張杭州,白希壯,梁慶威,雷則鳴
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)科與關(guān)節(jié)外科,骨科,沈陽110001)
?
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中使用氨甲環(huán)酸的有效性及安全性研究
張杭州,白希壯,梁慶威,雷則鳴
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)科與關(guān)節(jié)外科,骨科,沈陽110001)
目的探討在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中靜脈使用氨甲環(huán)酸的有效性及安全性。方法選擇2014年6月至2015年6月于我科行初次單側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換的患者120例,分為氨甲環(huán)酸組(關(guān)閉切口前給予氨甲環(huán)酸10 mg/kg)和對照組(不給予氨甲環(huán)酸),每組60例。比較2組患者術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后血紅蛋白水平、輸血比例及輸血量、深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率。結(jié)果氨甲環(huán)酸組術(shù)后引流量[(237.53±45.19)mL]低于對照組[(401.37±73.72)mL],氨甲環(huán)酸組術(shù)后血紅蛋白水平[(127.57±13.55)g/L]高于對照組[(111.4±14.32)g/L],對照組術(shù)后輸血率[37%(22/60)]高于氨甲環(huán)酸組[8%(5/60)],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。2組患者在術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)均未發(fā)生肺栓塞,2組深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率無明顯差異(1.67%vs 3.33%)。結(jié)論全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中使用氨甲環(huán)酸能夠有效減少術(shù)后失血量,降低術(shù)后輸血比例。
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);氨甲環(huán)酸;失血量
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total hip arthroplasty,THA)是目前治療股骨頭壞死及髖關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎等髖關(guān)節(jié)疾患的有效手段[1-5]。由于術(shù)中及術(shù)后出血量往往較大,既往有較大比例的患者術(shù)后需輸血治療[6-10]。但異體輸血容易發(fā)生多種并發(fā)癥[11],因此,減少失血量,使患者術(shù)后血紅蛋白維持在較高的水平,有利于術(shù)后康復(fù)。圍手術(shù)期失血量的控制目前主要以術(shù)中使用止血藥物,如阿里斯泰、氨甲環(huán)酸等[12-16],以及術(shù)后使用加壓彈力繃帶包扎等措施為主。本研究采用病例對照研究方法,比較了THA中使用與不使用氨甲環(huán)酸的患者術(shù)后引流管失血量、總失血量、術(shù)后血紅蛋白水平、輸血比例、輸血量及深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率,旨在探討THA中靜脈使用氨甲環(huán)酸的有效性及安全性。
1.1一般資料
選擇2014年6月至2015年6月期間于中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院關(guān)節(jié)外科行初次單側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換的患者120例,年齡(66.92±5.55)歲。所有患者術(shù)前均存在跛行和嚴(yán)重的髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛或股骨頸骨折,日常生活受限明顯,髖關(guān)節(jié)評分平均31分。將患者隨機(jī)分為2組:(1)氨甲環(huán)酸組(n=60):手術(shù)關(guān)閉切口前給予氨甲環(huán)酸10 mg/kg靜脈滴注,平均年齡(66.92±5.55)歲,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(65.77±5.80)kg/m2;(2)對照組(n=60):不給予氨甲環(huán)酸,平均年齡(25.46±1.71)歲,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(25.12±1.77)kg/m2。2組患者年齡及體質(zhì)量指數(shù)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,具有可比性。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):股骨頭壞死、髖關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎或先天性髖臼發(fā)育不良需要行THA;術(shù)前血紅蛋白、凝血功能、血小板功能正常;術(shù)前雙下肢無深靜脈血栓;單側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)置換。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前凝血功能異常;術(shù)前下肢存在靜脈血栓;術(shù)區(qū)或其他位置存在感染灶;術(shù)前存在心肺功能異常。
1.2手術(shù)方法
