周怡臻
在本刊2016年9月號的文章里,筆者和考生們討論了“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)講座的解題技巧,想必大家在練習(xí)中也已經(jīng)體會到把握好結(jié)構(gòu)對解題的益處。而這一期,筆者將繼續(xù)為考生介紹其他兩種類型:比較結(jié)構(gòu)、遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)。
比較結(jié)構(gòu)
在每次托福聽力考試中,比較結(jié)構(gòu)的講座大概會出現(xiàn)一篇。在錄音一開始時,往往就會出現(xiàn)對比和分類這樣的特殊語言現(xiàn)象,因此這種結(jié)構(gòu)非常容易識別。這類結(jié)構(gòu)涉及的話題可能是兩種詩歌風(fēng)格的比較、兩種土撥鼠生活習(xí)性的差異、用兩種天文觀測方法觀察宇宙時的優(yōu)劣,抑或是公司的兩種運營管理模式的對比等。然后,錄音針對比較對象的各個方面進(jìn)行更加深入細(xì)致的區(qū)分和探討,通常針對每一個層面和維度都會考查一道題目。最后,講座結(jié)尾往往會用一兩句話來概括錄音內(nèi)容。此類講座屬于中等難度,邏輯感非常強(qiáng),但是因為錄音中教授的講述常常會在兩種事物間來回切換,所以考生稍不留神可能會將兩種事物的對應(yīng)關(guān)系搞錯。
了解了比較結(jié)構(gòu)的特征后,考生要熟悉針對這種結(jié)構(gòu)考官會如何出題,即這種結(jié)構(gòu)的出題點是什么。根據(jù)筆者的觀察,比較結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下兩種出題思路:比較原則和重復(fù)原則。本文筆者就用TOEFL Practice Online (托福在線考試練習(xí),簡稱TPO)第19套題的第二篇講述兩種天文觀測方法的天文學(xué)講座為例,為考生具體分析一下如何針對講座比較結(jié)構(gòu)的出題點來解答題目。
1. 比較原則。如果考生在錄音中聽到像on the one hand、on the flip side這樣的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或像now、by comparison、in contrast、unlike、while、“the more …, the more …”這樣的比較用詞,那么可以判斷出這段錄音就是以比較結(jié)構(gòu)的形式展開的。錄音中加以比較的事物、屬性等就成為考生做筆記的重點??忌龉P記時,應(yīng)按照這樣的布局來寫:分列左右兩欄,相關(guān)的事物、屬性等細(xì)節(jié)記錄在對應(yīng)比較物下方。下面我們通過具體例題來講解。
例:According to the professor, why are radio waves particularly useful for astronomical observations? Click on 2 answers.
A. Some astronomical bodies emit radio waves but not visible light.
B. Radio waves provide more information about star composition than visible light waves do.
C. Radio waves can be detected with simple equipment.
D. Radio waves can pass through particles in space.
解析 在講座錄音中,當(dāng)教授結(jié)束了光波的討論后,轉(zhuǎn)而涉及無線電波,他說道:“Now, radio waves are electromagnetic radiation that we cant see. Nearly all astronomical objects in space emit radio waves, whether nearby stars, or objects in faraway galaxies, they all give off radio waves. And unlike visible light waves, these radio waves can get through the various gases and dusts in space, and through our own earths atmosphere comparatively easily.”在這段錄音中,考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn),通過now和unlike兩個詞,教授把無線電波和光波作了比較,很顯然這段話突出了無線電波(屬于電磁輻射)的兩個特點,所以正確答案為選項A和選項D。
2. 重復(fù)原則。其實,沒有哪一種方式能夠比重復(fù)某個信息更能證明這個信息的重要性了。所以如果一個概念在錄音中從頭到尾都在出現(xiàn),那么這個概念毫無疑問一定是全文的主旨。而如果這個詞只是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在某個局部或某個特殊的位置,那么尤其要引起考生的注意。因為這個詞很有可能就是出題點。對考生來說,如果這個詞是生詞,那么只需記錄這個詞的大致發(fā)音就行。做題時,考生只要能把自己記錄下來的單詞發(fā)音和題干或選項中的單詞正確匹配在一起就能正常答題。雖然考生不理解這個詞的實際意思,但并不影響選出正確選項。下面我們通過具體例題來講解。
例:What does the professor imply is an advantage of optical astronomy over radio astronomy?
