郭宇
你知道石頭也有性格嗎?你知道什么是“偽深刻廢話”嗎?你知道像山羊一樣生活是一種怎樣的體驗嗎?上述問題如果都能勾起你的好奇心,不妨一起來回顧今年的搞笑諾貝爾獎,看看科學(xué)家們是怎樣用搞笑的方式來認(rèn)真地搞科研。Investigations into rats wearing pants, the personalities of rocks and the truthfulness of 1,000 liars won Ig Nobel prizes on Thursday night at Harvard, where Nobel-winning scientists gathered to honor the strangest research of the year.
The ceremony, now in its 26th year, delivered a $10tn Zimbabwean bill (about 40 cents in US money) to winners. Those who traveled to Boston received their prizes from Nobel laureates: chemist Dudley Herschbach1), economist Eric Maskin2), Dr. Richard Roberts3) and physicist Roy Glauber4).
As in past years, the tone of the awards show vacillated5) from gleeful absurdism to satire to genuine wonder at the lengths to which scientists will let their curiosity lead them.
研究穿著褲子的老鼠、探究石頭的性格、發(fā)現(xiàn)1000個撒謊者的真話等課題贏得了周四晚(編注:英文原文發(fā)表于2016年9月23日)在哈佛大學(xué)頒發(fā)的搞笑諾貝爾獎。在這里,幾位獲得過諾貝爾獎的科學(xué)家齊聚一堂,為本年度最古怪的科學(xué)研究頒獎。
今年的搞笑諾貝爾獎頒獎典禮是第26屆,典禮向獲獎?wù)哳C發(fā)了一張面值高達十萬億津巴布韋元的紙幣(約合40美分)。獲獎?wù)邆兦巴ㄊ款D,從諾貝爾獎得主手中接過獎品,這些諾獎得主分別是:化學(xué)家達德利·赫施巴赫、經(jīng)濟學(xué)家埃里克·馬斯金、醫(yī)學(xué)家理查德·羅伯茨和物理學(xué)家羅伊·格勞伯。
在過去的幾年里,搞笑諾貝爾獎的基調(diào)不斷搖擺,有時荒誕好笑,有時又充滿諷刺意味,有時又為科學(xué)家們愿意在好奇心的驅(qū)使下長期研究這些問題而由衷驚嘆。
Reproduction Prize 生殖學(xué)獎
Egyptian urologist6) Ahmed Shafik wanted to know the toll that trousers might take on male rats. He made murine7) trousers—covering the animals hind legs with a hole for the tail—in various cloths: 100% polyester8), 50/50% polyester/cotton, all cotton and all wool.
Rats that wore polyester showed “significantly lower” rates of sexual activity, Shafik found, perhaps because of the electrostatic charges created by the material. Cotton- and wool-wearing rats were relatively normal.
Economics Prize 經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎
Mark Avis, Sarah Forbes and Shelagh Ferguson, a team from New Zealand and the UK, won the prize in economics for a study of the personalities of rocks. The trio studied a concept called “brand personality9),” or the “set of human characteristics associated with the brand”—for example wholesomeness, youth, intelligence and sophistication—by putting pictures of rocks in front of 225 Kiwi10) students.
The students then decided which of 42 traits, 15 facets and five factors to apply to the rocks in question. One, Rock G, was variously described as “a big New York type businessman, rich, smooth, maybe a little shady11)” and “carries a black brief case, slick hair, quick thinker and quicker talker. Not a good dude though.”
Rock I was described by one student as “a gypsy or a traveller, a hippie” and by another as “l(fā)iberal, attractive and female, I saw a young person, maybe mid-30s, who was very attractive when she was younger/possibly a model. Has her own way of thinking, with a somewhat grounded confidence, enjoys organic food.”
