宋廣勝,姜敬前,徐 勇,張士宏
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AZ31鎂合金板材變路徑壓縮對(duì)力學(xué)性能影響
宋廣勝1,姜敬前1,徐 勇2,張士宏2
(1. 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,沈陽(yáng) 110036;2. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院金屬研究所,沈陽(yáng) 110016)
室溫下,對(duì)AZ31鎂合金軋制板材依次沿軋向(RD)、橫向(TD)和法向(ND)壓縮,依據(jù)壓縮路徑的不同,分別對(duì)應(yīng)RD、RD-ND、RD-TD和RD-TD-ND 4種壓縮方式,分析上述壓縮過(guò)程鎂合金的力學(xué)性能和織構(gòu)變化,并對(duì)上述壓縮變形后的鎂合金分別進(jìn)行室溫沿RD方向拉伸變形,分析不同壓縮變形方式對(duì)拉伸力學(xué)性能的影響。結(jié)果表明:RD-TD壓縮過(guò)程中對(duì)應(yīng)的-二次孿晶大幅度提高屈服強(qiáng)度,試樣經(jīng)RD-TD壓縮后產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的錐面織構(gòu)和柱面織構(gòu)。鎂合金經(jīng)RD方向壓縮后,在后續(xù)的RD方向拉伸變形中解孿晶的啟動(dòng)明顯提高塑性。
鎂合金;變路徑壓縮;織構(gòu);拉伸孿晶;解孿晶
鎂合金由于其固有的低對(duì)稱(chēng)性密排六方(HCP)晶體結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致其在塑性變形過(guò)程所能啟動(dòng)的獨(dú)立滑移系較少,特別是在室溫下,通常只有臨界剪切應(yīng)力(CRSS)最低的基面滑移系易啟動(dòng),但基面滑移只有兩個(gè)獨(dú)立滑移系,故鎂合金室溫的塑性較差,這是限制鎂合金塑性成形技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要原因。
為了提高鎂合金的成形能力,研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)了鎂合金的異步軋制技術(shù)(DSR)[1?3]、等徑角擠壓技術(shù)(ECAP)[4?5]、鎂合金稀土合金化[6?7]和鎂合金板材反復(fù)彎曲技術(shù)[8]等,分別從削弱變形織構(gòu)強(qiáng)度、細(xì)化晶粒和第二相強(qiáng)化等方面改善鎂合金的成形性。但上述技術(shù)都有其局限性,如DSR技術(shù)只能在一定程度上削弱基面織構(gòu),對(duì)鎂合金的塑性提高不明顯,ECAP技術(shù)雖然形成有利于變形的絲織構(gòu)和細(xì)晶組織,但只能生產(chǎn)棒材等型材,并且在尺寸方面也有限制。
眾所周知,CRSS值較低的拉伸孿晶是鎂合金室溫變形的一種重要的微觀變形模式,拉伸孿晶的啟動(dòng)能夠更好的協(xié)調(diào)晶粒間的變形,從而滿足Mises準(zhǔn)則。對(duì)鎂合金板材進(jìn)行變路徑壓縮,充分利用了拉伸孿晶和解孿晶明顯改變晶粒取向的特點(diǎn),改變了鎂合金板材的織構(gòu)分布,從而改善了鎂合金的后續(xù)成形性。相關(guān)研究多集中于鎂合金多向壓縮過(guò)程的力學(xué)性能和微觀機(jī)理等方面[9?12],對(duì)于多向壓縮后板材的拉伸或沖壓成形能力及其相關(guān)機(jī)理的研究,PARK等[13]對(duì)鎂合金板材進(jìn)行RD方向壓縮后,發(fā)現(xiàn)孿晶區(qū)退孿晶的啟動(dòng)而大幅度提高了板材沖壓成形性。LEE等[14]通過(guò)鎂合金板材進(jìn)行多向壓縮后,大量-二次孿晶的啟動(dòng)大幅提高了拉伸變形的屈服強(qiáng)度。孿晶和解孿晶只有在鎂合金塑性變形量達(dá)到一定值后才能啟動(dòng),考慮到鎂合金的室溫低塑性,對(duì)于大尺寸的鎂合金板材,變路徑壓縮工藝在板材中心部位不能達(dá)到孿晶和解孿晶啟動(dòng)所需的變形量,但對(duì)于小尺寸的鎂合金板材,相關(guān)研究表明變路徑壓縮工藝能夠明顯改善其成形性。
本文作者首先對(duì)AZ31鎂合金軋制板材進(jìn)行多向壓縮變形,分析變形過(guò)程力學(xué)性能和織構(gòu)演化等,并對(duì)多向壓縮后的板材進(jìn)行室溫沿RD方向的拉伸變形,分析多向壓縮過(guò)程對(duì)拉伸力學(xué)性能影響。
