宓 偉,練 武,尹淑英,衣衛(wèi)杰,石塔拉,韓文婷
山楂原花青素調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)氧合酶-2表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡
宓 偉,練 武,尹淑英,衣衛(wèi)杰,石塔拉,韓文婷
(濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院公共衛(wèi)生與管理學(xué)院,山東 煙臺(tái) 264003)
探討山楂原花青素(hawthorn procyanidins,HPC)通過(guò)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/絲蘇氨酸蛋白激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine threonine protein kinase,PI3K/Akt)信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡的分子機(jī)制。體外常規(guī)培養(yǎng)食管癌細(xì)胞株,配制25、50、100、200、300、400 μg/mL不同質(zhì)量濃度的HPC,CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8)法檢測(cè)并計(jì)算不同質(zhì)量濃度HPC在72 h內(nèi)對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的抑制率,選取IC50=250 μg/mL作為HPC處理組劑量,并設(shè)對(duì)照組。Western blotting法檢測(cè)Eca109細(xì)胞PI3K和Akt磷酸化程度、Caspase-3和COX-2蛋白表達(dá)水平,反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)檢測(cè)Eca109細(xì)胞COX-2 mRNA表達(dá)水平,Annexin V-FITC/PI法檢測(cè)0、12、24、36、48、72 h時(shí)HPC對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡率的影響。結(jié)果表明:HPC處理組Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞PI3K、Akt磷酸化程度隨著處理時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)逐漸降低(P<0.01),在48 h時(shí)活性最低,HPC處理組Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞COX-2 mRNA的表達(dá)量與對(duì)照組比較明顯降低(P<0.01)。在HPC的作用下,Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)量在48、72 h時(shí)最強(qiáng)(P<0.01),COX-2蛋白表達(dá)量在72 h時(shí)最低(P<0.01)。Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡率隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)越來(lái)越高,在72 h時(shí)達(dá)到63.54%(P<0.01)。HPC可通過(guò)PI3K/Akt途徑下調(diào)COX-2表達(dá),從而誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡。
山楂原花青素;環(huán)氧合酶-2;食管癌;細(xì)胞凋亡
全世界食管癌的發(fā)病率在近些年呈上升趨勢(shì),2008年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,全世界67 億人口新發(fā)食管癌約48.3 萬(wàn)例,發(fā)病率為7.0/10萬(wàn),居惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率第9位,死亡率為5.8/10萬(wàn),居惡性腫瘤死亡率第8位[1]。中國(guó)食管癌發(fā)病率為16.7/10萬(wàn),居所有惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率的第5位,死亡率為13.4/10萬(wàn),居所有惡性腫瘤死亡率的第4位,按性別統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)男性食管癌發(fā)病率居各類惡性腫瘤第4位,女性食管癌發(fā)病率居第7位,男、女食管癌死亡率均居第4位[2]。食管癌以鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌為主,浸潤(rùn)強(qiáng)、轉(zhuǎn)移速度快、惡性程度高,嚴(yán)重影響人體健康[3-5]。環(huán)氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)是一種參與介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分化、增殖等多種生理功能的多效酶,通過(guò)影響細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞分化和免疫監(jiān)視等促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的異常增殖、發(fā)展和腫瘤血管的生成,并提高腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力[6-7]。山楂原花青素(hawthorn procyanidins,HPC)是在山楂果中存在的一大類由不同數(shù)量的兒茶素或表兒茶素縮合而成的多酚類低聚化合物,其生物活性遠(yuǎn)高于從葡萄籽中提取的高聚體原花青素[8-9]。HPC具有清除自由基[10]、抗氧化[11]、抗腫瘤[12]、降血壓[13]、降血脂[14]等多種生物活性,近年來(lái)被廣泛用于食品、飲料、保健品和藥品等領(lǐng)域,是極具開(kāi)發(fā)前景的天然植物藥和保健成分[15-16]。但HPC是否能通過(guò)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/絲蘇氨酸蛋白激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine threonine protein kinase,PI3K/Akt)途徑促進(jìn)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡的分子機(jī)制尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此,本研究通過(guò)初步觀察分析HPC對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的抑制效果,旨在探討HPC通過(guò)PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路下調(diào)COX-2的表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡的分子機(jī)制和可能的作用靶點(diǎn),為開(kāi)發(fā)食品中有效抗腫瘤成分提供實(shí)驗(yàn)和理論依據(jù)。
