史艷彬 張振強(qiáng) 蔣樹艷 李家亓
[摘要] 目的 探討顯微受精完全失敗的原因和應(yīng)對策略。 方法 選取本院生殖內(nèi)分泌科2005年1月~2014年1月收治的經(jīng)歷顯微受精完全失敗的138位患者的162個周期為A組,曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過完全受精失敗但再次助孕有胚胎移植的72位患者的96個周期為B組,兩次以上反復(fù)完全受精失敗的27位患者的33個周期為C組,分析3組患者的年齡、基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)分泌情況、不孕原因、竇卵泡數(shù)、用藥方案、獲卵數(shù)、MⅡ卵數(shù)等。 結(jié)果 B組采卵日E2水平[(1802.8±88.1)pg/ml]顯著高于A、C組[(1624.2±195.3)、(1739.4±277.3)pg/ml](P=0.02);B組的獲卵數(shù)[(3.5±0.6)個]顯著多于A、C組[(1.7±0.1)、(2.4±0.3)個](P=0.01);B組MⅡ卵數(shù)[(2.9±0.4)個]顯著多于A、C組[(1.3±0.1)、(2.1±0.2)個](P=0.01)。B組同一患者在發(fā)生完全受精失敗周期的獲卵數(shù)、MⅡ卵數(shù)顯著少于有胚胎移植周期(P<0.05)。B組的妊娠結(jié)局:HCG陽性率為50%,生化妊娠率為16%,臨床妊娠率為34%,僅2人成功分娩,活產(chǎn)率為2%。 結(jié)論 獲卵數(shù)和成熟卵數(shù)過少可能是顯微受精完全失敗的最主要原因,提高其獲卵數(shù)和成熟卵數(shù)或許可以增加成功妊娠的機(jī)會,但是,有胚胎移植患者的活產(chǎn)率仍很低。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 受精失??;卵胞漿內(nèi)單精子注射;成熟卵母細(xì)胞
[中圖分類號] R271.14 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2016)03(a)-0107-04
[Abstract] Objective To discuss the reason and coping strategy for complete failure of micro fertilization. Methods 162 periods of 138 patients having complete failure of micro fertilization were selected as group A,96 periods of 72 patients having embryo transplantation by assisted reproduction after having previous complete fertilization failure were selected as group B,while 33 periods of 27 patients with more than twice complete failure of fertilization were selected as group C,and patients were treated by department of reproductive endocrinology of our hospital from January 2005 to January 2014.The age,baseline endocrine,reasons of infertility,antral follicle count,therapeutic regimen,retrieved oocyte number,and oocyte number of MⅡ and so on in three groups was analyzed respectively. Results E2 level was significantly higher on OR in group B [(1802.8±88.1) pg/ml] than that in group A and group C [(1624.2±195.3) pg/ml,(1739.4±277.3) pg/ml] (P=0.02).The retrieved oocyte number [(3.5±0.6) oocytes] in group B was significantly higher than that in group A and group C [(1.7±0.1) oocytes,(2.4±0.3) oocytes] (P=0.01).MⅡoocyte number in group B [(2.9±0.4) oocytes] was significantly higher than that in group A and group C [(1.3±0.1) oocytes,(2.1±0.2) oocytes] (P=0.01).Retrieved oocyte number and MII oocyte number during the complete fertilization failure period was significantly fewer than that of having embryo transplantation period in the same patient of group B (P<0.05).Pregnancy outcome of group B:the positive rate of HCG was 50%,the biochemical pregnancy rate was 16%,the clinical pregnancy rate was 34%,only 2 were successful delivery,and the living birth rate was 2%. Conclusion Too fewer retrieved oocyte number and mature oocyte number are possibly the main reason for complete failure of micro fertilization,therefore,to elevate the retrieved oocyte number and mature oocyte number may increase the opportunity of successful pregnancy.However,the live birth rate is still low in patients with embryo transplantation.
