姜海++劉聰
關(guān)鍵詞:天津爆炸;圈層傳播;風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì);媒介圖景
摘要:近年來(lái),新媒體的發(fā)展更新了原有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)“圈層”建立的信息模式與傳播結(jié)構(gòu),增加了內(nèi)聚信息建構(gòu)、多層聯(lián)動(dòng)傳播等特色,從而影響到了全社會(huì)信息的組織模式。此次天津“8.12”爆炸事故中雙微圈層立體式的建構(gòu)、外媒圈層多維度的報(bào)道、組織圈層自上而下的傳播、社區(qū)圈層理性與情緒的并和,呈現(xiàn)出與以往任何風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事故都不同的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳播圖景,并在爆炸72小時(shí)中展現(xiàn)了對(duì)媒體的質(zhì)疑、悲情美學(xué)的爆發(fā),謠言的擴(kuò)散、發(fā)布會(huì)的舉行等響應(yīng)機(jī)制,其復(fù)雜多變的輿情張力啟示著政府應(yīng)注重思維轉(zhuǎn)變及情感話語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用,媒體應(yīng)注重監(jiān)督質(zhì)疑中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)判與自凈功能,才能在協(xié)調(diào)中更好的重塑公共與社會(huì)的輪廓。
中圖分類號(hào):G206.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號(hào):1009-4474(2016)03-0024-07
Dissemination Circle and Response Path of the Tianjin “8·12” Accident
JIANG Hai1, LIU Cong2
(1.Institute of Journalism and Communication, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; 2.School of Journalism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China)
Key words: Tianjin Explosion; circle dissemination; risk society; media landscape
Abstract: In recent years, development of new media has updated the information pattern and propagating structures of the traditional circle dissemination on the internet,and it has some new characteristics such as formulation of cohesive information, multilayer linkage propagation and so on, thus impacting the organizational model of the whole society of information. News reports of Tianjin 8.12 Accident presented some landscapes propagation of the internet unlike any previous accidents, and the dissemination was based on the formulation of threedimensional information in WeChat and Weibo circle, multidimensional reports in foreign media circle, topdown propagation in organization circle and the coexistence of rationality and emotions in community circle. Within 72 hours after the explosion, those circles showed the response mechanism including doubts of the media, outbreak of sadness aesthetics, diffusion of rumors and the press conference and so on. Those complex public opinion tension implications of the government should focus on shift in thinking and emotional discourse, and media should focus on risk anticipation and selfpurification function in supervision so as to reshape the contour of the public and society.
自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以新的傳播方式改變了傳播路徑以來(lái),其建構(gòu)的公共領(lǐng)域以個(gè)人身份疊加組織機(jī)構(gòu)的形式加以演變。結(jié)構(gòu)化的轉(zhuǎn)變使得日常生活體驗(yàn)的個(gè)人世界開(kāi)始與外界鏈接形成一個(gè)個(gè)多重的網(wǎng)絡(luò)圈層。它“不斷分化和衍生出一系列、相互重疊的國(guó)際的、國(guó)家的、地區(qū)的、本土的和亞文化的領(lǐng)域”〔1〕,信息傳播的圖景也隨之變更。近年來(lái),在甬溫動(dòng)車(chē)、馬航事故、外灘踩踏等大型的突發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性事件中,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以“圈層”促使著碎片化信息的聚攏,產(chǎn)生了多元生產(chǎn)與定向擴(kuò)散的流通特征,強(qiáng)化了線上信息的流通趨勢(shì),呈現(xiàn)出一些新的特點(diǎn)與方式。此次天津“8·12”爆炸事件亦不例外。
一、傳播圖景:多圈層聯(lián)動(dòng)擴(kuò)散的突發(fā)“信息流”1.“雙微”圈層:輿論場(chǎng)域中立體式的信息建構(gòu)
在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件的傳播中,新聞從來(lái)都不是狹義的信息提供,它是通過(guò)敘述行為對(duì)于有關(guān)價(jià)值與集體身份的對(duì)話貢獻(xiàn)〔2〕,其涉及的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系源于其環(huán)境的轉(zhuǎn)化。社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析則認(rèn)為,結(jié)構(gòu)性關(guān)系要比年齡、性別、價(jià)值和意識(shí)形態(tài)等個(gè)體特征更加重要〔3〕。在此次天津“8.12”爆炸中,“雙微”(微博、微信)建構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系圈層已經(jīng)不僅僅是傳統(tǒng)輿論場(chǎng)域的補(bǔ)充和推動(dòng)信息流動(dòng)的助推劑了,而是以首發(fā)性、活躍性、創(chuàng)作性成為了鏈接事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)與公民身份的主流輿論平臺(tái)。本文統(tǒng)計(jì)了新浪微博12日晚第一條微博(23:26分)發(fā)出后4小時(shí)內(nèi)的信息遞增情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)微博圈層以信息傳播的方式建構(gòu)和組成了主要的爆炸信息內(nèi)容的場(chǎng)域,這是以往任何一次大型突發(fā)性事故都未有的現(xiàn)象,其爆炸信息變量如表1所示。