1.1 材料與試劑
Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞株由濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供。
HPC(純度95%,批號(hào):20120401) 杭州綠天生物技術(shù)公司;CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8)試劑盒、二甲基亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、兔抗人COX-2多抗、兔抗人Caspase-3多抗 美國(guó)Sigma公司;兔抗人p-PI3K、p-Akt和兔抗人PI3K、Akt抗體美國(guó)Cell Signaling Technology公司;小鼠抗人β-actin單抗、辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)抗體 美國(guó)Santa Cruze Biotechnology公司;Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒 美國(guó)Caltag公司;RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基 美國(guó)Life Technology公司;反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)試劑盒、PCR擴(kuò)增試劑盒 日本TaKaRa公司。
1.2 儀器與設(shè)備
CO2恒溫培養(yǎng)箱 德國(guó)Heraeus公司;TDL-40臺(tái)式離心機(jī) 上海菁華科技儀器有限公司;凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng) 美國(guó)Alpha Innotech公司;DYY-12型電泳儀、Perkinelmer多功能酶標(biāo)儀 北京六一儀器廠;實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR儀 美國(guó)Applied Biosystems公司;FACSCalibur流式細(xì)胞儀 美國(guó)BD公司。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞復(fù)蘇后,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化收集細(xì)胞,以RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液稀釋至2×104個(gè)/mL,每孔100 μL接種于96 孔酶標(biāo)板中,于5% CO2、37 ℃、飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng),2 d傳代1 次,取對(duì)數(shù)期細(xì)胞用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3.2 CCK-8法檢測(cè)HPC對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞抑制率
用胰消化酶消化細(xì)胞并用含10%血清的培養(yǎng)基將Eca109細(xì)胞制成單個(gè)細(xì)胞懸液并計(jì)數(shù)。調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×109個(gè)/L,每孔100 μL接種于96 孔板中,培養(yǎng)24 h貼壁后換成無(wú)血清的培養(yǎng)基并加入HPC。加入25、50、100、200、300、400 μg/mL不同質(zhì)量濃度的HPC為HPC處理組,空白對(duì)照組加入等體積DMSO,每組設(shè)10 個(gè)平行孔,培養(yǎng)72 h。實(shí)驗(yàn)終止前2 h每孔加入CCK-8試劑10 μL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)2 h后振蕩1 min,在450 nm波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)定各孔光密度值并讀數(shù)[17]。通過(guò)下式計(jì)算HPC對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的抑制率,選取IC50作為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)中HPC的處理劑量。
1.3.3 Western blotting法檢測(cè)相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)
胰酶消化Eca109細(xì)胞并調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×106個(gè)/L,培養(yǎng)24 h后,更換為無(wú)血清含胰島素的培養(yǎng)基并給藥,24、48 h后,4 ℃條件下用磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)沖洗細(xì)胞3 次并收集于EP管中,10 000 r/min離心15 min,吸取上清液,提取50 μg蛋白進(jìn)行定量分析,凝膠電泳分離,電轉(zhuǎn)到聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)膜上,用含5%牛奶的TBST液封閉1 h。4 ℃分別孵育PI3K、Akt、Caspase-3、COX-2一抗過(guò)夜,復(fù)溫1 h后TBST室溫?fù)u床洗膜5 min,重復(fù)3 次,室溫孵育二抗1 h,加ECL顯色液后凝膠成像系統(tǒng)顯色,以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,計(jì)算各蛋白條帶的相對(duì)表達(dá)量,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)5 次。
1.3.4 RT-PCR法檢測(cè)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞COX-2 mRNA表達(dá)量