所有患者于術(shù)前30 min靜脈滴注頭孢孟多酯鈉2.0 g預(yù)防感染,藥物過敏者給予依替米星300 mg。全麻下,患者取側(cè)臥位,術(shù)區(qū)常規(guī)消毒鋪單,髖關(guān)節(jié)后外側(cè)做10~15 cm弧形切口,逐層切開并顯露髂脛束筋膜,縱行切開,鈍性分離肌肉組織,顯露并切開后方的短外旋肌群,暴露并T型切開后方髖關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)囊,顯露關(guān)節(jié)腔。于股骨小轉(zhuǎn)子上方約1.5 cm處,用擺動(dòng)鋸切除股骨頭,行股骨頸成型。清理髖關(guān)節(jié)周圍的關(guān)節(jié)囊及滑膜。用髖臼銼行髖臼成型,髖臼軟骨去除,并顯露出軟骨下骨組織。安放髖臼假體,前傾20°,外展45°。然后用股骨髓腔銼逐步行股骨髓腔成型,安放股骨假體試模,復(fù)位后行髖關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性檢查,穩(wěn)定性滿意后,取出髖關(guān)節(jié)假體試模。反復(fù)用稀釋碘伏及生理鹽水沖洗,安放髖關(guān)節(jié)假體。術(shù)中進(jìn)行髖關(guān)節(jié)DR檢查示髖關(guān)節(jié)假體位置良好。再次徹底沖洗,清點(diǎn)器械及紗布無誤后,放置引流管1枚,逐層縫合髖關(guān)節(jié)。手術(shù)切口關(guān)閉前,通過靜脈滴注給予氨甲環(huán)酸組患者氨甲環(huán)酸10 mg/kg。
1.3術(shù)后處理及氨甲環(huán)酸的安全性及療效評價(jià)
1.3.1術(shù)后處理:術(shù)后給予頭孢孟多酯鈉2.0 g預(yù)防感染。術(shù)后2 d內(nèi)拔除引流管,記錄引流管的出血量。術(shù)后1、3、5 d復(fù)查血常規(guī),對于術(shù)后血紅蛋白低于85 g/L或低于100g/L且出現(xiàn)精神萎靡、食欲不振、功能鍛煉無力等嚴(yán)重貧血表現(xiàn)者,予以輸血治療。術(shù)后采用防血栓彈力襪,口服利伐沙班(50 mg/d)預(yù)防深靜脈血栓。出院后患者繼續(xù)口服利伐沙班(50 mg/d)1個(gè)月。術(shù)后1周時(shí)行雙下肢深靜脈彩色多普勒超聲檢查,明確是否有深靜脈血栓的形成,注意記錄無癥狀性的深靜脈血栓。
1.3.2圍手術(shù)期的安全性及療效評價(jià):記錄術(shù)后總引流量、術(shù)后血紅蛋白水平、輸血患者比例和輸血量、深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率、住院時(shí)間及其他術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(如術(shù)后急性期髖關(guān)節(jié)感染等)。通過Gross公式計(jì)算計(jì)算總失血量,總失血量=2×術(shù)前血容量×(術(shù)前紅細(xì)胞比容-術(shù)后紅細(xì)胞比容)/(術(shù)前紅細(xì)胞比容+術(shù)后紅細(xì)胞比容)。男性患者術(shù)前血容量(mL)= 0.366×身高(m)3+0.033×體質(zhì)量(kg)+0.604。女性患者術(shù)前血容量(mL)=0.356×身高(m)3+0.033×體質(zhì)量(kg)+0.183。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.12組患者失血量的比較
對照組患者術(shù)后總失血量和術(shù)后引流管失血量[(941.85±95.74)mL,(401.37±73.72)mL]高于氨甲環(huán)酸組[(734.73±62.60)mL,(237.53±45.19)mL],對照組患者術(shù)后血紅蛋白水平[(111.4± 14.32)g/L]低于氨甲環(huán)酸組[(127.57±13.55)g/L],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見表1。
2.22組患者術(shù)后輸血率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的比較
對照組術(shù)后輸血率(37%)高于氨甲環(huán)酸組(8%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.03)。
術(shù)后第7天行彩色多普勒超聲檢查,結(jié)果顯示:氨甲環(huán)酸組和對照組小腿肌間靜脈血栓形成分別為2例和1例,均無明顯癥狀,2組之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。2組患者術(shù)后切口愈合情況均良好,住院時(shí)間無顯著差異,術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)均未發(fā)生肺栓塞。
氨甲環(huán)酸的作用機(jī)制是競爭性結(jié)合纖維酶原在纖溶酶上的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)[17],從而抑制纖維蛋白的降解,促進(jìn)凝血。ANDERSSON等[18]指出90%的氨甲環(huán)酸通過腎臟代謝排出體外。AHLBERG等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)靜脈給予氨甲環(huán)酸后,氨甲環(huán)酸能迅速到達(dá)關(guān)節(jié)滑膜及關(guān)節(jié)液,其中的藥物濃度與血液中的藥物濃度無明顯差異。
目前靜脈滴注氨甲環(huán)酸是人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中最常用的方法,大量的臨床研究[20-23]發(fā)現(xiàn),氨甲環(huán)酸能降低THA術(shù)中失血量,減少輸血治療,且深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率并未增高。氨甲環(huán)酸減少術(shù)后失血量的作用在女性患者中更為明顯。本研究中,未使用氨甲環(huán)酸的對照組患者術(shù)后總失血量和術(shù)后引流管失血量顯著高于使用了氨甲環(huán)酸的患者,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。
本研究中,未使用氨甲環(huán)酸的對照組患者術(shù)后血紅蛋白水平明顯低于氨甲環(huán)酸組,術(shù)后輸血率則高于氨甲環(huán)酸組。2組患者在術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)均未發(fā)生肺栓塞,深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
本研究通過對照研究方法比較了使用與未使用氨甲環(huán)酸患者的術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后血紅蛋白量、輸血患者比例及輸血量、深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈滴注氨甲環(huán)酸能有效地降低患者的術(shù)后出血量,減少術(shù)后輸血,并且不會增加深靜脈血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是,本項(xiàng)研究樣本量相對較小,結(jié)果可能會產(chǎn)生一定的偏倚,因此,有待于更大樣本量的隨機(jī)對照研究,以明確氨甲環(huán)酸是否對深靜脈血栓及肺栓塞的發(fā)生率有影響。
