張國(guó)強(qiáng)

高考完形填空題的特點(diǎn)是突出語(yǔ)篇，以文章的語(yǔ)境理解為主，考查同學(xué)們綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力。所以準(zhǔn)確把握短文的大意是正確答題的基礎(chǔ)。本文歸納同學(xué)們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)的幾種錯(cuò)誤，希望能對(duì)同學(xué)們解題有所幫助。

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1：][忽視首句或首段的作用]

首句往往是整篇文章的引領(lǐng)句，概括了整篇文章的中心和作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。細(xì)讀首句可以判斷文章體裁，預(yù)測(cè)文章大意和主旨。完形填空的命題原則一般是文章第一句不設(shè)空，以使同學(xué)快速進(jìn)入語(yǔ)境，并通過(guò)這一“窗口”，把握整篇文章。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，記敘文類(lèi)的文章的首句會(huì)交代4個(gè)W（when，where，who，what），說(shuō)明文類(lèi)的文章的首句會(huì)解釋要說(shuō)明的對(duì)象，議論文類(lèi)的文章的首句會(huì)提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。

例1 Diane Ray was completely self-centred and very spoilt. Her parents gave her 36 she wanted， knowing that she would throw a temper tantrum（耍小孩脾氣） if they did not. She would scream and kick and 37 on the floor drumming her heels. Her parents always 38 .

36. A. either B. neither

C. nothing D. everything

37. A. jump B. lie

C. spin D. sleep

38. A. set out B. set in

C. gave in D. gave out

解析 DBC。由文章首句Diane Ray was completely self-centred and very spoilt. 可知，Diane Ray完全以自我為中心而且被寵壞了，她的父母會(huì)給她想要的一切（everything），否則，她會(huì)躺（lie）在地上尖叫、踢騰，因此，父母總是向她讓步（gave in）。

例2 Every morning I continued to watch the man with interest. So far I havent seen anyone fail to wave back. I find it interesting that one person can make such a difference to so many peoples lives by doing one simple thing like waving and smiling warmly. His cheerfulness armed the start of my day. With a friendly wave and smiling face he had changed the 35 of the whole neighborhood.

35. A. trends B. observations

C. regulations D. feelings

解析 D。本段前面提到作者看到the guard向陌生人揮手時(shí)，對(duì)方也揮手致謝，即使是一個(gè)表情刻板的商人也不例外。由此可見(jiàn)，微笑著向別人揮手改變的是他們的“感情”。前三項(xiàng)分別表示“趨勢(shì)”“觀(guān)察”“規(guī)章”，都與文章大意不符。

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2：][把握情感態(tài)度不準(zhǔn)確]

幾乎每篇完形填空的語(yǔ)境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理狀態(tài)和情緒以及作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。語(yǔ)境題在完形填空題中已占有一半題量，利用好文章的語(yǔ)境關(guān)系就能對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷，在理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上推斷出每一空的準(zhǔn)確信息從而確定答案。具體方法就是認(rèn)真讀原文，找出反映語(yǔ)境的標(biāo)志性的詞匯或句子，并大膽預(yù)測(cè)下文。

例3 Tom was seriously injured in the traffic accident and was taken to the hospital， and his parents were called for. They were very 1 to hear of the accident and quickly rushed to his 2 . For three days Tom was not able to feel or think and his parents were 3 that he might die.But on the fourth day Tom 4 and spoke softly. His parents were 5 . The police by then had followed the owner of the car and caught hold of him at last.