埃及泌尿科專家艾哈邁德·沙菲克想知道穿褲子會給公鼠帶來哪些不良影響,于是制作了一些適合老鼠穿的褲子。這些褲子可以遮住老鼠的后腿,并給尾巴留了一個小孔,其面料各不相同:有100%滌綸的、50/50%滌棉的、純棉的和純羊毛的。
沙菲克發(fā)現(xiàn),穿滌綸褲子的老鼠表現(xiàn)出了“明顯更低的”性行為頻率,這或許是由滌綸材料產(chǎn)生的靜電荷所致。穿著棉質(zhì)和羊毛褲子的老鼠們則表現(xiàn)得相對正常。
來自新西蘭和英國的馬克·阿維斯、薩拉·福布斯和希拉·弗格森組成的三人小組因有關(guān)石頭性格的研究獲得了經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎。三人向225名新西蘭學(xué)生展示了一些石頭的照片,以此來研究被稱為“品牌個性”的概念,即“與特定品牌相關(guān)的人類特性”,如健康、年輕、智慧、老練等。
然后,學(xué)生們需要斷定這些石頭符合42種特質(zhì)、15個方面和五種要素中的哪幾種。其中,石頭G被分別描述為“一個典型的大塊頭紐約商人,富有,圓滑,或許名聲有點不好”“帶著一個黑色公文包,油頭粉面,思維敏捷,語速極快,但總之不像個好人”。
石頭I被一位學(xué)生描述為“一個吉普賽人,或是一個旅行者,一個嬉皮士”,而另一位學(xué)生則稱它是“自由且有魅力的女性,我看到了一個青年女子,或許三十四五歲,年輕的時候很美,可能還做過模特。她有獨立的思想,不盲目自信,喜愛有機食品”。
石頭G和石頭I
1. Dudley Herschbach:達德利·赫施巴赫(1932~),美國物理化學(xué)家,1986年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎獲得者
2. Eric Maskin:埃里克·馬斯金(1950~),美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,2007年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎獲得者
3. Richard Roberts:理查德·羅伯茨(1943~),英國生物化學(xué)家和分子生物學(xué)家,1993年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎的獲得者
4. Roy Glauber:羅伊·格勞伯(1925~),美國物理學(xué)家,2005年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎獲得者
5. vacillate [?v?s?le?t] vi. 搖擺;波動
6. urologist [ju?r?l?d?ist] n. [醫(yī)]泌尿科醫(yī)師;泌尿科專家
7. murine [?mj??ra?n] adj. [動]鼠的;鼠科的
8. polyester [?p?li?est?(r)] n. 聚酯纖維,滌綸
9. brand personality:品牌個性,即當(dāng)人們看到某一品牌名稱時感受、聯(lián)想到的人類特性,包括真誠、刺激、勝任、教養(yǎng)和強壯這五個核心維度,往下細(xì)分為15個方面和42種特質(zhì)。比如保時捷就會讓人覺得“刺激”。
10. Kiwi [?ki?wi?] n. 新西蘭人
11. shady [??e?di] adj. 名聲不好的;不老實的
12. prosthetic [pr?s?θet?k] adj. [醫(yī)]假體的
13. den [den] n. 洞穴
14. sniff out:發(fā)現(xiàn),找到
15. scavenge [?sk?v?nd?] vi. (在垃圾廢物中)找(食物或有用之物)
16. bleat [bli?t] vi. (羊)咩咩叫
17. gibberish [?d??b?r??] n. 莫名其妙的話
18. frame [fre?m] vt. 說出;講出;表達
19. office drone:通常指那些每天從事單調(diào)乏味工作的辦公室白領(lǐng)。
20. paranormal [?p?r??n??(r)m(?)l] adj. 不符合科學(xué)法則的;超自然的
21. skewed [skju?d] adj. 歪曲的;偏的
Biology Prize 生物學(xué)獎
The biology award went to two Britons: Thomas Thwaites, who created prosthetic12) limbs that let him move like and among goats, and Charles Foster, who has tried to live as a badger, an otter, a fox and a stag.
As a badger, Foster ate worms, dug a hillside den13) and tried to sniff out14) voles. Living as an urban fox, he scavenged15) through trash and slept in gardens. As a goat, Thwaites infiltrated a herd in the Swiss Alps and spent three days eating grass, bleating16) and stumbling over rocks.
Foster and Thwaites wrote books about their experiments, respectively Being a Beast and GoatMan.
Peace Prize 和平獎
The peace prize went to a gang of philosophers from Canada and the US who published a paper titled On the Reception and Detection of Pseudo-Profound Bullshit.
The researchers studied how people understand gibberish17) that has been framed18) as if it means something, by creating random but grammatical sentences of buzzwords that sounded like vaguely meditative posters meant to inspire office drones19) or distract dental patients from the drill. Examples included “wholeness quiets infinite phenomena” and “hidden meaning transforms unparalleled abstract beauty.”
“There is little question that bullshit is a real and consequential phenomenon,” the scientists wrote, warning that given advances in communication, “bullshit may be more pervasive than ever before.”
Their mission: “Are people able to detect blatant bullshit? Who is most likely to fall prey to bullshit and why?”
The philosophers asked 280 students at the University of Waterloo to rate the “profoundness” of real and invented statements on a scale of one to five, and to search for meaning in those statements. Those students most “receptive to bullshit,” they found, were “l(fā)ess reflective, lower in cognitive ability” and more likely “to hold religious and paranormal20) beliefs.”