表1 氨甲環(huán)酸組和對照組患者全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后資料對比(x±s,n=60)Tab.1 Com parison between tranexam ic acid group and the control group after total hip arthrop lasty
表1 氨甲環(huán)酸組和對照組患者全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后資料對比(x±s,n=60)Tab.1 Com parison between tranexam ic acid group and the control group after total hip arthrop lasty
Group Total blood loss(mL)The drainage tube blood loss(mL)Hemoglobin(g/L)Tranexamic acid group 734.73±62.59 237.53±45.19 127.57±13.56 Control group 941.85±95.74 401.37±73.72 111.4±14.32 t 14.026 14.677 6.352 P<0.000<0.000 0.001
[1]GAO YH,LI SQ,WANG YF,et al.Arthroplasty in patients with extensive femoral head avascular necrosis:cementless arthrop lasty in extensive femoral head necrosis[J].Int Orthop,2015,39(8):1507-1511.DOI:10.1007/s00264-015-2693-y.
[2]PARK YS,MOON YW,LEE KH,et al.Revision hip arthroplasty in patients with a previous total hip replacement for osteonecrosis of the femoral head[J].Orthopedics,2014,37(12):e1058-1062. DOI:10.3928/01477447-20141124-51.
[3]WANG BL,YUE DB,LIU BX,et al.Quality of sexual life after total hip arthroplasty in male patients with osteonecrosis of femoral head[J].Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2014,24(7):1217-1221.DOI:10.1007/s00590-014-1432-1.
[4]WOO MS,KANG JS,MOON KH.Outcome of total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head in systemic lupus erythematosus[J].J Arthroplasty,2014,29(12):2267-2270.DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2013.12.028.
[5]ISSA K,PIVEC R,KAPADIA BH,et al.Osteonecrosis of the femoral head:the total hip rep lacement solution[J].Bone Joint J,2013,95-B(1):46-50.DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.32644.
[6]GóMEZ-BARRENA E,ORTEGA-ANDREU M.Widespread of total knee arthrop lasty perioperative blood management techniques based on tranexamic acid:barriers and opportunities[J].Ann Transl Med,2015,3(19):299.DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.10.42.
[7]WANG H,SHEN B,ZENG Y.Blood loss and transfusion after topical tranexamic acid administration in primary total knee arthroplasty[J].Orthopedics,2015,38(11):e1007-1016.DOI:10.3928/ 01477447-20151020-10.
[8]LOFTUS TJ,SPRATLING L,STONE BA,et al.A patient blood management program in prosthetic joint arthrop lasty decreases blood use and improves outcomes[J].J Arthroplasty,2016,31(1):11-14. DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2015.07.040.
[9]KIM C,PARK SS,DAVEY JR.Tranexamic acid for the prevention and management of orthopedic surgical hemorrhage:current evidence[J].J Blood Med,2015,25(6):239-244.DOI:10.2147/ JBM.S61915.
[10]BAGSBY DT,SAMUJH CA,VISSING JL,et al.Tranexamic acid decreases incidence of blood transfusion in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(12):2106-2109.DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2015.06.040.
[11]FERRARIS VA,HOCHSTELER M,MARTIN JT,et al.Blood transfusion and adverse surgical outcomes:the good and the bad[J].Surgery,2015,158(3):608-617.DOI:10.1016/j.surg.2015. 02.027.
