周苑秀,李敏杰,鐘偉紅,范瑞芳
華南師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院 廣州市亞熱帶生物多樣性與環(huán)境生物監(jiān)測(cè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 廣州 510631
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彗星電泳法測(cè)定雙酚A對(duì)雄性幼齡小鼠腦細(xì)胞的DNA損傷
周苑秀,李敏杰,鐘偉紅,范瑞芳*
華南師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院 廣州市亞熱帶生物多樣性與環(huán)境生物監(jiān)測(cè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 廣州 510631
雙酚A是一種日常生活中無處不在的環(huán)境雌激素,具有生殖和神經(jīng)毒性,但低劑量長期暴露對(duì)發(fā)育期青少年的危害性常常被低估或忽視。本研究以4周齡雄性清潔級(jí)小鼠為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,以茶油作為溶媒對(duì)照,分別以雙酚A濃度為0 μg·mL-1、0.1 μg·mL-1、10 μg·mL-1和1 000 μg·mL-1的茶油灌胃小鼠8周,然后利用彗星電泳法檢測(cè)各組小鼠腦細(xì)胞的DNA損傷。結(jié)果顯示,不同濃度雙酚A暴露8周后,彗星電泳圖像顯示小鼠腦細(xì)胞DNA出現(xiàn)不同程度的損傷,隨著暴露劑量的增加,帶有彗尾的腦細(xì)胞比率從對(duì)照組小鼠的9.5%分別升高到暴露組小鼠的34.5%、36.0%和50.5%,細(xì)胞總體的尾部DNA含量、尾長和尾矩也都逐漸增加,而且各雙酚A暴露組小鼠與溶媒對(duì)照組小鼠腦細(xì)胞都具有顯著性差異(P < 0.01),這說明中長期雙酚A暴露(包括低濃度環(huán)境暴露)會(huì)導(dǎo)致雄性幼齡小鼠腦細(xì)胞的DNA損傷。
雙酚A;小鼠;腦細(xì)胞;DNA損傷;雄性;幼齡
雙酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)是一種分子量為228、白色晶體、具有低等毒性的烷基酚類環(huán)境雌激素,學(xué)名為2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丙烷(簡(jiǎn)稱二酚基丙烷)。它是工業(yè)上生產(chǎn)聚碳酸酯和環(huán)氧樹脂的重要原料,廣泛存在于熱敏紙、塑料制品、罐頭食品的內(nèi)層涂料、牙齒固封劑以及汽車儀表盤等日用百貨中,是人類接觸最為頻繁的環(huán)境污染物之一[1],可通過飲食、皮膚接觸和呼吸等途徑進(jìn)入人體。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BPA是一種內(nèi)分泌干擾素,與雌激素競(jìng)爭(zhēng)雌激素受體或拮抗雄激素[1,2],引起機(jī)體激素水平紊亂,擾亂機(jī)體生殖系統(tǒng),阻礙神經(jīng)發(fā)育,甚至導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生,具有生殖、免疫、內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)發(fā)育毒性[3]。發(fā)育中的大腦是BPA的靶器官之一。體外細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,經(jīng)BPA暴露后,大鼠海馬HT-22細(xì)胞系凋亡率增加,細(xì)胞活力降低[4],大鼠胚胎中腦細(xì)胞增殖受到抑制,凋亡率增加[5]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,BPA影響大鼠海馬發(fā)育期的髓鞘形成[6],圍生期母鼠BPA暴露可影響子代小鼠的下丘腦早期性別分化[7],還會(huì)造成子代雄鼠腹側(cè)中腦區(qū)的多巴胺神經(jīng)元數(shù)目減少,凋亡細(xì)胞明顯增加[8],原因可能是BPA作用于線粒體上的電子傳遞鏈,導(dǎo)致活性氧增多,抗氧化酶表達(dá)量下調(diào),從而使細(xì)胞氧化損傷增加,累積后引起凋亡。