趙 丹,趙文閣,劉 鵬
(哈爾濱師范大學)
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320)我國蜥蜴微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā)及其應用*
趙 丹,趙文閣,劉 鵬**
(哈爾濱師范大學)
微衛(wèi)星屬于短串聯(lián)重復序列,微衛(wèi)星標記是近年來分子生物學研究的重要課題之一.蜥蜴是爬行綱動物種類繁多的類群,在自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中具有重要的地位和作用.目前GenBank上公布我國共有15種蜥蜴開發(fā)出278個微衛(wèi)星標記.通過分析和探討這些微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā)方式及應用前景,旨在為今后其他蜥蜴微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā)和應用提供參考依據.
蜥蜴;微衛(wèi)星標記;基因組;開發(fā)方式
微衛(wèi)星又稱簡單重復序列(Simple sequences repeats,SSRs)[1]或短串聯(lián)重復(Short tandem repeats,STRs)[2],每個重復單位一般只有1~6個堿基.微衛(wèi)星標記作為一種重要的分子遺傳標記,具有探針序列可直接人工合成、多態(tài)性和雜合性較高、重組率低、遺傳方式簡單等優(yōu)勢,能較好地反映物種的遺傳結構和遺傳多樣性變化,為種群生物學研究提供了豐富的遺傳信息,因而比其他分子標記的應用更為廣泛,在動物體中以雙核苷酸(CA/GT)n最為常見[3].
微衛(wèi)星標記主要有三種開發(fā)方法:第一種是從已發(fā)表的文獻或公共數據庫(如NCBI、EST等)中查找微衛(wèi)星位點或引物,但該方法只限于已開發(fā)出微衛(wèi)星引物的物種,局限性較大;第二種是跨物種擴增,即利用遺傳距離相近物種的微衛(wèi)星引物進行擴增,但成功率較低,盲目性較大;第三種是在基因組DNA中篩選微衛(wèi)星位點并開發(fā)引物,這也是目前獲取微衛(wèi)星位點最好的途徑[4].
我國蜥蜴共有9科39屬156種[5].截止到2016年9月11日,通過NCBI檢索,已開發(fā)微衛(wèi)星標記的我國蜥蜴有5科9屬15種(GenBank上的公布時間從1999年7月6日至2016年8月25日),占我國蜥蜴總數的9.6%,包括蜥蜴科3屬6種,即胎生蜥蜴(Lacertavivipara)、捷蜥蜴(Lacertaagilis)、密點麻蜥(Eremiasmultiocellata)、快步麻蜥(E.velox)、臺灣草蜥(Takydromusformosanus)和白條草蜥(T.wolteri),壁虎科2屬4種,即大壁虎(Gekkogecko)、多疣壁虎(G.japonicus)、無蹼壁虎(G.swinhonis)和哀磷趾虎(Lepidodactyluslugubris),鬣蜥科2屬3種,分別為青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalusvlangalii)、荒漠沙蜥(P.przewalskii)、蠟皮蜥(Leiolepisreevesii),鱷蜥科和巨蜥科各1屬1種,分別為鱷蜥(Shinisauruscrocodilurus)和圓鼻巨蜥(Varanussalvator)(見表1).這些蜥蜴共開發(fā)了278個微衛(wèi)星標記,其中大壁虎開發(fā)的微衛(wèi)星標記個數最多,為47個,白條草蜥開發(fā)的微衛(wèi)星標記個數最少,為9個(見表1).
表1 GenBank上已經公布的我國蜥蜴微衛(wèi)星標記
2.1 聚合酶鏈式反應
聚合酶鏈式反應是一種利用PCR技術擴增特定DNA片段來開發(fā)微衛(wèi)星標記的技術[6],它是我國蜥蜴應用最早的開發(fā)微衛(wèi)星標記的方法(1999年),首先通過 PAPD引物隨機擴增獲得DNA片段,然后選出其中帶型集中大小適于克隆的擴增產物進行克隆.整個過程以PCR為基礎,易于操作.我國蜥蜴類動物中的胎生蜥蜴[7]、哀磷趾虎[8]和大壁虎[9]使用該方法進行了微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā).但這種方法的應用前提是RAPD 產物必須與微衛(wèi)星位點相關聯(lián),所以具有較大的局限性.
2.2 尼龍膜富集法
1993年,Karagyozov首次將微衛(wèi)星探針固定在尼龍膜上并與基因組文庫進行雜交,用于微衛(wèi)星的富集[10].尼龍膜富集法的過程,首先用限制性內切酶酶切基因組DNA構建小片段基因文庫,并與接頭連接,隨后接頭序列進行PCR擴增,擴增片段需在沸水中熱變性,最后變性DNA通過與吸附在尼龍膜上的許多微衛(wèi)星探針雜交來富集基因組中的微衛(wèi)星片段[11].在我國蜥蜴中,臺灣草蜥[12]和青海沙蜥[13]使用尼龍膜富集法進行微衛(wèi)星標記開發(fā).