[12]WEI Z,LIU M.The effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid in total hip or knee arthroplasty:a meta-analysis of 2720 cases[J]. Transfus Med,2015,25(3):151-162.DOI:10.1111/tme.12212.
[13]DUNCAN CM,GILLETTE BP,JACOB AK,et al.Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with tranexamic acid use during total hip and knee arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(2):272-276.DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2014.08.022.
[14]YUE C,PEI F,YANG P,et al.Effect of topical tranexamic acid in reducing bleeding and transfusions in TKA[J].Orthopedics,2015,38(5):315-324.DOI:10.3928/01477447-20150504-06.
[15]SHEN PF,HOU WL,CHEN JB,et al.Effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid for total knee arthroplasty:a prospective randomized controlled trial[J].Med Sci Monit,2015,22(21):576-581. DOI:10.12659/MSM.892768.
[16]WATTS CD,PAGNANO MW.Minimising blood loss and transfusion in contemporary hip and knee arthroplasty[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2012,94(11):8-10.DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.94B11.30 618.
[17]MAHDY AM,WEBSTER NR.Perioperative systemic haemostatic agents[J].Br J Anaesth,2004,93(6):842-858.
[18]ANDERSSON L,ERIKSSON O,HEDLUND PO,et al.Special considerations with regard to the dosage of tranexamic acid in patients with chronic renal diseases[J].Urol Res,1978,6(2):83-88.
[19]AHLBERG A,ERIKSSON O,KJELLMAN H.Diffusion of tranexamic acid to the joint[J].Acta Orthop Scand,1976,47: 486-488.
[20]RAJESPARAN K,BIANT LC,AHMAD M,et al.The effect of an intravenous bolus of tranexamic acid on blood loss in total hip replacement[J].2009,91(6):776-783.DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.91B6.22393.
[21]LEE YC,PARK SJ,KIM JS,et al.Effect of tranexamic acid on reducing postoperative blood loss in combined hypotensive epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia for total hip replacement[J].J Clin Anesth,2013,25(5):393-398.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2013. 02.006.
[22]SINGH J,BALLAL MS,MITCHELL P,et al.Effects of tranexamic acid on blood loss during total hip arthroplasty[J].J Orthop Surg(Hong Kong),2010,18(3):282-286.
[23]SHINDE A,SOBTI A,MANIAR S,et al.Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and need of blood transfusion in total knee arthroplasty:a prospective,randomized,double-blind study in Indian population[J].Asian J Transfus Sci,2015,9(2):168-172.DOI:10.4103/0973-6247.154251.
(編輯王又冬)
Efficiency and Safety of Tranexam ic Acid Intravenous Infution in Perioperative Total Hip Arthroplasty
ZHANG Hangzhou,BAI Xizhuang,LIANG Qingwei,LEI Zeming
(Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery/Orthopaedics,The First Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
Objective To explore the efficiency and safety of intravenous infution of tranexamic acid(TXA)in total hip arthroplasty(THA). M ethods From June 2014 to June 2015,120 patients receiving unilateral THA were random ly divided into 2 groups,60 patients in each group. Patients in the control group didn't receive TXA;in the experimental group,the patients received 10 mg/kg TXA by intravenous infusion.The volume of postoperative blood drainage,hemoglobin,proportion of patients received blood transfusion,volume of blood transfusion,and the incidence of the deep vein thrombosis(DVT)were compared between the two groups.Results In the control group,the postoperative drainage volume was 401.37±73.72 mL;while in the experimental group,the postoperative drainage volume was 237.53±45.19 mL.No significant difference were found between the two groups in postoperative drainage volume(P>0.05).In the control group,the postoperative hemoglobin level was 111.4±14.32 g/L;while in the experimental group,the postoperative hemoglobin level was 127.57±13.55 g/L.There was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).In the control group,the postoperative ratio of transfusion(37%)was higher than that of the experimental group(8%)(P<0.05).No significant difference was found between the two groups in postoperative DVT(1.67%vs 3.33%,P>0.05).There was no pulmonary embolism in both of the 2 groups 3 months postoperatively.Conclusion TXA intravenous infusion can significantly decrease the postoperative blood loss and ratio of blood transfusion.
toatal hip arthroplasty;tranexamic acid;blood loss
R687.4
A
0258-4646(2016)10-0887-04
10.12007/j.issn.0258-4646.2016.10.005
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81501857)
張杭州(1984-),男,主治醫(yī)師,博士. E-mail:zhanghz1000@163.com
2016-01-24
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址