研究還顯示,圍生期BPA暴露使得子代雄鼠腦內(nèi)的神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子-3(NT-3)表達(dá)量下調(diào)[9],而NT-3起滋養(yǎng)、保護(hù)和修復(fù)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的作用,能促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的分化[10-11],若其表達(dá)下調(diào)會(huì)引起大腦發(fā)育延遲等一系列生理效應(yīng)。非洲爪蟾胚胎BPA暴露后,中樞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡率增加,腦部形態(tài)畸形率提高[12]。動(dòng)物行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,BPA可有性別地引起小鼠的焦慮、抑郁、蔗糖嗜好傾向,改變空間記憶行為和被動(dòng)回避行為[13-15]。
彗星電泳法是一種簡(jiǎn)單,易操作,常用于單細(xì)胞的DNA損傷的監(jiān)測(cè)方法。Onur等[16]用該法發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)高劑量BPA染毒4周后,大鼠外周血細(xì)胞的DNA損傷顯著。BPA暴露會(huì)妨礙腦部發(fā)育、改變暴露對(duì)象的行為方式,但這些研究大部分主要采用體外細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn),無法模擬人類實(shí)際的內(nèi)環(huán)境暴露情況;部分動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),采用的暴露濃度遠(yuǎn)高于環(huán)境暴露水平,無法反映普通環(huán)境BPA暴露下可能帶來的毒性效應(yīng);另外,BPA暴露對(duì)于處于神經(jīng)發(fā)育階段的動(dòng)物造成的影響不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。因此,本研究擬以4周齡的幼鼠為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,持續(xù)8周灌胃給藥后,通過彗星電泳法監(jiān)測(cè)小鼠腦細(xì)胞的DNA損傷,模擬不同濃度BPA暴露情況,評(píng)價(jià)BPA對(duì)兒童及青少年神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的毒性效應(yīng),以便更好地評(píng)估日常生活模式下兒童由于雙酚A環(huán)境暴露可能帶來的危害。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物為昆明品系SPF級(jí)雄性小鼠(許可證號(hào):SCXK(粵)2011-0029),初始體重(20±2) g,每批每組小鼠為5只,具體分組見實(shí)驗(yàn)方法。小鼠飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境為(25±1) ℃,自然光照,給予充足的飲水與攝食(飲用水和食物中的BPA含量均低于檢測(cè)限),每隔3天換一次墊料。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)藥品、試劑和儀器
雙酚A購自美國sigma公司;瓊脂糖購自上海伯奧生物科技有限公司;Na2EDTA、NaCl、NaOH、Na2HPO4、NaH2PO4、溴化乙錠和DMSO均來自廣州化學(xué)試劑廠(AR純度);Tris-base購自上海聚源生物科技有限公司(AR);Triton-X 100購自江蘇強(qiáng)盛化工有限公司(AR)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)中所用的儀器包括:熒光倒置相差顯微鏡(DMI3000B,Leica);電泳槽(DYCPZ型,北京市六一儀器廠);電泳儀(DYY-IB型,北京市六一儀器廠);離心機(jī)(800型,上海手術(shù)器械廠);電熱恒溫水浴鍋(黃石市恒豐醫(yī)療器械有限公司)等。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.3.1 分組與給藥
