融入自然

Slipping into Nature

在越南的湄公河三角洲，胡志明市建筑大學（HUA）的新校園正在建設中。該項目承認了人們和環(huán)境兩者的需求。這個獨特的建筑群，以流式設計為基礎，與自然環(huán)境無縫融合。不經(jīng)意進入這個空間，學生將有機會直接體驗可持續(xù)性。

“20世紀已經(jīng)過去了——我們可以問心無愧地繼續(xù)前進，” 小島一浩說，“是時候關注21世紀的需求了。”如果誰想驗證這位日本建筑師說的這些話在哪付諸實踐的話，他只需要看胡志明市建筑大學的新校區(qū)設計就可以了。

小島一浩及其團隊的出發(fā)點就是這樣一個問題：空間與教育可以如何共存？計算流體動力學（CFD）的原理以及對風和活動流的分析，都貫穿在校園的設計中；建筑不僅具有壯麗的外觀，還與景觀相融合。

通過這種方式，設計不僅考慮了學生數(shù)量不斷增長的需求，也同樣考慮了校園所處位置的環(huán)境敏感性。

在河流三角洲生活和學習

建筑大學是越南三所建筑專業(yè)性大學最重要的一所。學校的建筑學系、城市規(guī)劃系、土木工程系、建設系和應用藝術系（室內設計和時裝）的學生有6000人。其位于胡志明市中心的校園太小。所以，學校計劃在這個600萬人口大城市的郊區(qū)規(guī)劃一個新校園。

新校園位于湄公河的一個島嶼上，占地40hm2，將有120,000m2的生活學習空間。考慮到將來學生人數(shù)會增長到8000人，新校園設計有典型的大學基礎設施——禮堂、行政辦公室、圖書館、運動場、可以容納2000學生的公寓樓。湄公河三角洲所在處是胡志明市以后數(shù)年各類新發(fā)展主要規(guī)劃的一部分。

設計從校址的流向開始，遵循融入自然的理念。

九龍江

湄公河是世界主要河流之一，是東南亞地區(qū)的命脈。湄公河發(fā)源于西藏高原，長4500km，流經(jīng)中國、緬甸、老撾、泰國和柬埔寨，然后進入越南，通過三角洲，流入南中國海。湄公河是1300多種魚類和無數(shù)鳥類和爬行動物的家園，是地球上生物多樣性最豐富的體系之一。湄公河在越南被稱為九龍江——形容湄公河流經(jīng)胡志明市分成九條支流。三角洲區(qū)域依季節(jié)覆蓋了39,000km2的面積——該面積相當于荷蘭的國土面積。三角洲區(qū)域擁有肥沃的土壤、豐富的沉積物，因而具有發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的最理想的條件。作為越南的糧倉，該地區(qū)每年產(chǎn)1600萬噸大米以及熱帶水果、甘蔗和椰子。

湄公河三角洲是人類密集聚居的地方。所以必須維持自然與人類之間的平衡——1450萬人聚居在河下游。許多村莊只能通過船只到達，水位變化高達10m。2001年，河上架起了一座長達千米的吊橋，為芹苴、美富、龍川和迪石主要城鎮(zhèn)提供交通便利，但交通流量很大。目前建筑大學新校園所處島嶼只能通過船只到達，但有規(guī)劃修一條公路。一方面這邊的水位變化不如其它三角洲地區(qū)大，另一方面其1.5m的季節(jié)性變化對建設規(guī)劃和設計有重大影響。

空間與教育共存

有關新校園設計的國際大賽在2006年舉行，最后由來自東京CAt工作室的小島一浩及其團隊贏得比賽。該建筑工作室歷史不長，但碩果累累——許多令人印象深刻的大項目就是它的標志性成果。CAt設計過位于吉爾吉斯斯坦納倫的中亞大學，還設計過越南河內的住宅開發(fā)項目，并在這個項目上進行了自然通風實驗。CAt工作室在其國家為村山項目工作，這個項目是離東京不遠的前尼桑工廠廠址——改造面積為106hm2，項目本身是為將其改造為不同宗教信仰的“神圣禱告場”做前期準備。