思韋茨扮作山羊
生物學(xué)獎被授予了兩名英國人:托馬斯·思韋茨和查爾斯·福斯特。前者發(fā)明了假肢,使他能像山羊那樣走動,混跡于羊群;后者則嘗試著像獾、水獺、狐貍和牡鹿一樣生活。
作為獾時,福斯特吃蟲子,在山坡上挖掘巢穴,并嘗試找到田鼠。作為一只生活在城市里的狐貍,他在垃圾堆里找尋食物,并在公園露宿?;砩窖虻乃柬f茨則在瑞士的阿爾卑斯山區(qū)混入了一個羊群,和羊群生活了三天,一起吃草、咩咩叫,還會被巖石絆倒。
福斯特和思韋茨把他們的試驗寫成了書,書名分別為《作為野獸》和《山羊人》。
和平獎授予給了幾位來自加拿大和美國的哲學(xué)家,他們發(fā)表了一篇題為《關(guān)于偽深刻廢話的接受和識別》的論文。
研究人員編造了一些由時髦詞匯構(gòu)成、隨機組合但符合語法規(guī)則的句子。這些句子聽上去像一些意味深沉、意在激勵那些從事乏味工作的辦公室白領(lǐng)或是分散牙科手術(shù)病人注意力的海報標(biāo)語。利用這些句子,他們研究人們是如何理解貌似有意義的廢話。這樣的句子包括“完整讓無限的現(xiàn)象安靜下來”和“隱含的意義改造了無與倫比的抽象美”。
“毫無疑問,講廢話是一個真實且重要的現(xiàn)象,”科學(xué)家們寫道,并警告說,考慮到通訊的進步,“廢話可能比史上任何時期都要普遍?!?/p>
他們的任務(wù)是要研究:“人們能否察覺毫無掩飾的廢話?哪些人最有可能被廢話所俘獲?為什么?”
這些哲學(xué)家在滑鐵盧大學(xué)找到280名學(xué)生,讓他們閱讀一些真實的和虛構(gòu)的聲明,然后按照1~5的等級對這些聲明的“深刻性”進行評級,并找出這些聲明的含義。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),那些最容易“接受廢話”的學(xué)生“思索相對較少,認(rèn)知能力也較低”,且更有可能“懷有宗教和超自然信仰”。
《作為野獸》的封面
Psychology Prize 心理學(xué)獎
A coalition from the US, Canada, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands won the psychology award, for asking 1,000 liars how often they had lied over the course of their life, and rating how well they lied.
People gradually lied more as they aged out of childhood, the study found, peaking during adolescence, and as adults lied on average twice a day. Lying decreased with age, although some prolific liars may have skewed21) results. The researchers also acknowledged that the liars might have been lying to them all along.
一個來自美國、加拿大、德國、比利時和荷蘭的團隊獲得了心理學(xué)獎,他們的課題是詢問1000名說謊者他們在一生中說謊的頻率,并評估他們說謊的水平。
該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著逐漸走出童年,人們?nèi)龅闹e越來越多,在青春期時達到頂峰,到成年時平均一天說兩次謊。此后隨著年齡增長,說謊的頻率逐年下降,但也有一些人是經(jīng)常說謊,針對他們的研究結(jié)果可能偏離了實際情況。研究人員同時承認(rèn),一些說謊者可能一直在調(diào)查中說謊。
Physics Prize 物理學(xué)獎
Physics awards were given to researchers from Hungary, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland, who found that white horses attract fewer horseflies and that dragonflies are fatally attracted to black tombstones.
物理學(xué)獎被授予了來自匈牙利、西班牙、瑞典和瑞士的研究人員,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)白色的馬不怎么吸引馬蠅,而蜻蜓特別喜歡黑色的墓碑。
Medicine Prize 醫(yī)學(xué)獎
A medicine prize was given to German scientists who found that if you have an itch on your left side, you can look into a mirror and scratch your right to relieve it.
醫(yī)學(xué)獎被授予了幾位德國科學(xué)家,他們發(fā)現(xiàn),如果你的身體左側(cè)瘙癢,可以通過照鏡子并撓身體右側(cè)來止癢。
Chemistry Prize 化學(xué)獎
The most surprising winner was for chemistry: The automaker Volkswagen, caught for violating US emissions law, was granted a nearly worthless Zimbabwean bill to help pay for its massive legal costs. The Ig Nobel committee said the award was “for solving the problem of excessive automobile pollution emissions by automatically, electro-mechanically producing fewer emissions whenever the cars are being tested.”
最令人驚訝的獲獎?wù)呤腔瘜W(xué)獎得主——大眾汽車公司,該公司被發(fā)現(xiàn)違反了美國的尾氣排放法,因此被授予一張幾乎毫無價值的津巴布韋紙幣,用以幫助其支付巨額的訴訟費用。搞笑諾貝爾獎委員會稱,授予大眾公司這個獎項是為了表彰它“在汽車接受檢測時,通過自動化和機電化的手段釋放更少的排放物,由此解決了機動車排放污染過量的問題”。