2.3 磁珠富集法
磁珠富集法是指用生物素標記的探針與基因組DNA片段雜交,再將親和素或生物素與其雜交,兩者相互結合附在磁性小珠上,經過后續(xù)的洗脫、變性等操作過程,完成對重復序列目的片段的富集,從而建立微衛(wèi)星富集文庫.磁珠富集法中探針與基因組 DNA 的雜交反應在液體介質中完成[14],與探針固定在尼龍膜上相比反應更加充分,因而,磁珠富集法與尼龍膜富集法相比分離效率較高.在我國蜥蜴中,大壁虎[15,16]、鱷蜥[17]、無蹼壁虎[18]、荒漠沙蜥[19]、圓鼻巨蜥[20]、快步麻蜥[21]和捷蜥蜴[22]使用磁珠富集法進行微衛(wèi)星標記開發(fā),是我國蜥蜴微衛(wèi)星標記開發(fā)中運用最多的方法,也是當前應用于大規(guī)模開發(fā)微衛(wèi)星標記最為常用的一種方法.
2.4 AFLP富集法
在我國蜥蜴中,蠟皮蜥[23]、密點麻蜥[24]和白條草蜥[25]使用AFLP富集法進行微衛(wèi)星標記開發(fā).在AFLP富集過程中基因組DNA被限制性內切酶隨機酶切并與AFLP接頭連接,連接產物適當稀釋后用作PCR擴增模板,PCR擴增產物需純化,最后轉化到大腸桿菌感受態(tài)細胞,建成基因組微衛(wèi)星富集文庫[26,27].
2.5 454測序
454測序首先需要提取基因組DNA,送到可進行454測序的生物學公司測序,獲得測序結果及其報告,然后進行數據分析和引物設計.該方法無需建庫、克隆及篩選,操作過程簡單,大大節(jié)省時間.但是,454測序技術所讀基因組片段長度較短,微衛(wèi)星沒有足夠的側翼序列用于引物設計,且適合引物設計的微衛(wèi)星序列較少,與其他開發(fā)方法相比,成本較高[28].在我國蜥蜴中,胎生蜥蜴[29]使用該方法進行了微衛(wèi)星標記開發(fā).
2.6 基因組文庫法
基因組文庫法是一種傳統(tǒng)的方法,首先提取基因組DNA,用限制性內切酶將其切割成小片段,回收100~1000bp的片段,然后用標記探針進行雜交、克隆、測序,從而證實重復片段的存在,并對其進行引物設計,用PCR擴增進行檢驗,對小量樣本進行預實驗,最終挑選重復性好、多態(tài)性高的微衛(wèi)星位點,從而進行微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā).近幾年,應用該方法開發(fā)微衛(wèi)星標記的物種中,大部分都是已有基因組文庫或部分基因組文庫發(fā)表,在此基礎上進行微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā).在我國蜥蜴中,多疣壁虎的微衛(wèi)星標記開發(fā)較晚(2015年),因此并未建立基因文庫,而是在已有的部分基因組文庫基礎上,運用SSR Hunter微衛(wèi)星位點鑒定軟件[30],最終開發(fā)出12個微衛(wèi)星標記[31].
目前,我國蜥蜴微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā)主要用于不同物種、不同種群間的遺傳多樣性、遺傳結構和親子關系等遺傳學分析[32],以及利用近緣物種的微衛(wèi)星標記進行跨種擴增,對物種進行分類,從而作為確立有效物種的依據之一[33].另外,人們還利用微衛(wèi)星標記對蜥蜴的洞穴分配、種群婚配制度及父權狀況[34]、個體與社會互動所存在的潛在聯(lián)系[35]以及生境隔離對種群的影響[36]等方面進行探討.
我國蜥蜴科動物微衛(wèi)標記的開發(fā)和報道工作還不夠全面,開發(fā)更多物種的微衛(wèi)星標記將對蜥蜴的遺傳演化和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育具有重要意義.由于微衛(wèi)星中存在無效等位基因[37],這些等位基因在PCR不能成功擴增,從而影響遺傳學分析和親權關系鑒定的準確性[38].但是隨著分子生物學技術和生物信息學的飛速發(fā)展, 高通用性微衛(wèi)星標記必將有著更為廣闊的應用前景.
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(責任編輯:季春陽)
Zhao Dan, Zhao Wenge, Liu Peng
(Harbin Normal University)
Microsatellites are known as Short Tandem Repeats (STR).Microsatellite markers become one of the important research topics in molecular biology. With abundant species in Reptilia, lizards have the important status and functions in the ecosystem. At present, there are 278 microsatellite markers developed in 15 species of Chinese lizards published on GenBank. The development methods and application prospect of microsatellite markers were also analyzed and discussed in this paper, aiming to provide reference for the future development and application of microsatellite markers in lizards.
Lizards; Microsatellite marker; Genome; Development method
2016-03-24
*黑龍江省自然科學基金項目(C2016035);國家自然科學基金項目(31172079)
Q959.6
A
1000-5617(2016)03-0083-04
**通訊作者:liupeng111111@163.com