參照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒的操作說(shuō)明合成20 μL cDNA,PCR擴(kuò)增COX-2基因片段,片段長(zhǎng)度420 bp。擴(kuò)增條件:94 ℃預(yù)變性5 min,94 ℃變性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,35 個(gè)循環(huán)。COX-2上游引物序列:5’-TAATGTACTCCTGCCAGGTCA-3’,下游引物序列:5’-AACGGTGGAAGCTCCTAGGCA-3’,擴(kuò)增片段5 6 4 b p;內(nèi)參G A D P H上游引物序列:5’-TAAGACCGTTACGAACAGCCA-3’,下游引物序列:5’-AGAAGCTGGAAGCTGCCTGCA-3’,擴(kuò)增片段424 bp。反應(yīng)后取10 μL PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物用1%瓊脂糖凝膠進(jìn)行電泳,利用凝膠成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行灰度值分析,測(cè)定各組代表?xiàng)l帶平均灰度值與內(nèi)參對(duì)比,重復(fù)3 次。設(shè)置添加等體積培養(yǎng)液的對(duì)照組。
1.3.5 Annexin V-FITC/PI法檢測(cè)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡率
本次會(huì)議還舉辦了第三屆“易創(chuàng)杯”組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)教學(xué)標(biāo)本制作大賽,參賽標(biāo)本包括石蠟切片、鋪片標(biāo)本、整體標(biāo)本等類型,有HE染色、特殊染色及銀染技術(shù)。標(biāo)本制作大賽為專業(yè)同行們提供了一個(gè)展示標(biāo)本制作技能的平臺(tái)。45件實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)標(biāo)本中11件作品分別獲一、二、三等獎(jiǎng)。
制備Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞懸液濃度為1×106個(gè)/L,接種于6 孔板,每孔100 μL,培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜,在細(xì)胞貼壁后加入HPC,對(duì)照組加入等體積DMSO,分組處理0、12、24、36、48、72 h,收集細(xì)胞樣品,檢測(cè)前于PBS中重懸30 min,8 000 r/min離心10 min,棄上清液,用PBS漂洗3 次,4 ℃冰箱中靜置30 min后,按Annexin V-FITC/PI試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)上機(jī)檢測(cè)。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn)和方差分析,檢驗(yàn)水平α=0.05。
圖1 不同質(zhì)量濃度HPC處理72 h對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的抑制率(x±s,n=1111)Fig.1 Suppression rate of esophageal cancer cells induced by HPC with different concentrations after 72 h (x± s, n = 11)
2.1 不同質(zhì)量濃度HPC對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的抑制率如圖1所示,2 5、5 0、1 0 0、2 0 0、3 0 0、 400 μg/mL不同質(zhì)量濃度的HPC誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞72 h時(shí),隨著HPC質(zhì)量濃度的增加,其對(duì)Eca109細(xì)胞的抑制率也逐漸升高,72 h時(shí)其抑制Eca109細(xì)胞的IC50約為250 μg/mL,因此選用250 μg/mL作為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的HPC處理劑量。
2.2 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的PI3K和Akt磷酸化程度
圖2 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的PI3K和Akt磷酸化程度(x±s,n=55)Fig.2 Time-dependent degree of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation (x± s, n = 5)
如圖2所示,與β-actin相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較,250 μg/mL HPC處理后,Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞中PI3K和Akt磷酸化程度具有時(shí)間依賴性,PI3K和Akt活性也隨之明顯降低,于48 h時(shí)均達(dá)到極顯著水平(P<0.01)。
2.3 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的COX-2 mRNA表達(dá)量
圖3 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞中CCOOXX--22 mRNA的表達(dá)(x±s,n=55)Fig.3 Expression of COX-2 mRNA (x± s, n = 5)
如圖3所示,與對(duì)照組比較,250 μg/mL HPC處理組的Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞中COX-2 mRNA的表達(dá)量明顯降低(P<0.01)。
2.4 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的Caspase-3和COX-2蛋白表達(dá)量
圖4 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞中Caspase-3和COX-2蛋白的表達(dá)(x±s,n=55)Fig.4 Expression of Caspase-3 and COX-2 protein in esophageal cancer cells (x ± s, n = 5)
如圖4所示,與β-actin相對(duì)表達(dá)量相比,250 μg/mL HPC干預(yù)后,Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞中Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)量隨著時(shí)間的推移而逐漸升高,于48 h和72 h時(shí)達(dá)到較高水平(P<0.01);而COX-2蛋白表達(dá)量隨著時(shí)間的推移而逐漸降低,于72 h時(shí)降至最低(P<0.01)。