1. A. angry B. please

C. shocked D. disappointed

2. A. school B. home

C. hospital D. office

3. A. worried B. ready

C. confident D. certain

4. A. felt sick B. got up

C. fell asleep D. woke up

5. A. surprised B. calm

C. glad D. puzzled

解析 CCADC。這是一組典型的褒貶語(yǔ)境題。聽(tīng)到兒子在交通事故中受傷，父母一定是很震驚了，故第1空用shocked；第2空應(yīng)用hospital，因前文已交代Tom被送去醫(yī)院；第3空交代父母擔(dān)心他可能會(huì)死，只能用worried；第4空前面的連詞but暗示此處要用woke up；看到兒子醒來(lái)后，父母肯定感到高興，故第5空填glad。

例4 ... Barking 37 （loudly） into the air， the dog 38 （searched） through the woods until he found the 39 （house）. But the girl was not there， so he headed back to the woods. Much to his 40 ， he saw his mistress blue blouse in the distance ...

40. A. satisfaction B. disappointment

C. embarrassment D. delight

解析 D。此題考查情感態(tài)度。狗一直在尋找他的小主人，最終看到了小主人的藍(lán)襯衫，自然很高興。故delight是最佳答案。

點(diǎn)撥 把握人物情感態(tài)度可分四步走：

首先，完形填空的短文是一個(gè)完整的語(yǔ)篇，同學(xué)必須結(jié)合上下文語(yǔ)境綜合考慮；其次，同學(xué)要重視首句的提示作用，因?yàn)樗墙忸}的突破口，同時(shí)也或多或少地暗示了作者的寫(xiě)作意圖；再次，同學(xué)要抓住描述作者思想情感的詞，通常為形容詞或副詞；最后，疏通全文。

同學(xué)應(yīng)在理解大意和把握細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上揣摩作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，通過(guò)作者的語(yǔ)氣和用詞來(lái)把握作者的情感和態(tài)度，切忌主觀(guān)臆斷。 [易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3：][忽視詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)]

例5 When the Red Cross started blood banks to collect and store blood for men wounded in battle，black Americans gave blood along with the whites. At first their blood was not accepted. Later blood from the blacks was but was stored in a separate place from “white” blood.

A. received B. accepted C. lost D. found

解析 B?？疾樵~復(fù)現(xiàn)。此空的前一句是At first their blood was not accepted，根據(jù)行文邏輯可知，此處仍要用accepted，即“一開(kāi)始黑人的血不被接受，但后來(lái)被接受了”。

例6 “I have a brilliant design for our egg container！ A protective one！”I said when Cassie arrived.“We can the egg with some butter cream.”

A. protect B. replace C. carry D. mix

解析 A?？疾橥~復(fù)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)文中的a protective one可知，此處要用protective的動(dòng)詞形式protect“保護(hù)，防護(hù)”。此題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)從詞匯搭配、語(yǔ)法角度考慮均行得通，但由于文章是一個(gè)完整的統(tǒng)一體，詞、句、段三者存在著內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，此時(shí)需要從上下文中尋找有關(guān)的提示或暗示，對(duì)文章的情節(jié)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，抓住關(guān)鍵信息，理順句與句之間的關(guān)系，確定合理的答案。

點(diǎn)撥 同義詞，近義詞，反義詞是借助意思相同、相近或相反的表達(dá)方式或解釋性語(yǔ)言使上下文的意思得以連接起來(lái)。因此，做題時(shí)，應(yīng)充分注意分析上下文中出現(xiàn)的解釋性語(yǔ)言。對(duì)于上下文意思復(fù)現(xiàn)的表達(dá)，可以借助于復(fù)現(xiàn)信息的同根詞來(lái)補(bǔ)全信息。

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4：][忽視語(yǔ)境關(guān)系]

例7 Moody faces 1 in three years， when he hopes to run the foundation full time. “I am living a happy life and I have a responsibility to my 2， （community） to give back”. Moody says， “If I teach a kid to fish today， he can teach his brother tomorrow”.

1. A. unemployment B.challenge

C.competition D.retirement

解析 D。如果同學(xué)不根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)作答，很容易誤選B選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)空格后面的in three years可知是三年后，再根據(jù)后面run the foundation full time可知只有在退休后才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。所以選D項(xiàng)。

例8 ... During my fourth grade Christmas break， we flew to Rio to visit her. Looking at her large 1 apartment， I became 2 （aware of） how lonely my mother must have been in Brazil herself. It was then 3 （that） I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on 4 （balancing） family and work ...