將20只實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠平均隨機(jī)分為溶媒對(duì)照組、環(huán)境暴露組(低濃度組)、安全劑量暴露組(中濃度組)和高濃度暴露組4個(gè)組別,每天上午9:00~11:00之間,分別以雙酚A濃度為0、0.1 μg·mL-1、10 μg·mL-1和1 000 μg·mL-1的茶油灌胃1次,每次0.1 mL,連續(xù)灌胃8周。
1.3.2 彗星電泳法
灌胃期結(jié)束后次日即進(jìn)行彗星電泳實(shí)驗(yàn)。首先,將小鼠脊椎脫臼法處死,取全腦,剪成糜狀,用pH 7.5的PBS淋洗,并去殘?jiān)? 000 r·min-1離心8 min后,取上清液,用血球計(jì)數(shù)板調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞液濃度為105~106個(gè)·mL-1(即血球計(jì)數(shù)板中5個(gè)中方格內(nèi)的總細(xì)胞數(shù)為2~20個(gè))。然后,在載玻片制成的微電泳槽上鋪膠制片,第一層鋪1%的正常熔點(diǎn)瓊脂糖,置于4 ℃固化30 min后鋪第二層,第二層鋪上述制備的細(xì)胞懸液融合0.75%的低熔點(diǎn)瓊脂糖。將制備好的載玻片置于4 ℃固定30 min后,浸沒于4 ℃預(yù)冷的裂解液中裂解2 h。在4 ℃預(yù)冷的堿性電泳緩沖液靜置20 min,使DNA解旋,然后在25 V電壓,300 mA電流下電泳20 min。以4 ℃預(yù)冷的Tris-HCl緩沖液中和至中性后,滴加溴化乙錠(EB)溶液染色30 s~1 min,最后用蒸餾水洗滌。在熒光顯微鏡下用515~560 nm的激發(fā)光觀察單細(xì)胞電泳圖像,每個(gè)樣本中隨機(jī)挑選40個(gè)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行拍照。
1.3.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析與統(tǒng)計(jì)
用CASP彗星分析軟件分析各個(gè)細(xì)胞,得到各組細(xì)胞的tail DNA%(尾部DNA含量)、tail length(尾長)和tail moment(尾矩)值。根據(jù)彗尾的DNA含量,將采集的細(xì)胞圖像分為5級(jí):彗星尾部熒光強(qiáng)度占總強(qiáng)度為0%~6%是0級(jí);6.1%~17.0%為1級(jí);17.1%~35.0%為2級(jí);35.1%~60.0%為3級(jí);60.1%~100.0%為4級(jí)[17]。除0級(jí)以外的細(xì)胞數(shù)目占總細(xì)胞數(shù)目的百分比即為彗星率。每一級(jí)細(xì)胞的百分比乘以其級(jí)別號(hào),相加在一起即為任意值。最后,采用tail DNA%、tail length、tail moment、彗星率和任意值5個(gè)指標(biāo)綜合分析比較細(xì)胞的DNA損傷。
采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(mean ± SED)表示DNA的損傷。運(yùn)用Mann-Whitney U test法檢驗(yàn)兩組樣本的差異性,其中P < 0.05表示差異顯著,P < 0.01表示差異極顯著。
2.1 不同濃度BPA暴露后小鼠的生長發(fā)育情況
不同濃度BPA暴露數(shù)周后,部分暴露組小鼠出現(xiàn)煩躁不安、易興奮、多動(dòng)、好斗的情況。個(gè)別小鼠因打斗咬傷而發(fā)炎,經(jīng)隔離飼養(yǎng)后,很快恢復(fù)正常,其他各暴露組小鼠在BPA暴露期間生長發(fā)育良好,皮毛緊實(shí),毛色正常,體重持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增加,與溶媒對(duì)照組均無顯著性差異(T-test,P > 0.05)。
圖1 不同濃度BPA暴露后的小鼠腦細(xì)胞彗星電泳圖像注:a,溶媒對(duì)照組(0 μg·mL-1);b,低濃度暴露組(0.1 μg·mL-1);c,中濃度暴露組(10 μg·mL-1);d,高濃度暴露組(1 000 μg·mL-1)。Fig. 1 Comet assay images of brain cells in the mice after exposure to different levels of BPANote: a, the control group (0 μg·mL-1); b, the low-exposure group (0.1 μg·mL-1); c, the medium-exposure group (10 μg·mL-1); d, the high-exposure group (1 000 μg·mL-1).