2.5 HPC對(duì)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
由圖5可知,與對(duì)照組相比,250 μg/mL HPC誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞后,細(xì)胞凋亡率呈時(shí)間依賴性,其中0、12、24、36、48、72 h時(shí)Eca109細(xì)胞的凋亡率分別為10.54%、21.37%、38.29%、46.72%、50.26%和63.54%(P<0.01)。
圖5 Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡率(x±s,n=77)Fig.5 Apoptosis rates of esophageal cancer cells analyzed by Annexin V-FITC/PI (x± s, n = 7)
食管癌是我國(guó)常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,近年來(lái)食管癌的發(fā)病人群呈不斷年輕化趨勢(shì)[18]。手術(shù)切除是食管癌的常用臨床治療手段,但是手術(shù)難以完全切除瘤組織,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移癌細(xì)胞的清除率較低,導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后容易復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移,術(shù)后3 a生存率較低,若手術(shù)和化療同時(shí)進(jìn)行,患者3 a生存率則會(huì)大大提高,但常用的化療藥物具有毒副作用大、對(duì)癌細(xì)胞敏感性低、患者耐受性差等缺陷[19]。同時(shí)在食管癌發(fā)病早期及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并治療,避免發(fā)展為浸潤(rùn)性癌,對(duì)于患者的預(yù)后非常重要[20-21]。當(dāng)人體處于健康狀態(tài)時(shí),細(xì)胞的分化與凋亡處于平衡狀態(tài);若細(xì)胞不能正常啟動(dòng)凋亡程序,處于無(wú)限繁殖狀態(tài),就可能引發(fā)腫瘤。因此,通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的分子機(jī)制,探尋有效的天然植物藥及分子治療靶點(diǎn)對(duì)于食管癌的治療和預(yù)后有重要意義。
PI3K/Akt細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,PI3K/Akt主要是通過(guò)影響其下游的多種效應(yīng)分子如Bax-2、Caspase-3、Caspase-9和COX-2的表達(dá)而發(fā)揮其抗凋亡的作用[22]。目前,通過(guò)基因敲除法或天然植物藥物抑制PI3K、Akt的磷酸化而調(diào)控相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá),阻斷其降低下游多種促凋亡效應(yīng)分子活性,活化抗凋亡效應(yīng)分子,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡和自噬等已經(jīng)成為腫瘤治療研究的新焦點(diǎn)。PI3K與Akt組成的PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在腫瘤細(xì)胞的分化增殖和存活中起著重要的作用[23]。腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生和發(fā)展受到細(xì)胞內(nèi)外多種信號(hào)分子的調(diào)控,通過(guò)激活PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而激活活性氧調(diào)控的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB并轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi)調(diào)控一系列的基因表達(dá)。研究表明,組成性活化的PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在食管腫瘤譜中失調(diào),導(dǎo)致食管癌細(xì)胞異常增殖分化,加速腫瘤進(jìn)程起著關(guān)鍵調(diào)控作用[24]。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路受多因素調(diào)節(jié),包括天然植物藥、激活劑和抑制劑,其負(fù)反饋主要由類脂磷酸酶SHIP2(SH2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase)和PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homologdeleted onchromosometen)調(diào)節(jié),它們分別從PIP3的3’和5’去除磷酸而將其轉(zhuǎn)變成PI(4,5)P2和PI(3,4)P2而降解,從而阻斷Akt及其下游效應(yīng)分子的有效活化,抑制腫瘤的增殖[25-27]。
本研究表明,HPC誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡呈現(xiàn)劑量和時(shí)間依賴性,以IC50=250 μg/mL作為本實(shí)驗(yàn)后續(xù)處理劑量。結(jié)果顯示在HPC的作用下,Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞PI3K和Akt磷酸化程度在48 h時(shí)達(dá)到最低,同時(shí)COX-2 mRNA表達(dá)量也降低,隨著時(shí)間推移,在72 h時(shí)COX-2蛋白表達(dá)量明顯降低,Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)明顯升高,此時(shí)食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡率約為63.54%。在HPC的作用下,Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞的PI3K磷酸化程度降低,從而阻斷Akt的活化,致使下游促癌細(xì)胞增殖的COX-2表達(dá)量降低,促癌細(xì)胞凋亡的Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)量升高,從而加速食管癌細(xì)胞的凋亡。