實(shí)驗(yàn)材料為8mm厚的商用AZ31B鎂合金軋制板材,在板材上截取多個(gè)尺寸為軋向×橫向×法向(RD×TD×ND)17 mm×15 mm×8 mm的塊狀試樣,試樣經(jīng)(130 ℃, 1 h)退火處理,然后室溫下在材料力學(xué)性實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)上分別沿不同方向進(jìn)行壓縮變形,考慮到孿晶和解孿晶啟動(dòng)所需的塑形變形量通常高于 5%[9, 13],并考慮到本實(shí)驗(yàn)中壓縮試樣的尺寸,實(shí)驗(yàn)中每個(gè)方向的塑性變形量都高于7%。根據(jù)壓縮方向的變化特征,分別進(jìn)行了4種壓縮變形,對(duì)應(yīng)的變形方式如表1所列,以試樣4為例,其對(duì)應(yīng)的壓縮方向依次為RD、TD和ND,對(duì)應(yīng)的每次壓縮塑性變形量依次為7.4%、9.4%和7.7%。
表1 壓縮試樣及其變形方式
壓縮變形后,在表1中的每個(gè)壓縮試樣上截取如圖1所示的拉伸試樣,其中試樣厚度為1.5 mm,拉伸試樣在變形前經(jīng)(150 ℃,2 h)退火處理,最后在材料力學(xué)性實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)上進(jìn)行室溫拉伸變形,拉伸方向全部為RD,變形速度為 1 mm/min。
圖1 拉伸試樣
2.1 變向壓縮
圖2所示為上述試樣在變路徑壓縮過(guò)程中的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線,其中圖2(a)所示為典型的拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)的S型曲線,即試樣1在垂直于晶粒軸的壓應(yīng)力作用下,在變形初期,拉伸孿晶大量啟動(dòng),產(chǎn)生約75 MPa的屈服強(qiáng)度,拉伸孿晶在變形初期很快啟動(dòng)完畢,而后轉(zhuǎn)入以滑移為主的變形模式,隨著CRSS值較大的柱面和錐面滑移系的啟動(dòng),位錯(cuò)密度逐漸增大,應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線呈現(xiàn)了硬化速率不斷增加的特征。
圖2(b)所示為試樣2依次沿RD和TD壓縮過(guò)程的應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線,圖中顯示鎂合金板材經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后,在后續(xù)的TD壓縮過(guò)程中所呈現(xiàn)的屈服強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)高于前者,實(shí)際上,在該TD壓縮過(guò)程中,對(duì)應(yīng)的微觀變形模式為-二次孿晶[14?16],即在拉伸孿晶基礎(chǔ)上再次啟動(dòng)拉伸孿晶,該二次孿晶啟動(dòng)所對(duì)應(yīng)的屈服強(qiáng)度約為拉伸孿晶的二倍[14, 17]。導(dǎo)致-二次孿晶對(duì)應(yīng)屈服強(qiáng)度大幅提高的微觀機(jī)制主要有兩種:1) 前期的拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)使晶粒得到細(xì)化,根據(jù)Hall-Petch關(guān)系,屈服強(qiáng)度將得到提高[18],但拉伸孿晶細(xì)化晶粒的前提是變形量不能太大,否則晶?;w將完全轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槔鞂\晶而得不到細(xì)化[17];2)的拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)提高了位錯(cuò)密度,增大了-二次孿晶的形核阻力和孿晶界擴(kuò)展阻力[17],從而導(dǎo)致宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度增大,該微觀機(jī)制通常在產(chǎn)生拉伸孿晶的首次變形量較大前提下起主導(dǎo)作用。
圖3所示為原始軋制板材和試樣2經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后而在TD壓縮前的組織,圖3(a)顯示原始板材組織由尺寸差別較大的大小晶粒組成,其中小晶粒為再結(jié)晶所形成,均勻地分布在大晶粒的晶界間,組織中無(wú)孿晶。圖3(b)和(c)分別對(duì)應(yīng)試樣2的RD×TD面上的中心處和沿RD方向邊緣處的顯微組織。由圖3(b)可以看出,一些晶粒內(nèi)存在相互平行的多條拉伸孿晶帶,相比于原始板材,孿晶帶的存在使晶粒得到明顯細(xì)化。而圖3(c)顯示,在試樣邊緣處晶粒內(nèi)孿晶帶數(shù)量相比于中心處明顯增多,這是由于邊緣處的變形量高于中心處的。當(dāng)晶粒內(nèi)變形量持續(xù)增加時(shí),晶?;w將完全轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槔鞂\晶[17, 19]。結(jié)合圖3(b)和(c)中所示的組織特征,分析圖2(b)中TD壓縮的屈服強(qiáng)度明顯提高的原因,試樣2經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后,試樣2晶粒內(nèi)存在大量孿晶帶而使晶粒得到細(xì)化,成為T(mén)D壓縮過(guò)程的屈服強(qiáng)度得到提高的主要因素,同時(shí),試樣沿RD方向壓縮后,位錯(cuò)密度大幅增加,也提高了TD壓縮過(guò)程的屈服強(qiáng)度。