圖2 不同濃度BPA暴露后小鼠腦細(xì)胞的尾部DNA含量、尾長和尾矩值(n=5)注:a表示該組細(xì)胞DNA損傷程度相對(duì)于溶媒對(duì)照組(0 μg·mL-1),P < 0.01;b表示該組細(xì)胞的DNA損傷程度相對(duì)于低濃度組(0.1 μg·mL-1),P < 0.01;c表示該組細(xì)胞的DNA損傷程度相對(duì)于中濃度組(10 μg·mL-1),P < 0.01;d表示該組細(xì)胞的DNA損傷程度相對(duì)于高濃度組(1 000 μg·mL-1),P < 0.01;各組別細(xì)胞數(shù)均為200個(gè)。Fig. 2 Tail DNA%, tail length and tail moment of brain cells in the mice after exposure to different levels of BPA (n=5)Note:There are 200 cells in each group. The letters in the figures denote significant differences (P < 0.01) from: a, the control group (0 μg·mL-1); b, the low-exposure group (0.1 μg·mL-1); c, the medium-exposure group (10 μg·mL-1); d, the high-exposure group (1 000 μg·mL-1).
2.2 不同濃度BPA暴露后小鼠腦細(xì)胞的彗星電泳圖譜
如圖1所示,正常喂養(yǎng)的溶媒對(duì)照組小鼠的腦細(xì)胞頭部DNA致密,無明顯尾部或尾部很短;而BPA暴露組小鼠腦細(xì)胞頭部DNA亮度較強(qiáng),出現(xiàn)不同程度彗星狀拖尾現(xiàn)象;且隨著暴露劑量的增加,含彗尾的細(xì)胞比例逐漸增加,彗尾也逐漸加長、變亮。
2.3 不同濃度BPA暴露對(duì)小鼠腦細(xì)胞的DNA損傷作用
如圖2所示,從彗星尾部DNA含量、尾長、尾矩3個(gè)指標(biāo)來看,暴露組小鼠腦細(xì)胞均顯著高于溶媒對(duì)照組(T-test,P < 0.01);隨著染毒劑量的增加,彗星尾部DNA含量逐漸上升(分別為2.28 ± 0.22、5.90 ± 0.54、6.75 ± 0.59和10.08 ± 0.78),尾長(分別為9.48 ± 0.64、16.65 ± 1.20、19.22 ± 1.22和25.01 ± 1.60)和尾矩(分別為0.47 ± 0.09、2.21 ± 0.34、2.62 ± 0.41和4.83 ± 0.63)依次增加,除了低濃度組與中濃度組之間無顯著性差異,其他各暴露組之間均有明顯的顯著性差異(T-test,P < 0.01)。
表1顯示,溶媒對(duì)照組小鼠腦細(xì)胞彗星率僅有9.5%,而不同濃度BPA暴露后,即使是0.1 μg·mL-1的暴露劑量,其彗星率也提高到34.5%。中濃度組BPA暴露小鼠腦細(xì)胞彗星率與低濃度組比較接近,為36.0%,而高濃度組小鼠腦細(xì)胞的彗星率則達(dá)到50.5%。其次,任意值是一個(gè)能體現(xiàn)細(xì)胞DNA損傷彗星等級(jí)比例的綜合指標(biāo),可以綜合反映細(xì)胞的DNA損傷情況。溶媒對(duì)照組小鼠腦細(xì)胞的任意值為0.100,暴露組小鼠則隨BPA暴露濃度由低到高依次為0.430、0.465和0.750,說明BPA暴露確實(shí)能誘發(fā)小鼠腦細(xì)胞DNA的單鏈斷裂,產(chǎn)生彗星電泳陽性現(xiàn)象。另外,低濃度組,即模擬兒童日常BPA暴露的組別,彗星實(shí)驗(yàn)各指標(biāo)均高于溶媒對(duì)照組,且具有顯著性差異(P <0.05),說明即使是低濃度的BPA長期暴露,也會(huì)對(duì)腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生損傷。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中BPA暴露組小鼠濃度設(shè)置分別依據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的普通人群尿日常暴露生物監(jiān)測(cè)值(0.1~2.4 μg·kg-1·bw)[1]、EPA公布的日安全劑量值(50 μg·kg-1·bw)[18]以及100倍安全劑量值制定。根據(jù)小鼠的初始體重(20 g),分別設(shè)置0.1(取普通人群暴露的中間值0.5 μg·kg-1·bw得到)、10和1 000 μg·mL-1三個(gè)濃度。8周時(shí)長的BPA暴露,相當(dāng)于小鼠的2~3 y壽命的1/12~1/13。假設(shè)人類壽命為70歲,那么小鼠的8周大概相當(dāng)于人類的5.3~5.8 y左右,這樣的暴露時(shí)長可以模擬人類中-長期BPA環(huán)境暴露的情況。
