康文臻,黨便利,孫永濤 (第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院全軍感染病診療中心,陜西西安710038)
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調(diào)節(jié)性B細胞在HIV感染中的作用研究進展
康文臻,黨便利,孫永濤 (第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院全軍感染病診療中心,陜西西安710038)
調(diào)節(jié)性B細胞(Breg)作為負向調(diào)控免疫應(yīng)答的B細胞,通過分泌IL?10、TGF?β1等細胞因子發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,進而影響HIV感染及疾病進展.本研究主要對Breg細胞的功能相關(guān)分子、免疫應(yīng)答以及其在HIV感染中的作用等方面進行綜述.
調(diào)節(jié)性B細胞;人類免疫缺陷病毒;白介素?10
艾滋病是一種以CD4細胞減少為特征的免疫衰竭性疾病,B細胞在患者感染HIV(human immunode?ficiency virus,HIV)后易于凋亡且其免疫調(diào)節(jié)等功能發(fā)生異常,導(dǎo)致B細胞依賴的體液免疫應(yīng)答受到影響[1-4].調(diào)節(jié)性B細胞(regulatory B cells,Breg)是近來備受關(guān)注的負性調(diào)控細胞,在免疫性疾病的病理調(diào)控機制及維持免疫系統(tǒng)平衡中均發(fā)揮著重要的作用.Breg的缺失會加劇炎癥、自身免疫疾病、癌癥和感染性疾病等疾病的病癥[4-9].本研究主要對Breg細胞的功能相關(guān)分子、作用機制以及與艾滋病的致病機制相關(guān)性等方面進行綜述.
1.1 Breg的來源Breg來源于B細胞,可分為原始型及獲得型[10].原始型Breg主要來自腸系膜淋巴結(jié),在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等刺激下通過Toll樣受體途徑誘使分化為獲得型Breg.目前Breg的真正起源及其表面標(biāo)志尚不完全清楚,大量的試驗證據(jù)[11]表明所有的B細胞在一定條件才能分化為Breg亞群.
1.2 Breg的分化體內(nèi)外適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件刺激可以促進Breg的生成[12].TLR2、TLR4等Toll樣受體(Toll like receptor,TLR)能潛在的誘導(dǎo)B細胞發(fā)揮負性調(diào)節(jié)功能,而TLR9與CpG基序的寡核苷酸(CpG motif?oligodeoxynucleotides)能夠有效誘導(dǎo)記憶B細胞CD27+、CD5+B細胞和非成熟過渡期B細胞(CD24hiCD38hi)產(chǎn)生IL?10[13].近來發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量B細胞活化因子(B cell activation factor,BAFF)促使B細胞發(fā)育成熟,并誘導(dǎo)CD1dhiCD5+B細胞分泌IL?10[14].CD40屬于腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)受體超家族成員,在體內(nèi)CD40與T細胞表面的CD40配體(CD154)相交聯(lián)是激活Breg的1個基本路徑[15].有報道[16]顯示,CD40缺陷的實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓膜炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠體內(nèi)Breg分泌的IL?10水平顯著降低,同時Th17和Th1免疫應(yīng)答明顯升高.除TLR和CD40之外,Breg的分化還需要B細胞抗原受體(B cell antigen receptor,BCR)、IL?21等其它信號分子參與[17-19].
多項研究證實,Breg主要以分泌IL?10的方式介導(dǎo)負性免疫調(diào)控.Wolf等[20]通過EAE鼠模型證實了發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生IL?10的Breg缺陷是造成EAE癥狀顯著加劇的原因.值得注意的是,Breg通過IL?10恢復(fù)Th1/Th2的平衡或直接抑制細胞固有炎癥反應(yīng)來抑制有害的免疫反應(yīng)[21-24].在各種實驗性炎癥小鼠體內(nèi),如炎癥性腸?。↖nflammatory bowel disease,IBD)、EAE、關(guān)節(jié)炎及紅斑狼瘡(lupus erythematosus,LE)等,Breg被激活可以產(chǎn)生大量IL?10[25-31].這些炎癥誘發(fā)的產(chǎn)生IL?10的Breg可以抑制炎癥進展或促進實驗炎癥性疾病如IBD、EAE、關(guān)節(jié)炎和LE的恢復(fù)[26-27,29-31].除了動物實驗外,許多研究報道了人類具有與小鼠Breg類似的負性免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[32].Simma等[33]用CD40和BCR刺激健康人靜脈血分離的B細胞,并檢測了B細胞產(chǎn)生的IL?10、IL?4、IL?6、IL?12、TNF?α和IFN?γ,也同樣證實了Breg細胞的存在,并發(fā)現(xiàn)它們參與了機體的免疫調(diào)節(jié).
