王 麗, 張 寧, 張龍江, 席作武
(河南省中醫(yī)院肛腸科,河南 鄭州 450002)
SCUBE2過表達通過Wnt/β-catenin抑制結(jié)直腸癌細胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化
王 麗, 張 寧△, 張龍江, 席作武
(河南省中醫(yī)院肛腸科,河南 鄭州 450002)
目的: 研究信號肽-CUB-EGF結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白2(SCUBE2)對結(jié)直腸癌細胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)的影響及可能的分子機制。方法:首先,用real-time PCR與Western blot法檢測人結(jié)直腸癌HCT116細胞和正常人結(jié)直腸上皮FHC細胞SCUBE2的表達;HCT116細胞轉(zhuǎn)染GV144-SCUBE2質(zhì)粒過表達SCUBE2后,MTT、Transwell和流式細胞術(shù)分別檢測其對細胞活力、遷移和凋亡的影響。轉(zhuǎn)染GV144-SCUBE2質(zhì)粒6 h后加入10 μg/L重組轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)-β1蛋白繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,real-time PCR或者Western blot法檢測EMT標志物[E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadhe-rin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)和Snail]、β-catenin、c-Myc和細胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D1的表達。隨后,在HCT116細胞中使用Wnt/β-catenin通路激活劑氯化鋰(LiCl)或抑制劑XAV93920并加入TGF-β1且過表達SCUBE2,檢測Wnt/β-catenin通路激活或阻斷后對HCT116細胞EMT的影響。結(jié)果:HCT116細胞中SCUBE2的表達明顯低于FHC細胞;過表達SCUBE2能夠抑制HCT116細胞的活力與遷移,但是對其凋亡影響不大;SCUBE2增加了E-cadherin的表達,降低了TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的vimentin、Snail、β-catenin、c-Myc和cyclin D1的表達,XAV93920增強了SCUBE2對EMT的影響,而LiCl阻礙SCUBE2對EMT的影響。結(jié)論:過表達SCUBE2能夠抑制結(jié)直腸癌細胞的生長與遷移,抑制其EMT的發(fā)生,這一過程可能是通過抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路發(fā)揮作用的。
SCUBE2; 結(jié)直腸癌; 上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化; Wnt/β-catenin信號通路
結(jié)直腸癌是全球最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在男性中居于第2位,在女性中居于第3位[1]。在結(jié)直腸癌中,上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EMT)會導(dǎo)致基底膜缺失,且與不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[2]。信號肽-CUB-EGF結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白2 [signal peptide-CUB (complement C1r/C1s, Uegf and Bmp1)-EGF (epidermal growth factor) domain-containing protein 2, SCUBE2]是SCUBE家族中一個分泌型且與膜相關(guān)的多結(jié)構(gòu)域糖蛋白[3]。近年來的研究顯示,SCUBE2在乳腺癌中是一個新的腫瘤抑制劑,它能夠通過逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT來抑制乳腺癌細胞的遷移和侵襲[4],且它也是乳腺癌的一個重要預(yù)后標志物[5]。最新的研究顯示SCUBE2在結(jié)直腸癌組織中表達降低,且與臨床表現(xiàn)密切相關(guān)[6],但是SCUBE2對結(jié)直腸癌細胞EMT的作用及機制還不清楚。本研究通過在結(jié)直腸癌細胞中過表達SCUBE2,探究其對腫瘤細胞生長、遷移和凋亡的影響,并分析SCUBE2對轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(transforming growth factor, TGF)-β1誘導(dǎo)的EMT的影響及其作用機制。
1 材料
人結(jié)腸癌細胞HCT116及正常人結(jié)直腸上皮FHC細胞來源于ATCC;DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清、青霉素/鏈霉素雙抗溶液和胰酶均購自Gibco;NanoFectin轉(zhuǎn)染試劑購自上海依科賽生物制品有限公司;氯化鋰(lithium chloride,LiCl)購自Sigma;MTT及細胞毒性試劑盒購自碧云天生物技術(shù)公司;Annexin V-FITC/PI細胞凋亡試劑盒購自BD;TRIzol購自Invitrogen; SuperQuickRT cDNA第一鏈合成試劑盒與UltraSYBR Mixture均購自北京康為世紀公司;重組人TGF-β1蛋白、SCUBE2抗體、E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)抗體、波形蛋白(vimentin)抗體、Snail抗體和β-catenin抗體均購自Abcam;細胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D1 和c-Myc 購自Cell Signaling Technology;XAV93920購自Selleck Chemicals;BCA法蛋白定量試劑盒購自上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司。
2 方法