人們通常認(rèn)為日攝入50 μg·kg-1·bw BPA是安全的。大鼠口服C14-BPA同位素示蹤實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,口服藥物第7天后放射性BPA大多通過尿和糞便排泄,在血液中的含量較少,表明BPA體內(nèi)代謝速度較快并且不會(huì)大量累積于體內(nèi),由此認(rèn)為BPA的遺傳毒性相對(duì)較小[19],其產(chǎn)生的各種毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)可以忽略不計(jì)。但也有一些學(xué)者根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提出質(zhì)疑,比如張婧等[20]的研究顯示,若將母鼠從妊娠期第7天到子鼠出生第21天持續(xù)進(jìn)行BPA染毒,即使是日安全劑量(50 μg·kg-1·bw)組小鼠,也會(huì)有性別差異地引起子鼠的多種神經(jīng)行為異常。而且,對(duì)于成年期BPA暴露的動(dòng)物,只要取消BPA暴露一段時(shí)間就可以一定程度地緩解由其引發(fā)的行為學(xué)異?,F(xiàn)象,而發(fā)育期動(dòng)物BPA暴露對(duì)成年后行為的不利影響卻不可逆轉(zhuǎn)[21]。這是因?yàn)樘耗X內(nèi)特異性的α-甲胎蛋白,和BPA結(jié)合后會(huì)產(chǎn)生更大的生物毒性效應(yīng)[22]。
由于BPA在日用品中的應(yīng)用廣泛,人們可通過膳食以及皮膚接觸等多種渠道攝入BPA。對(duì)廣州市食品中的BPA污染調(diào)查研究顯示,廣州市動(dòng)、植物性食品雙酚A含量在0.17 ng·g-1~7 ng·g-1之間,平均每標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人每天經(jīng)食品暴露BPA的量達(dá)1 531.16 ng(25.52 ng·kg-1bw·d-1) ,危害率為0.51×10-3[23];對(duì)廣州、深圳各種紙張中的BPA研究也顯示,超市小票以及各種書籍、報(bào)紙、打印紙張中含有大量BPA,超市小票中含量高達(dá)26.75 mg·g-1紙,可通過皮膚接觸的方式進(jìn)入體內(nèi)[24, 25]。另外,從行為特點(diǎn)上說,幼齡兒童相較于成人,常常具有典型的手-口行為,大大增加了BPA通過口攝入的可能性,且青少年兒童喜歡瓶裝飲料和罐裝零食,由于義務(wù)教育而必須長期觸摸書本紙張,這些行為特點(diǎn)均增加了BPA暴露的幾率。尿中BPA的暴露監(jiān)測(cè)也證實(shí)了兒童/青少年會(huì)因?yàn)樯盍?xí)慣增加BPA暴露的強(qiáng)度[26]。由于人類根本無法避免BPA的長期、被動(dòng)攝入,體內(nèi)BPA的水平始終處于動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)程中,每天都有一定的BPA攝入量和代謝排出量,因此不能輕易忽視/低估BPA日常暴露的遺傳毒性,特別是對(duì)于處于大腦發(fā)育關(guān)鍵期的嬰幼兒/青少年。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,低劑量和安全劑量BPA中長期暴露均對(duì)雄性幼齡小鼠的腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了DNA損傷效應(yīng),印證了BPA日常暴露的潛在危害性,提示我們應(yīng)關(guān)注兒童/青少年的日常BPA暴露問題,重新評(píng)估中長期、低濃度BPA暴露可能帶來的毒理效應(yīng)。即使是安全劑量(50 μg·kg-1·bw)BPA攝入,經(jīng)一段時(shí)間累計(jì)后,也有可能會(huì)對(duì)嬰幼兒和青少年的腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生不良影響。
表1 不同濃度BPA暴露后各組別小鼠腦細(xì)胞的彗星率和任意值(n=5)
雄性幼齡小鼠長期暴露于不同濃度的BPA時(shí),其腦細(xì)胞會(huì)產(chǎn)生明顯的DNA損傷。即使是低濃度的環(huán)境BPA暴露濃度(0.1 μg·mL-1),相對(duì)于空白對(duì)照組小鼠來講,也存在顯著性差異(P < 0.01)。且隨著BPA暴露濃度的升高(10 μg·mL-1、1 000 μg·mL-1),DNA損傷程度會(huì)加劇。該結(jié)果提示我們應(yīng)關(guān)注普通人群中長期、被動(dòng)的環(huán)境BPA攝入有可能引發(fā)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),特別是處于生長發(fā)育期的嬰幼兒和兒童。
致謝:感謝廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(s2013010013183)和廣州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201510010107)對(duì)本研究的資助。
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Detection of DNA Damages of Brain Cells in Young Male Mice Induced by Bisphenol A by Comet Assay
Zhou Yuanxiu, Li Minjie, Zhong Weihong, Fan Ruifang*
Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
Received 28 August 2015 accepted 9 October 2015
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental xenoestrogenic endocrine disruptor and has shown detectable toxicity on biological systems, including the reproduction system, immune system, endocrine system and neurological development. However, the neurotoxicity of low dose BPA to children and youth is often underestimated and few studies were conducted on this aspect. We herein examine the effects of low dose BPA exposure on DNA damage of brain cells of male mice. The adolescent male mice at the age of 4 weeks were divided into four groups, including the control group and three exposure groups, and chronically received systematically varying BPA treatments (0 μg·mL-1, 0.1 μg·mL-1, 10 μg·mL-1and 1 000 μg·mL-1in tea oil) for 8 weeks. Comet assay was then employed to detect the DNA damages of the brain cells in these mice. After the treatments with BPA, the comet percentages of brain cells increased significantly from 9.5% in the control group to 34.5%, 36.0% and 50.5% in the three exposure groups respectively, consistent with raised percentages of tail DNA, tail length and tail moment in brain cells. The results show that mid-long term exposure to the low dose BPA lead to DNA damage of brain cells in adolescent male mice and the damage levels increase with the increasing BPA concentrations.
bisphenol A; mice; brain cells; DNA damage; male; young
10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20150828001
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(s2013010013183);廣州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201510010107)
周苑秀(1992-),女,研究生,研究方向?yàn)樯鷳B(tài)毒理學(xué),E-mail: 1097125816@qq.com;
*通訊作者(Corresponding author), E-mail: 20001047@m.scnu.edu.cn
2015-08-28 錄用日期:2015-10-09
1673-5897(2016)2-666-06
X171.5
A
簡(jiǎn)介:范瑞芳(1972-),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向?yàn)榄h(huán)境污染物與人體健康,發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文40余篇。
周苑秀, 李敏杰, 鐘偉紅, 等. 彗星電泳法測(cè)定雙酚A對(duì)雄性幼齡小鼠腦細(xì)胞的DNA損傷[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2016, 11(2): 666-671
Zhou Y X, Li M J, Zhong W H, et al. Detection of DNA damages of brain cells in young male mice induced by bisphenol A by comet assay [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016, 11(2): 666-671 (in Chinese)