CAt工作室的多樣化景觀設計經(jīng)驗貫穿于他們在建筑大學校園項目的工作中。其設計方案對如何使空間與教育共存的問題做出了敏感性回答，這讓評審團印象深刻。其設計方案強調使建筑最大程度地融入其自然環(huán)境——該區(qū)域蔥蔥郁郁，河流和溪流環(huán)繞穿過這個地方，河流沿岸是小樹林，風不時吹過，驅散熱帶地區(qū)的炎熱?！斑@種環(huán)境給我設計帶來了靈感?！?小島一浩解釋道?！拔覀儾辉敢馐褂谜５暮影侗Ｗo工作來固化這個地方，以及對周圍自然環(huán)境產(chǎn)生影響。相反，我們的理念是盡可能保存雨季水域覆蓋的現(xiàn)有景觀?！?/p>

流式設計

因此，設計需要建造環(huán)道，而且考慮到水位的季節(jié)性波動，環(huán)道要比周圍區(qū)域高2m。在環(huán)道內，是低層大學建筑，占地面積大，盡量減小對不穩(wěn)定的表面造成的影響。建筑的排列方式呈流體型，與門階上的自然景觀呼應。

“我們的設計主題是芹菜的橫切面，”小島一浩說，“這是來源于液體方向的形狀——流式設計?！苯ㄖc周圍環(huán)境融為一體。學生有機會直接體驗可持續(xù)性。

利用CFD全面分析場址風流和活動流來模擬不同的條件——例如，對建筑定位，以此完全利用常年吹的強風。“我們用風來當風扇，” 小島一浩說，“湄公河三角洲的氣候很特殊——溫度可能會高，但在陰處，有風的話，會很舒服。”CAt工作室的自然通風和遮陽設計，讓校園的大部分地方不需要空調。

利用三角洲的優(yōu)勢

“在亞洲的建設項目中，推廣使用自然的空氣制冷措施是如此重要?！毙u一浩認為。通常人們認為，建筑被規(guī)劃為高耗能的系統(tǒng)——亞洲快速發(fā)展地區(qū)認為這是西方生活方式的標志。但這會明顯增加能耗和CO2排放。CAt工作室的設計打破了大規(guī)模項目的模式——即使預計空調會在校園、禮堂或實驗室使用，太陽能收集裝置將提供所需的能量；其他地方則設定了自然通風標準。

水也是設計中利用的自然資源。熱帶傾盆大雨給建筑降溫，而雨水被收集用于滿足飲用水和灰水要求。該區(qū)域快速長大的植物也有助于提高校園的能效。再過些年，4層高的建筑將掩映在高達40m的大樹下。從美學觀點看，這些建筑群將完全融入環(huán)境。同時，多孔性的概念在確保遮蔭的前提下實現(xiàn)最佳的采光和通風效果——建筑立面有雙層皮膚，建筑外部為百葉窗元素；建筑內部是固定百葉窗。計算機模型確保最大程度利用每項設計選擇。

2 怡人的戶外空間/Pleasant alfresco space

學生參與

贏得比賽后，小島一浩的設計方案就被介紹給了建筑大學建筑系的教師和學生。他們通過討論，得到了新的理念和問題解決方案。該項目也是理想的教學工具——新一代專家有很大機會在生活和工作各方面接觸到建筑師的視野，從而對他們將來的職業(yè)產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。CAt團隊的佐貫大輔認為，這些機會也還會更大?！拔覀兿Ｍ谑兄行呐e辦展覽，將我們的設計理念呈現(xiàn)給大眾——這將引起大家重視如何進一步開發(fā)湄公河三角洲?！彼f。然而，待開發(fā)地方的獨特自然特征在這方面讓人敬畏——“這么多自由會被限制。這很容易回到舊的思路上去?！?/p>