2.1 細胞培養(yǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)染 HCT116和FHC細胞均培養(yǎng)在含有10%胎牛血清、1×105U/L青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素的DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。將對數(shù)期的HCT116細胞胰酶消化傳代,接種到特定的細胞培養(yǎng)板中。待細胞融合度達到60%時,按照轉(zhuǎn)染試劑說明書操作,分別轉(zhuǎn)染GV144和GV144-SCUBE2質(zhì)粒。轉(zhuǎn)染6 h后加入10 μg/L TGF-β1繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h進行后續(xù)檢測,或者加入TGF-β1培養(yǎng)24 h后加入20 mmol/L LiCl或10 μmol/L XAV93920再常規(guī)培養(yǎng)24 h。
2.2 細胞活力分析 采用MTT法檢測過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞活力的影響。將轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的HCT116細胞按照每孔1×103個的密度接種到96孔板中,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h、48 h和72 h后,按照MTT試劑盒說明書操作檢測各孔在570 nm處的吸光度值。
2.3 細胞遷移的檢測 利用Transwell法檢測過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞遷移的影響。將轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的細胞在無血清的培養(yǎng)中培養(yǎng)12 h,然后將200 μL含有5×104個細胞的無血清培養(yǎng)基加入到Transwell上室,下室加入500 μL含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后,取出小室,4%多聚甲醛固定30 min,用棉簽輕輕擦掉上層未遷移細胞,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色20 min,PBS沖洗后,顯微鏡下隨機選取5個視野計數(shù)穿膜細胞數(shù),實驗重復(fù)3次,取平均值。
2.4 細胞凋亡的檢測 采用Annexin V-FITC/PI雙染進行流式細胞術(shù)檢測過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞凋亡的影響。用不含EDTA的胰酶消化并收集轉(zhuǎn)染48 h的細胞,預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌細胞2次,按照Annexin V-FITC/PI細胞凋亡試劑盒說明書操作,用FACSCalibur流式細胞儀檢測細胞的凋亡情況。實驗重復(fù)3次,凋亡細胞包括凋亡早期和凋亡晚期細胞。
2.5 Real-time PCR實驗 按照TRIzol說明書操作,提取細胞的總RNA,取2 μg總RNA進行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄,然后按照UltraSYBR Mixture說明書加樣后進行Real-time PCR。以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照,按照2-ΔΔCt的方法計算目的基因的相對表達量,引物序列見表1。
表1 引物序列
2.6 Western blot實驗 RIPA裂解液將細胞充分裂解后,4 ℃、12 000×g離心15 min收集上清,即為提取細胞的總蛋白。BCA試劑盒測定蛋白質(zhì)濃度后,將蛋白樣品沸水浴煮沸5 min,每孔取相同質(zhì)量的總蛋白上樣進行SDS-PAGE分離蛋白,然后將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene difluoride,PVDF)膜上,5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉2 h,加入 I 抗 [SCUBE2(1∶500稀釋)、E-cadherin(1∶800稀釋)、vimentin(1∶1 000稀釋)、Snail(1∶1 000稀釋)、β-catenin(1∶8 000稀釋)、c-Myc(1∶1 000稀釋)和cyclin D1(1∶1 000稀釋)] 4 ℃過夜孵育,TBST洗膜3次后加入HRP標記的 II 抗室溫孵育45 min,再用TBST洗膜后加入新鮮配置的ECL發(fā)光液,將膜充分覆蓋后拍照進行灰度值分析。
3 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 13.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差(mean±SD)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析。P<0.05表明差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1 人結(jié)腸癌細胞中SCUBE2的表達降低
Real-time和Western blot實驗檢測人結(jié)腸癌細胞HCT116和正常人結(jié)直腸上皮FHC細胞中SCUBE2的表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)與FHC細胞相比,HCT116細胞中SCUBE2的表達在mRNA和蛋白水平均明顯降低(P<0.05),見圖1。
Figure 1.The expression of SCUBE2 at mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels in different colorectal cells were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsFHC group.
圖1 不同結(jié)直腸細胞中SCUBE2的mRNA和蛋白表達
2 過表達SCUBE2抑制HCT116細胞的活力
HCT116細胞轉(zhuǎn)染GV144 或GV144-SCUBE2質(zhì)粒48 h后,Western blot法檢測SCUBE2的表達結(jié)果顯示,與GV144組相比,GV144-SCUBE2組中SCUBE2的表達明顯升高(P<0.05)。轉(zhuǎn)染24 h、48 h和72 h后分別用MTT法檢測細胞的活力,與GV144組相比,GV144-SCUBE2組中HCT116細胞的活力明顯降低(P<0.05),見圖2。
Figure 2.The effect of SCUBE2 over-expression on the viability of HCT116 cells. A: Western blot analysis for SCUBE2 expression; B: MTT assay for cell viability. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsGV144 group.