[Key words] Fertilization failure;Intracytoplasmic sperm injection;Mature oocyte
隨著輔助生殖技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和實驗室高端設(shè)備的應(yīng)用,試管嬰兒的受精率已接近70%~80%[1],然而還會偶爾遇到完全受精失?。╰otal fertilization failure,TFF)這個令人難以接受的結(jié)果,這不僅給患者帶來重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和心理壓力,而且對臨床工作也是一個重大考驗。
TFF是指所有卵均未能受精,在體外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)周期的發(fā)生率是5%~10%[2],卵胞質(zhì)內(nèi)單精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)周期的發(fā)生率是2%~3%[3]。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報道,TFF重復(fù)出現(xiàn)率接近30%[4],這意味著TFF并不少見,但是關(guān)于顯微受精后仍然失敗的報道很少見。本研究探討反復(fù)顯微受精失敗的原因和應(yīng)對策略,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇本院生殖內(nèi)分泌科2005年1月~2014年1月收治的經(jīng)歷ICSI TFF的138位患者的162個周期為A組,曾經(jīng)歷過TFF再次助孕有胚胎移植的72位患者的96個周期為B組,兩次以上TFF的27位患者的33個周期為C組。
1.2 記錄的參數(shù)
年齡、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI),酶聯(lián)免疫法測定基礎(chǔ)血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、卵泡刺激激素(follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)、黃體生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)水平,竇卵泡數(shù)(antral follicle count,AFC),不孕的病因,不孕的時間,男方精子密度和畸精率,促排卵方案,促排卵時間,促排卵藥的劑量,給予人絨毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG)日血清的E2水平,HCG日直徑>17 mm的卵泡數(shù),HCG日內(nèi)膜厚度,采卵日(oocyte retrieve,OR)血清E2水平,孕酮(progesterone,P)水平,獲卵數(shù),第二次減數(shù)分裂(meiosis Ⅱ,MⅡ)卵數(shù)等指標(biāo)。
1.3 超促排卵過程
3組患者采用拮抗劑、短方案、微刺方案或長方案進(jìn)行個體化控制性超促排卵。陰式超聲監(jiān)測卵泡發(fā)育和血清E2水平,當(dāng)至少有3個卵泡平均直徑達(dá)到17 mm以上時給予HCG 10000 IU,36~38 h采卵。
1.4 顯微注射
拾卵獲得的卵冠丘復(fù)合物在37℃,6%CO2兩氣培養(yǎng)箱中前培養(yǎng)4~6 h,用透明質(zhì)酸酶,直徑150 μm左右的巴斯德吸管機(jī)械性吹打剝除顆粒細(xì)胞,將MⅡ卵放置在G-IVF-plus(Vitrolife,瑞典)的微滴中,37℃,6%CO2兩氣培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)直至顯微注射。所有的周期均由本中心資深且能熟練進(jìn)行顯微操作的胚胎師操作。ICSI后16~18 h檢查是否出現(xiàn)雙原核和雙極體。ICSI后第3天進(jìn)行胚胎移植。受精后對患者進(jìn)行黃體支持。移植后14日血β-HCG<10 mIU/ml診斷為未妊娠,血β-HCG>10 mIU/ml但后來超聲下始終未見妊娠囊診斷為生化妊娠,移植35 d后行腹部超聲,宮腔內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)妊娠囊為臨床妊娠。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
全部資料和數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,當(dāng)組中數(shù)據(jù)<5時應(yīng)用Fisher確切概率法,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 3組患者一般情況的比較
3組患者的年齡、BMI,月經(jīng)來潮第3天(D3)E2水平、LH水平、FSH水平,原因不明性不孕、卵巢儲備力低下、卵管因素等不孕原因以及不孕時間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 3組患者促排卵參數(shù)的比較
3組的部分促排卵方案、促排時間、Gn總量、HCG日E2水平、HCG日直徑>17 mm的卵泡數(shù)、HCG日子宮內(nèi)膜厚度、OR日P水平差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。
2.3 B組同一患者有胚胎移植周期與自身曾發(fā)生過TFF周期獲卵數(shù)的比較
TFF周期的獲卵數(shù)顯著少于有胚胎移植周期(P=0.007),TFF周期的MⅡ卵數(shù)顯著少于有胚胎移植周期(P=0.001)。97%(114/117)的TFF周期MⅡ卵數(shù)<2個,而73%(70/96)的有胚胎移植周期獲得3個以上的MⅡ卵。