綜上所述,HPC誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡可能與其通過(guò)PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路下調(diào)COX-2的表達(dá)有關(guān),HPC對(duì)食管癌潛在的多種分子機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步研究,有理由期待HPC作為食品中新型天然抗腫瘤成分被開(kāi)發(fā)和利用。
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Hawthorn Procyanidins Regulate the Expression of COX-2 and Induce the Apoptosis of Eca109 Esophageal Cancer Cells
MI Wei, LIAN Wu, YIN Shuying, YI Weijie, SHI Tala, HAN Wenting
(School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China)
The present work was undertaken to explore the molecular mechanisms for the apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells induced by HPC through regulating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Esophageal cancer cells were nurtured routinely at HPC concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 μg/mL. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect and calculate the inhibitory rate of esophageal cancer cells after 72 hours of culture. The IC50of 250 μg/mL was chosen as the experimental group. Western blotting was adopted to detect the degree of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and the protein expression levels of Caspase-3 and COX-2. RT-PCR wa s used to evaluate the expression level of COX-2 mRNA. Annexin V-FITC/PI was used to test inhibitory rate of esophageal cancer cells after 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The degree of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation declined gradually as the culture time elapsed and reached the lowest point (P < 0.01) after 48 hours in the experimental group, while the opposite trend was observed for the control group (P < 0.01) . The expression of COX-2 mRNA in the experimental group was significantly lower (P < 0.01) compared to that in the control group. Under the action of HPC, the expression of Caspase-3 protein was the strongest (P < 0.01) after 48 and 72 hours while the expression of COX-2 protein was the lowest (P < 0.01) after 72 hours. The apoptosis rate of esophageal cancer cells increased as the culture period was prolonged, which reached 63.54% (P < 0.01) after 72 hours of culture. HPC can exert a pro-apoptotic effect on esophageal cancer cells by reducing the expression level of COX-2 through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
hawthorn procyanidins; cyclooxygenase-2; esophageal cancer; cell apoptosis
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201601031
R151.3
A
1002-6630(2016)01-0176-06
宓偉, 練武, 尹淑英, 等. 山楂原花青素調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)氧合酶-2表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)Eca109食管癌細(xì)胞凋亡[J]. 食品科學(xué), 2016, 37(1): 176-181.
DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201601031. http://www.spkx.net.cn
MI Wei, LIAN Wu, YIN Shuying, et al. Hawthorn procyanidins regulate the expression of COX-2 and induce the apoptosis of Eca109 esophageal cancer cells[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(1): 176-181. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI:10.7506/ spkx1002-6630-201601031. http://www.spkx.net.cn
2015-03-09
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81302423);濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(BY2013KJ86)
宓偉(1978—),男,講師,博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)橹参锘瘜W(xué)物與慢性病。E-mail:miweinew@163.com