作者的態(tài)度；

4. 注意辨認(rèn)哪些是事實(shí)，哪些是觀點(diǎn)，在此基礎(chǔ)上將上下文聯(lián)系起來(lái)分析，最后確認(rèn)文章所陳述的內(nèi)容中到底哪些代表了作者的觀點(diǎn)。