2.4 B組的妊娠結(jié)局
HCG陽性率為50%(48/96),生化妊娠率為16%(15/96),臨床妊娠率為34%(33/96),僅2人成功分娩,活產(chǎn)率為2%(2/96)。
3 討論
輔助生殖技術(shù)中TFF和較差妊娠結(jié)局的一個最主要的原因是卵巢低反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致獲卵數(shù)和成熟卵母細(xì)胞少,卵子質(zhì)量差[5-7]。Bar-Ami等[8]報道,獲卵數(shù)≤3個是TFF的一個重要的風(fēng)險因素。Goudakou等[9]報道,在獲卵數(shù)≤5個的周期中,患者沒有胚胎移植的風(fēng)險將大大提高。Mao等[10]認(rèn)為,受精失敗經(jīng)常發(fā)生在注射1~2個卵時,風(fēng)險高達(dá)37%,但是如果注射5個以上卵時,風(fēng)險將降至0.8%。本研究的數(shù)據(jù)與以前的報道觀點一致,91%(147/162)的TFF周期獲卵數(shù)<2個,隨著卵子和成熟卵母細(xì)胞數(shù)目的增加,可以大大降低受精失敗的風(fēng)險。以前的研究也提示,在同一患者的不同采卵周期,獲卵數(shù)和成熟卵數(shù)在移植周期都顯著高于受精失敗周期[5]。
卵母細(xì)胞的成熟程度也是影響受精結(jié)局的一個重要因素[11]。臨床醫(yī)生通常通過卵泡的直徑評估卵母細(xì)胞的成熟度,但這兩者并不總是統(tǒng)一的。卵母細(xì)胞的成熟不僅包括細(xì)胞核的成熟,還與細(xì)胞質(zhì)的成熟密切相關(guān),這是一個漫長的過程[12]。細(xì)胞核的成熟主要是染色體的分離,而細(xì)胞質(zhì)的成熟包括細(xì)胞器和細(xì)胞骨架適當(dāng)?shù)目臻g結(jié)構(gòu)和動力學(xué),這些都是完成受精和隨后胚胎發(fā)育所必需的。試管嬰兒未受精周期的相關(guān)研究已揭示了紡錘體和分裂間期的微管異常,這暗示著細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核成分的缺陷也是受精失敗的關(guān)鍵原因[13]。卵母細(xì)胞中特殊的細(xì)胞質(zhì)異形表型也暗示著卵母細(xì)胞本身的缺陷,這將影響卵母細(xì)胞的受精能力[14]。與正常細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含物的卵母細(xì)胞比較,如果細(xì)胞內(nèi)有較多的包涵體,則受精率、胚胎卵裂率會顯著降低,未來胚胎質(zhì)量發(fā)育差[15]。與男性因素不孕比較,女性因素不孕患者卵母細(xì)胞的包涵體顯著增高。>35歲女性細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)的包涵體也顯著高于<35歲女性[16]。以前的研究也認(rèn)為,與碎裂的第一極體比較,完整的第一極體可以預(yù)測更高的受精率和囊胚形成率,然而最近的研究也挑戰(zhàn)了這個假說,最近的研究顯示隨著體外培養(yǎng)時間的延長,極體的形態(tài)學(xué)分級也會發(fā)生很大變化[17]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卵母細(xì)胞形狀不規(guī)則、透明帶顏色發(fā)黑、卵周間隙異常增大等與受精率降低無關(guān),由此可以得出結(jié)論——這些卵母細(xì)胞的異形表現(xiàn),僅是差異的表現(xiàn),而并非異常[18]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,TFF治療周期最常用的方案是拮抗劑方案(41%),短方案(19%),微刺方案(17%),這反映了TFF患者的卵巢反應(yīng)較差,而在有胚胎移植的周期最常用的方案是長方案(44%),這提示成功的周期有更好的卵巢儲備。與卵管性不孕比較,TFF或受精率較低更容易發(fā)生于原因不明性不孕。本研究的數(shù)據(jù)也支持這個觀點:原因不明性不孕可能是TFF的一個原因(54%);良好結(jié)局患者最主要的原因是男性因素(41%,39/96)。有研究顯示,精子形態(tài)異常與受精和胚胎質(zhì)量呈負(fù)相關(guān),很多研究也都證實了這種假說。ICSI中,精子的形態(tài)學(xué)質(zhì)量在影響受精、植入和妊娠的過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用,精子頭部的形態(tài)學(xué)異常,譬如空泡的出現(xiàn)可能會導(dǎo)致較差的實驗室和臨床結(jié)局[19]。傳統(tǒng)ICSI失敗的患者應(yīng)用顯微注射精子選擇系統(tǒng)(intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection,IMSI)后,受精率(89% vs 79%)、種植率(25% vs 5.9%)和妊娠率(20% vs 7%)都有顯著提高[20]。
總之,卵巢儲備功能下降和反應(yīng)不良是受精失敗的一個重要因素。曾經(jīng)顯微受精失敗并不意味著下一個周期不會成功。在新的周期要選擇更佳的促排卵方案,以增加獲卵數(shù)和成熟卵母細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。此外,卵母細(xì)胞細(xì)胞質(zhì)的成熟度也是影響受精結(jié)局的關(guān)鍵因素,胚胎師應(yīng)根據(jù)經(jīng)驗適時剝除顆粒細(xì)胞和選擇最佳的注射時間,以最大程度地保證受精。
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(收稿日期:2015-09-16 本文編輯:許俊琴)