另外,還有一些Breg亞群通過TGF?β1抑制效應(yīng)T細胞(Teff)和誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)T、B細胞凋亡,并產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)分子以減輕炎癥等免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮負性免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[22].產(chǎn)生TGF?β1的Breg亞群可以參與小劑量誘導(dǎo)口服耐受[28,34].有趣的是,在受體小鼠內(nèi)產(chǎn)生TGF?β1的Breg通過誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)T細胞凋亡抑制糖尿?。?5],進而發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用.然而,不同于分泌IL?10的Breg,產(chǎn)生TGF?β1的Breg在體內(nèi)無法增殖[36].同時,Breg也可以通過細胞間接觸,介導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)的Foxp3(forkhead box P3)和細胞毒性T淋巴細胞相關(guān)抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte?associated antigen?4,CTLA?4)表達水平上調(diào)[37].
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Breg在機體的免疫調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)中介導(dǎo)免疫耐受,參與不同的疾病致病機制.Siewe等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)Breg在HIV感染者體內(nèi)顯著升高,與HIV病毒載量呈正相關(guān),同時也與T細胞免疫損傷密切相關(guān).國內(nèi)研究組研究結(jié)果與上述報道類似,HIV感染過程中Breg頻率與HIV病毒載量呈正相關(guān),而與CD4細胞數(shù)量呈負相關(guān),同時證實Breg的活化有助于降低CTL的活性[8].本研究結(jié)果顯示,HIV感染者的Breg及其分泌的IL?10水平均顯著升高,且兩者呈正相關(guān)[38].Huang等[39]通過RT?PCR和ELISA方法檢測了IL?10的表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)IL?10可由AIDS相關(guān)B細胞系(AIDS?associated B?cell lines,AABCL)分泌,其受體IL?10R1和IL?10R2在多種B細胞上均有表達,這提示Breg功能的變化可能參與了HIV感染發(fā)病過程的同時導(dǎo)致IL?10水平的變化.
研究[40]提示,高水平的IL?10可能與HIV感染免疫功能失調(diào)有關(guān).有學(xué)者關(guān)于Breg在T細胞免疫中的作用研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在體外IL?10hiPD?L1hi調(diào)節(jié)B細胞可以降低HIV特異性CD8介導(dǎo)CTL活性.Breg可能通過IL?10和PD?L1協(xié)同機制抑制APC功能和CD4+T細胞增殖進而降低抗HIV的CTL活性并抑制病毒復(fù)制[41].IL?10受體拮抗劑(IL?10 receptorant antagonist,IL?10Rα)通過阻斷IL?10通路可以顯著上調(diào)HIV特異性CD4 T細胞的增殖及其效應(yīng)功能,HIV特異性CD4 T細胞所分泌的IFN?γ和IL?2也明顯增加[42-43].另有報道稱[42,44],IL?10對HIV感染者CD4 T細胞具有促凋亡的作用.因此,阻斷IL?10可以抑制CD4 T細胞亞群的凋亡[42,45].本研究結(jié)果顯示,ART促使HIV感染者的HIV病毒復(fù)制被有效控制、CD4細胞數(shù)量上升,同時Breg比例和IL?10水平均有所降低,提示Breg與HIV疾病進展密切相關(guān),且ART治療可能通過恢復(fù)部分Breg及IL?10的表達水平來治療HIV.未啟動ART的HIV感染者可能通過Breg的擴增對抗機體炎癥,進而減緩HIV病情[40].這提示Breg可能通過IL?10介導(dǎo)T細胞的免疫損傷,并抑制HIV病毒復(fù)制,對HIV感染預(yù)后發(fā)揮一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用.
綜上所述,HIV感染會使T細胞免疫受損從而導(dǎo)致免疫功能失調(diào),在此過程中Breg通過分泌IL?10等相關(guān)細胞因子,在HIV感染者機體的免疫恢復(fù)和疾病進展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,且ART治療可能通過恢復(fù)部分Breg及IL?10的水平來治療HIV.然而,在HIV感染中參與Breg負性調(diào)控的信號通路、T細胞受損與Breg相關(guān)性、產(chǎn)生IL?10的Breg是否獨立進行免疫調(diào)控均鮮有報道,有待進一步研究.因此,研究HIV感染者細胞免疫網(wǎng)絡(luò)的相互作用與機制,尤其是明確Breg的免疫調(diào)控及其相關(guān)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)在其中的作用,對HIV免疫學(xué)治療具有重要意義.
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Research progress of the effect of regulatory B cells on the immune responses of HIV in?fection
KANG Wen?Zhen,DANG Bian?Li,SUN Yong?Tao
Department of Infectious Disease,Tangdu Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Mili?tary Medical University,Xi'an 710038,China
Regulatory B cells(Breg)may play an important role in HIV disease to negetively regulate immune responses.They are capable of performing regulatory functions through secretion of inhibitory cytokines to monitor HIV disease infection and progres?sion,such as interleukin?10 and TGF?β1.The review focuses on molecules associated with the differentiation and function of the Breg as well as the effect of Breg on the immune responses of HIV infection.
regulatory B cells;HIV;IL?10
R392.12
A
2095?6894(2017)04?05?03
2016-12-01;接受日期:2016-12-18
國家“十二五”科技重大專項(2012ZX10001?003?003?004,2012ZX10001?003?004?010);第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)科技發(fā)展基金(學(xué)2016XD255)
康文臻.副教授.研究方向:艾滋病免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機制及診斷.E?mail:kangwz@fmmu.edu.cn