圖2 過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞活力的影響
3 過表達SCUBE2抑制HCT116細胞的遷移
Transwell實驗的檢測結(jié)果顯示,與GV144組相比,GV144-SCUBE2組的遷移細胞數(shù)目明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學顯著性(P<0.05),見圖3。
4 過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞的凋亡無影響
流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞凋亡結(jié)果顯示,與GV144組相比,GV144-SCUBE2組中細胞的凋亡率稍微增加,但是差異無統(tǒng)計學顯著性,見圖4。
Figure 3.The effects of SCUBE2 over-expression on the number of migratory HCT116 cells. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsGV144 group.
圖3 過表達SCUBE2對HCT166細胞遷移數(shù)目的影響
5 過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞EMT的影響
Real-time PCR和Western blot實驗檢測E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail的表達。與對照組相比,TGF-β1組中E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白表達均降低(P<0.05);vimentin和Snail的mRNA和蛋白表達均明顯增加(P<0.05);與TGF-β1組相比,TGF-β1+SCUBE2組中E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白表達均增加(P<0.05),vimentin和Snail的mRNA和蛋白表達均降低(P<0.05),見圖5。
6 SCUBE2通過Wnt/β-catenin信號通路抑制EMT進程
Western blot實驗檢測HCT116細胞中β-catenin、c-Myc和cyclin D1的蛋白表達。與對照組相比,TGF-β1組中三者的表達均明顯增加(P<0.05);與TGF-β1組相比,TGF-β1+SCUBE2組中三者的表達均明顯降低(P<0.05),見圖6A。
Figure 4.The effects of SCUBE2 over-expression on the apoptosis of HCT116 cells. Mean±SD.n=3.
圖4 過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞凋亡的影響
Figure 5.The effects of SCUBE2 over-expression on the mRNA (A) and protein (B) expression of EMT markers. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vscontrol group;##P<0.01vsTGF-β1 group.
圖5 過表達SCUBE2對HCT116細胞EMT標志物表達的影響
另外,HCT116細胞轉(zhuǎn)染GV144-SCUBE2質(zhì)粒6 h后加入TGF-β1蛋白(10 μg/L),培養(yǎng)24 h后加入LiCl(Wnt/β-catenin通路激活劑,20 mmol/L)或XAV93920 (Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制劑,10 μmol/L)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。Western blot法檢測c-Myc、E-cadhe-rin、vimentin和Snail的表達。與TGF-β1+SCUBE2組相比,TGF-β1+SCUBE2+XAV93920組的E-cadherin表達明顯增加,c-Myc、vimentin和Snail的表達明顯降低(P<0.05);與TGF-β1+SCUBE2組相比,TGF-β1+SCUBE2+LiCl組中E-cadherin的表達明顯降低,c-Myc、vimentin和Snail的表達明顯增加(P<0.05),見圖6B。
Figure 6.SCUBE2 inhibited EMT through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A: Western blot analysis for the expression of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclin D1; B: the expression of c-Myc and EMT markers in the HCT116 cells treated with 20 mmol/L LiCl or 10 μmol/L XAV93920 combined with SCUBE2 expression. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vscontrol;##P<0.01vsTGF-β1 group;△P<0.05,△△P<0.01vsTGF-β1+SCUBE2 group.