幸運的是，該團隊的并沒有在過去的20世紀尋求庇護，而是用開創(chuàng)性的理念武裝起來，在新的世紀里施展新作為。

致力于流式設計

使用最新技術來更好地理解自然力量，似乎有點耐人尋味。然而，小島一浩堅持使用CFD分析工具，秉持流式設計的理念，并取得成果?！白鳛橐豁椩O計技術，它實現(xiàn)了新的精確高度?！彼忉尩馈＠?，通風不是原來曾經(jīng)的“固定”方式——借助CFD，分析時可考慮許多可能性，而設計將其調整為能實現(xiàn)最佳預期效果的方式?；蛘撸绻囟臻g在聲音方面存在問題，小島一浩并不是簡單地畫一面墻來解決問題，而是用CFD來考慮整形動態(tài)學?！坝眠@種方式進行設計，建筑可以更自然，更有機，更有生命力。”他說。

流的概念也適用于校園的活動區(qū)域。設計旨在解決建筑群中各院系連接性與分離性之間的矛盾。盡管各院系都有自己的空間，它們各自形成順序環(huán)的一個部分——在這個系統(tǒng)中，建筑師認為這樣可以增強交流。

自然建筑

“在我的設計中，我經(jīng)常使用黑白區(qū)域的概念，”小島一浩解釋，“黑區(qū)是不能改變的功能區(qū)域——例如衛(wèi)生間、廚房。白區(qū)是多用途空間或者是可以改變的空間?！苯柚@些設計參數(shù)，建筑的建造和長期使用都不需要進行重大改變。在建筑大學校園項目上，這意味著將教學空間和公共學習區(qū)域放在建筑的外圍。實驗室和其他特殊功能設施是黑色區(qū)，放在建筑的核心空間。

校園建筑將由當?shù)亟ㄖ淌褂镁媒?jīng)考驗的當?shù)胤椒▉斫ㄔ?。這種方法使用由磚塊填充的混凝土框架，立面采用例如竹子或紅樹木材之類的有孔材料來加強通風。該項目的經(jīng)濟性能也因這些選擇而更為突出。傳統(tǒng)知識和經(jīng)得起考驗的材料因此與最現(xiàn)代的模擬技術結合起來。最終結果就是，大學校園有了一個新家。

3 流動的活動空間/Fluid space for activity

4.5 遮陽通風系統(tǒng)/Shading system and ventilation

6 各種連續(xù)的空間/Variety of sequential spaces

In Vietnam's Mekong Delta, a new campus for the students of Ho Chi Minh City's University of Architecture is being built. Te project acknowledges the needs of both people and the environment. Te unique complex, based on the design of flows, is seamless with its

natural location. Slipped into this space, students will have the opportunity to directly experience sustainability.

"The 20th century is past – we can move forward without guilt," Kazuhiro Kojima says. "It's time to focus on 21st century needs." Whoever wishes to match the Japanese architect's words with actions need look no further than his design for the new campus of Ho Chi Minh City's University of Architecture (HUA).

Te starting point for Kazuhiro Kojima and his team was the question: how can space and education coexist? Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), an analysis of wind and activity flow, informed the design; rather than an imposing structure, the architecture merges with the landscape.

In this way, the design considers the environmental sensitivity of its location as much as the requirements of a growing student population.

Living and learning in a river delta

HUA is the most important of Vietnam's three architecture universities. There are 6,000 students across the faculties of archi-tecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction, and applied arts (interior design and fashion). Its home, in the center of Ho Chi Minh City, is too small. A new campus on the outskirts of this six million strong city is planned.

The 40 hectare parcel, on an island in the Mekong Delta, will contain some 120,000 square meters of living and learning space. As well as the typical university infrastruc-ture needed for an expected growth to 8,000 students in the future –auditoriums, administration offices, libraries and sports fields – apartments for 2,000 students are included. Te river delta location is part of the city's master plan for various new deve-lopments over coming years.

Te design began from the fluid direction of the site,following the idea of slipping into nature.