A. It allows far more precise observations.
B. It is better for making observations within our own galaxy.
C. It requires less sophisticated equipment.
D. It is not affected by the weather.
解析 在講座錄音中,當(dāng)教授談到射電天文學(xué)的弱點時,說道:“Well, the thing is, with radio astronomy, you cant just set up a telescope in your backyard and observe stars. One problem is that radio waves from these far away objects, even though they can get through, are extremely faint. So we need to use radio telescopes, specially designed to receive these waves and then, well, we can use computers to create pictures based on the information we receive.”考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn),短短幾句話中,radio這個詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)了三次,很顯然,這段內(nèi)容主要涉及的是射電天文學(xué)方面的內(nèi)容,說的是它的研究需要很復(fù)雜的設(shè)備,不如光學(xué)天文學(xué)那么簡單,所以光學(xué)天文學(xué)的優(yōu)點是選項C。
遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)
遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的講座比較容易識別,有時甚至可以僅通過電腦屏幕上的圖片看出來。由于是機(jī)考,在播放錄音資料時,電腦屏幕上會顯示相應(yīng)的背景圖片??忌梢愿鶕?jù)背景圖片判斷是不是遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)。因為遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的講座會融入大量的師生討論,所以圖片中的教室布局往往是師生圍坐在一起研討,而不像前兩類講座中學(xué)生集體面向教室前方聽教授一人講課。現(xiàn)在遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)頻率比前幾年有所增多,每次考試會有一至兩篇是這種結(jié)構(gòu)。形式是通過教授和某個學(xué)生的互動展開,而一旦有其他學(xué)生介入,討論方向的不確定性就很大。但后文的討論一定與前文有關(guān)聯(lián),而且往往是基于前文的某個問題結(jié)論再度發(fā)問。因此這類錄音的話題范圍非常小,但可以發(fā)展得非常深。諸如一個畫家藝術(shù)風(fēng)格受到的影響,一個與火星上有液態(tài)水的假說相矛盾的關(guān)于太陽的假說,郁金香買賣的歷史教訓(xùn)對于網(wǎng)絡(luò)泡沫的借鑒作用等,都會成為這類錄音的選材??疾榈念}目則會覆蓋任何一段討論中教授或?qū)W生給出的事實或觀點。此類錄音難度很高,邏輯感相對較弱,因此學(xué)生最難把握的就是此類錄音。
了解完遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的特征,考生要熟悉針對這種結(jié)構(gòu)考官會如何出題。遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下幾種出題思路:問答原則、轉(zhuǎn)折原則、因果原則、強(qiáng)調(diào)原則等。本文筆者用TOEFL Practice Online上第25套題最后一篇講述小狼幼崽玩耍的生物學(xué)講座為例,和考生具體分析一下如何針對講座遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的出題點來解答題目。
1. 問答原則。托福聽力的對話部分都是以問答的形式,層層深入,鋪陳開來的,所以每一個問題及它對應(yīng)的回答都有可能被考查,因此無論是問還是答都必須加以記錄。而講座中一旦出現(xiàn)對話內(nèi)容,考生也應(yīng)明確這部分是考查的對象??疾闀r往往設(shè)置重聽題,尤其是出現(xiàn)設(shè)問句和反問句時。重聽題就是在題目中將錄音某部分的內(nèi)容再放一遍,讓考生重新去聽,之后考生根據(jù)自己重新聽到的內(nèi)容來解題。下面我們通過具體例題來講解。
例:What does the student mean when she says this:
A. She is not familiar with the play behavior of wolf pups.
B. She doubts that wolf pups fight as much as the other students implies.
C. She is not sure that she correctly understood the reading assignment.
D. She disagrees with the other students opinion about play behavior.
解析 在講座錄音中,當(dāng)男同學(xué)回答教授問題時,女同學(xué)介入:“Oh, I dont know about that. I mean, some of the things a young animal does while playing are totally different from the things they will do as an adult.”考生可以明顯感覺出她并不同意男同學(xué)的結(jié)論,所以選項D為正確答案。
2. 轉(zhuǎn)折原則。像but、however、nevertheless、in fact、actually、as a matter of fact這些表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞一般會讓我們想到一個詞——欲揚先抑。在聽錄音時,當(dāng)聽到這些詞時,考生要重點記錄的是這些詞后面的信息,因為其后的信息才是說話人真正想要表達(dá)的想法。另外有一些具有讓步意義的詞,類似although、it was believed、used to be,則更具迷惑性,因為其后面直接引出的往往是說話人想要反駁的觀點。下面我們通過具體例題來講解。
例:Which statement best expresses the professors opinion of the play-as-preparation hypothesis?
A. It is well supported by available evidence.
B. It may apply only to certain species of animals.
C. It does not explain some important aspects of play.
D. It is particularly useful explaining human behavior.
解析 在講座錄音中,教授對“玩耍是一種準(zhǔn)備工作”(play-as-preparation)這種假設(shè)表態(tài)時這樣說道:“So, this self-handicapping, it is important to take this into account before just deciding to go with that first explanation. In fact, there really isnt much in the way of solid experimental evidence to support the play-as-preparation hypothesis.”很顯然,轉(zhuǎn)折詞in fact之后的內(nèi)容成為考生選擇選項C的重要依據(jù)。
3. 因果原則。像because、therefore、since、as、so、hence、thus、lead to、result from、consequently這些詞會導(dǎo)出兩個信息之間的因果關(guān)系,所以考生在做錄音記錄時應(yīng)當(dāng)對這些詞的前后信息都加以重視,并標(biāo)上邏輯箭頭,用來提醒自己,防止本末倒置。下面我們通過具體例題來講解。
例:The professor discusses a study on the relationship between brain growth and play. What does that study conclude?
A. Patterns of brain growth are similar in animals that play and animals that do not play.
B. Excessive brain growth can sometimes limit an animals behavioral vocabulary.
C. Animals that do not play have less-developed brains than animals that play.
D. Animals without well-developed brains are seldom observed playing.
解析 在講座錄音中,該題對應(yīng)的錄音是教授回答女生問題時說的內(nèi)容:“Actually, thats something the flexibility hypothesis explains very well. Since play fighting includes variations in speed and intensity, and quick role reversals involved with self-handicapping, an animal thats play fighting is constantly responding to changes. So its learning to be flexible.”很明顯,通過以上因果關(guān)系,我們知道,玩耍包含身體各機(jī)能的快速反應(yīng),所以腦子更靈活,反之如果沒有機(jī)會玩耍,那么結(jié)果就會是選項C (發(fā)展比較慢)。
4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)原則。當(dāng)我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)某個信息時,最常見的方式是直接用指示性的話語來提醒聽眾,比如說使用這樣的一類詞:significant、worth our attention、crucial point。當(dāng)然,也可以用提高音量、放慢語速甚至稍加停頓的方式來達(dá)到同樣的效果。此時,考生要記錄的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是這些詞對應(yīng)的實意信息,并加上重點符號。下面我們通過具體例題來講解。
例:One of the students brings up the example of play fighting among wolf pups. What does this example lead him to believe?
A. That wolves are especially violent animals.
B. That the play-as-preparation hypothesis is probably correct.
C. That wolves seldom engage in self-handicapping.
D. That the results of a recent study are probably not reliable.
解析 在講座錄音中,本題所對應(yīng)的錄音中男生提出自己的觀點:“In other words, they play in order to practice survival skills, like movements used in hunting and fighting. That hypothesis makes a lot of sense, like, maybe the most sense of all the theories we read about … It just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that. It gives them practice with skills that will make them better hunters or fighters as adults.”其中包含了非常具有強(qiáng)調(diào)意味的字眼,而且都是正面態(tài)度,所以憑此考生可選出正確答案是選項B。