圖6 SCUBE2通過Wnt/β-catenin信號通路抑制EMT進程
SCUBE2蛋白包含1個N端信號肽序列、9個EGF樣重復(fù)序列、1個沉默區(qū)、3個富含半胱氨酸的重復(fù)序列和1個C端CUB結(jié)構(gòu)域[3]。它主要表達于血管內(nèi)皮細胞和一些非內(nèi)皮類型的細胞中,如成纖維細胞、腎間質(zhì)細胞和乳腺導(dǎo)管上皮細胞[5, 7]。SCUBE2在乳腺癌中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,它能結(jié)合并拮抗骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白的活性,抑制β-catenin通路從而抑制乳腺癌細胞生長[3, 5];而且還能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT過程從而抑制乳腺癌細胞的遷移和侵襲[4]。Parris等[8]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SCUBE2的表達也與口腔鱗狀細胞癌的臨床病理特征相關(guān),如癌周炎性浸潤、頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和腫瘤大小等。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SCUBE2與結(jié)直腸癌的疾病進程和預(yù)后相關(guān)[6],但是目前其相關(guān)機制還沒有報道。我們結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常結(jié)直腸上皮FHC細胞相比,HCT116結(jié)腸癌細胞中SCUBE2的表達明顯降低。
EMT是上皮細胞在特定的生理或病理條件下向間充質(zhì)細胞轉(zhuǎn)化的現(xiàn)象,是腫瘤細胞獲得遷移和侵襲能力的分子基礎(chǔ)[9]。本研究中過表達SCUBE2能夠抑制HCT116細胞的活力與遷移,這表明SCUBE2可能與其EMT進程相關(guān)。EMT過程伴隨著上皮表型黏附分子E-cadherin的減少或缺失,間質(zhì)表型vimentin 和Snail表達增加[10]。在EMT相關(guān)的信號通路中,TGF-β信號通路被認為在EMT過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[11],TGF-β能激活上皮細胞向間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[12]。本研究中TGF-β1刺激后,E-cadherin的表達降低,vimentin 和Snail表達增加,表明TGF-β1成功誘導(dǎo)HCT116細胞EMT過程。隨后本研究檢測SCUBE2過表達對TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的EMT標志物的影響發(fā)現(xiàn),SCUBE2能夠增加E-cadherin的表達,降低Vimentin 和Snail的表達,這表明過表達SCUBE2基因可以抑制TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的EMT進程。
Wnt/β-catenin通路在人類腫瘤中常被激活,它與腫瘤細胞EMT進程密切相關(guān)[13-14],c-Myc和cyclin D1是該通路的2個下游蛋白[15]。本研究進一步檢測過表達SCUBE2與HCT116細胞的EMT機制發(fā)現(xiàn),增高SCUBE2的表達能夠降低β-catenin、c-Myc和cyclin D1的表達,這表明SCUBE2抑制了Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活。糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK3β)是一個絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,是Wnt信號通路中一個重要的負調(diào)控因子,能夠磷酸化通路中的蛋白使其降解[16]。LiCl 是GSK3β的抑制劑,能夠激活Wnt/β-catenin通路[17]。本研究使用LiCl和Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制劑XAV93920,進一步探究SCUBE2是否是通過Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制HCT116細胞的EMT進程。LiCl能夠拮抗過表達SCUBE2引起的E-cadherin上調(diào)以及vimentin和Snail下調(diào);XAV93920能夠增強過表達SCUBE2對TGF-β1介導(dǎo)的HCT116細胞EMT的影響。這些結(jié)果表明過表達SCUBE2是通過Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制結(jié)直腸癌細胞的EMT進程。
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(責任編輯: 林白霜, 羅 森)
Over-expression of SCUBE2 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells
WANG Li, ZHANG Ning, ZHANG Long-jiang, XI Zuo-wu
(AnorectalDepartment,HenanProvinceHospitalofTCM,Zhengzhou450002,China.E-mail:wenyinxian029@163.com)
AIM: To study the effect of SCUBE2 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer cells and its mechanism. METHODS: The expression of SCUBE2 in human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 and normal colonic cell line FHC was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. HCT116 cells were transfected with GV144-SCUBE2 to over-express SCUBE2, and then the cell viability, migration, and apoptosis were determined by MTT assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail), β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D1 in the HCT116 cells was analyzed by real-time PCR or Western blot after transfection with GV144-SCUBE2 for 6 h, followed by the stimulation of 10 μg/L recombinant TGF-β1 protein for 48 h. Additionally, the EMT process of HCT116 cells, which were stimulated by TGF-β1, over-expressed SCUBE2, and treated with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator lithium chloride (LiCl) or inhibitor XAV93920, was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with FHC cells, the expression of SCUBE2 in the HCT116 cells was significantly decreased. The viability and migration ability of the HCT116 cells were suppressed by SCUBE2 over-expression, but the apoptosis was not markedly changed. Elevated expression of SCUBE2 increased E-cadherin expression, and decreased the expression of vimentin, Snail, β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D1 induced by TGF-β1. Treatment with LiCl blocked but treatment with XAV93920 enhanced the effects of SCUBE2 on EMT. CONCLUSION: Over-expression of SCUBE2 may inhibit the cell growth and migration, and suppress EMT through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
SCUBE2; Colorectal cancer; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
1000- 4718(2016)12- 2245- 06
2016- 06- 06
2016- 09- 18
R735.3; R730.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2016.12.020
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△通訊作者 Tel: 0371-53312157; E-mail: wenyinxian029@163.com