Nine dragons river

Te Mekong is one of the world's major rivers, and South-East Asia's lifeblood. Its source is in the Tibetan Plateau – from there, it travels around 4500 kilometers through China, Myanmar, Laos, Tailand and Cambodia, before arriving in Vietnam, and emptying, via its delta, into the South China Sea. At least 1300 different types of fish as well as numerous bird and reptile species call the Mekong home, making it one of the most biodiversity-rich systems on Earth. The river's Vietnamese name –Song Cuu Long or Nine Dragons – describes the nine main arteries which form once the river splits around Ho Chi Minh City. Te delta region can cover up to 39,000 square kilometers depending on the season – a land area equivalent to the Netherlands. Its fertile land, rich in sediment deposits, is ideal for agriculture – as the rice bowl of Vietnam, the area produces around 16 million tonnes per year as well as tropical fruit, sugar cane and coconut.

The Mekong Delta is the place where nature meets dense human settlement. A sensitive balance must be maintained – 14.5 million people live in its catchment. Many villages are reachable only by boat; there are water level variances up to ten meters. In 2001, a kilometer-long suspension bridge over the river opened the main towns of Can Tho, My Tho, Long Xuyen and Rach Gia also to heavy traffic. Te island chosen for the new HUA campus is, at present, reachable only by boat, but a highway is planned. While the water level variance is not as significant here as in some delta regions, its 1.5 meter seasonal change impacts significantly on construction planning and design.

Space and education in co-existence

An international competition, hosted in 2006 for the design of the new campus, was won by Kazuhiro Kojima and his team from CAt, Tokyo. Te architectural studio has accomplished much in its young history – impressive large-scale projects are its hallmark. CAt has designed the campus for the newly-founded University of Central Asia in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan, and a residential development in Hanoi, Vietnam which experimented with natural ventilation. In their home country, they are working on the Murayama project, a former Nissan factory site not far from Tokyo – its 106 hectares rehabilitated, paving way for a new use as an interfaith "sacred site of prayer".

Their experiences within diverse landscapes informed CAt's work for the HUA campus. The design's sensitive response to the question of how space and education could co-exist impressed the jury. It focuses on the maximum integration of the architecture into its natural environment – the area is lush with greenery, rivers and streams course around and through the site, mangroves line the river banks, a constant wind cools the tropical heat. "Te setting inspired our design," Kazuhiro Kojima explains. "We had no desire to use the normal means of bank protection work to stabilize the site and impact upon the natural environment. Instead, ouridea is to preserve, as far as possible, the existing landscape that is covered by water in the rainy season."

7 各機構和主流線/Faculties and main circulation

8 學生活動流線設計/Student activity fluid design

9 依據(jù)計算機流體力學（CFD）分析，實現(xiàn)校園建筑計劃不使用空調而用運用風流的設計/According to computer fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, the campus building plan was realized without air conditioning, a wind fluid design.

10 湄公河三角洲的邊緣40hm2的大學校園，設計最大化地整合自然環(huán)境/Plans for a 40hm2university campus on the margin of the Mekong Delta, maximizing the integration of nature with the design

11 對于校園與其環(huán)境的無縫融合，CAt工作室正在尋找快速增長的自然力量的幫助。再過些年，4層高的建筑將掩映在高達40m的大樹下。/For the campus to merge seamlessly with its environment,CAt is also seeking the assistance of fast-growing nature. Within a few years, the four-storey high buildings will be dwarfed by trees up to 40m tall.

The design of flows

The design, therefore, calls for a ring road, about two meters higher than the surrounding area, to take account of seasonal fluctuations in the water level. Within the ring, university buildings are lowrise, with a large footprint, for minimal impact on the unstable surface. The way the buildings are arranged, fluid forms in themselves, echoes the natural landscape on their doorstep.

"Our design motif is a cross-section of celery," Kazuhiro Kojima says. "It is a shape derived from fluid direction – the design of flows." The architecture blends into the site, slips into its surroundings. Students have the opportunity to directly experience sustainability.