1. A. comfortable B. expensive

C. empty D. modern

解析 C。很多同學(xué)由于忽略了上下文的語(yǔ)境而誤選A、D項(xiàng)。由下文中的how lonely my mother must have been可知，作者看到的是母親住在空曠的公寓中。

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)5：][忽視邏輯關(guān)系]

例9 That holiday morning I didnt have to attend school. Usually， on holidays， Mother 1 （allows） me to sleep in. And I would certainly take full advantage of it. On this particular morning， 2 ， I felt like getting up early.

2.A. otherwise B.therefore

C.however D.besides

解析 C。同學(xué)可能會(huì)因弄不清上下文的關(guān)系而誤選B。該題后面的getting up early和前面的sleep in在行文上形成了對(duì)比，前后文之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故用however。

例10 ... My brother and his friends were all 1 （fans）.... they all bought 2 （tickets） for the performance. However， at the last minute， one of the friends couldnt go， so my brother 3 me the ticket. I was really 4 （excited）！

3.A. booked B.offerer

C.returned D.found

解析 B。so表示前后兩部分存在因果關(guān)系，如果不注意這點(diǎn)就容易選A。前面講到哥哥和他的朋友買(mǎi)了音樂(lè)會(huì)的票，準(zhǔn)備去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)，但最后其中一個(gè)朋友去不了了，故可推測(cè)哥哥把朋友的那張票給了我。offer是“提供，供應(yīng)”之意，符合語(yǔ)境。

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)6：][忽視文章大意]

例11 ... Mrs Neidls 1 that year was， “Try it. We can always paint over it 2 （later）！”I began to take 3 （risks）. I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failing—only things to be 4 （improved） upon. I learned to dip my brush into the paint and 5 （confidently） create something.

1.A. message B.motto

C.saying D.suggestion

解析 B。有些同學(xué)沒(méi)有把握住文章大意就想當(dāng)然地作出判斷，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致選C。本題考查名詞辨析以及對(duì)文章的理解。引號(hào)里是一句鼓勵(lì)的話(huà)，根據(jù)前文可知這句話(huà)是她的座右銘。迷惑性較大的C項(xiàng)saying意為“諺語(yǔ)”，往往是人們長(zhǎng)期形成的對(duì)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)，強(qiáng)調(diào)群體性及時(shí)間性，message“信息”，suggestion“建議”，均不符合題意。 [易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)7：][忽視語(yǔ)法知識(shí)]

例12 ... A man will be 1 （reading） the newspaper， and seconds later it 2 as if he is trying to 3 （eat） it...

2.A. acts B.shows

C.appears D.sounds

解析 C。有的同學(xué)可能由于沒(méi)有掌握固定句型而誤選B。it appears/seems as if ...為固定句型，意思是“看起來(lái)好像”。此處意為“幾秒鐘之后，他看起來(lái)好像在吃報(bào)紙（打瞌睡）”。

例13 Among them were two women beside a dirty pond. One pushed dirt back with a stick _______ the other dipped the water into a bucket.

A.after B.when

C.until D.while

解析 D。同學(xué)們?nèi)菀渍`選B選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)橐詾榇颂幈硎镜臅r(shí)間。此處while為并列連詞，表示對(duì)比性轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“而，卻”。

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)8：][缺乏生活常識(shí)]

例14 We are not 3 meters tall 1 （because） most peoples heart are not strong enough to send 2 up that high.

2.A. information B.blood

C.breath D.strength

解析 B。因缺乏生活常識(shí)，有的同學(xué)可能誤選C選項(xiàng)。心臟的功能是向各個(gè)部分輸送血液（blood），這是基本生活常識(shí)。此句意為“我們長(zhǎng)不到3米高，是因?yàn)樾呐K無(wú)法供血到那么高”。