Comprehensive analyses of wind and activity flows for the site, using CFD, were conducted to simulate various conditions – for example, orienting buildings to take full advantage of the strong winds that blow year-round. "We use the wind as a fan," Kazuhiro Kojima says. "The Mekong Delta has a special climate – the temperature may be hot, but in the shade, with the wind, it is comfortable." CAt's passive design of natural ventilation and solar shading means most locations on campus will need no air-conditioning.

Using the delta's strengths

"It is so important to promote the use of natural means of air-cooling in construction projects in Asia," Kazuhiro Kojima believes. Buildings are generally planned with an energy-hungry system in mind – Asia's rapidly developing communities see this as a mark of Western lifestyle. Yet the effect on rising consumption and CO2emissions is clear. CAt's design breaks the mold for large-scale projects –even where air-conditioning is foreseen on campus, in the auditorium or laboratories, solar collec-tors will provide the required energy; else-where natural ventilation sets the standard.

Water is also a natural resource harvested by the design. Tropical downpours cool the buildings, while rainwater is collected for potable and gray water requirements. The area's fast-growing vegetation also contributes to energy-efficiency on campus. Within a few years, the four-storey high buildings will be dwarfed by trees up to 40 meters tall. Aesthetically, the complex will then be fully integrated into its environment. Meanwhile, the concept of porosity maximizes daylight and ventilation while ensuring solar-shading – the building facades have a double skin, the outer elements are louvers; the inner are jalousie windows. Computer modeling ensures that maximum advantage is taken from each of these design choices.

Student participation

After the competition win, Kazuhiro Kojima's design was presented to lecturers and students from HUA's architecture faculty. Tese discussions led to new ideas and solutions to issues. Te project is also an ideal teaching tool – the opportunity for a new generation of specialists to be profoundly influenced in their future profession, by living and working surrounded by the architect's vision, is high. Tose opportunities go further, according to architect Daisuke Sanuki from the CAt team. "We would like to host exhibitions in the middle of the city, to bring our design concepts to the general population – it will draw attention to the importance to how the Mekong Delta is further developed," he says. Yet the unique nature of the greenfield site was daunting in one respect –"so much freedom can be limiting. It is very easy to return to old ideas."

For the campus to merge seamlessly with its environment,CAt is also seeking the assistance of fast-growing nature.Within a few years, the fourstorey high buildings will bedwarfed by trees up to 40 meters tall.

Fortunately, however, the team's ideas did not seek refuge in the 20th century past, but harnessed pioneering concepts which will resonate long into this new century.

Committed to design of flows

There is a certain irony in using the latest technology to better understand the oldest of natural forces. Yet Kazuhiro Kojima's commitment to the concept of the design of flows, using the CFD analysis tool has paid off. "As a design technique, it reaches a new height of precision," he explains. For example, ventilation is not the "given" it once was –with CFD there are numerous possibilities that can be fed into the analysis, and the design adjusted to maximize a desired effect. Or, if there is an acoustic issue in a given space, Kazuhiro Kojima does not simply draw a wall to solve the problem, but uses CFD to consider shaping dynamics. "Designing in this way leads to architecture which is more natural, more organic, more alive," he says.

Te notion of flows also applies to activity zones on campus. Te design aims to work the paradox of connectivity and separation between the different university faculties in the complex. Although each faculty has its own space, they each form part of a sequential loop – in a system the architect believes enhances communication.

Natural architecture

"I often use the concept of black and white zones in my designs," Kazuhiro Kojima explains. "Black zones are areas where functions cannot be changed – for example bathrooms, kitchens. White zones are multi-use spaces, or changeable." Using this as a design parameter contributes to a building's sustainable construction and long-term use without major renovation. On the HUA campus this means situating white zones such as teaching spaces and open learning areas around a building's periphery. Labs and other specialized functions are the black zones within the building's core.

The campus buildings will be constructed by local tradespeople using a time-honored local method – a brick-filled concrete frame finished with a facade of porous natural materials such as bamboo or mangrove timber to enhance ventilation. The economic performance of the project is also enhanced by these choices. Traditional knowledge and proven building materials are thus combined with the most modern simulation technology. And the result is a university campus at one with its new home.