圖2(c)所示為試樣3經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后的應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線。在后續(xù)的ND壓縮過(guò)程中,所呈現(xiàn)的屈服強(qiáng)度高于前者,在該ND壓縮過(guò)程中,對(duì)應(yīng)的微觀變形模式中應(yīng)包含了解孿晶,相比于孿晶啟動(dòng),解孿晶啟動(dòng)無(wú)形核過(guò)程[17, 20],也就不需要額外的形核力,其對(duì)應(yīng)的宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度應(yīng)該低于拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)的對(duì)應(yīng)值[21]。在棱長(zhǎng)為5 mm的鎂合金軋制板材RD-ND變路徑壓縮過(guò)程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)ND壓縮過(guò)程解孿晶啟動(dòng)對(duì)應(yīng)的宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度低于RD壓縮過(guò)程的屈服強(qiáng)度。在鎂合金板材拉壓循環(huán)變形過(guò)程中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)解孿晶啟動(dòng)對(duì)應(yīng)的宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度低于拉伸孿晶的對(duì)應(yīng) 值[22?23]。
分析圖2(c)中解孿晶屈服強(qiáng)度高于孿晶屈服強(qiáng)度的原因,應(yīng)該是壓縮試樣尺寸較大的原因,如表1所示,試樣3在RD方向?qū)?yīng)著8.5%的壓縮量,與同尺寸試樣2的RD方向7.3%的變形量接近。圖3所示為試樣2內(nèi)晶粒基體部分轉(zhuǎn)變拉伸孿晶,由于試樣3與試樣2的RD方向變形量接近,因此,試樣3經(jīng)RD壓縮后也將呈現(xiàn)圖3所示的組織特征,即試樣3內(nèi)部分晶?;w生成拉伸孿晶。在鎂合金軋制板材平行于軋面的壓縮變形過(guò)程中,拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)使晶?;w朝壓縮方向偏轉(zhuǎn)約86°而使晶粒軸與壓縮方向平 行[21, 23]。由此可以大致確定試樣3在RD壓縮后晶粒取向分布特征,如圖4所示,試樣中晶粒基體(圖4中晶胞1)的軸與板材ND平行,而孿晶帶內(nèi)晶?;w(圖4中晶胞2)的軸與RD平行,則在隨后的ND方向壓縮過(guò)程中,在孿晶帶內(nèi),由于壓縮方向與晶粒軸垂直而符合解孿晶啟動(dòng)條件[21],而以解孿晶變形模式為主,在晶粒基體內(nèi)則由于晶粒軸與壓縮方向平行的關(guān)系,故晶粒基體內(nèi)是以基面滑移和錐面滑移為 主[24],則ND壓縮過(guò)程中在試樣3的晶粒內(nèi)同時(shí)啟動(dòng)解孿晶和滑移的變形模式,滑移系的啟動(dòng)提高了ND壓縮的宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度,導(dǎo)致ND的壓縮屈服強(qiáng)度高于之前RD的壓縮屈服強(qiáng)度。
圖2 變路徑壓縮過(guò)程應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線
圖3 鎂合金板材組織
試樣3經(jīng)RD-ND壓縮后的顯微組織如圖5所示。由圖5可以看出,試樣邊緣處組織中的孿晶帶數(shù)量明顯少于試樣中心處的,這是由于試樣3經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后,晶粒內(nèi)形成如圖4所示的兩種取向,則在隨后的ND壓縮過(guò)程中,孿晶帶內(nèi)將發(fā)生解孿晶,由于試樣邊緣處的塑性變形量大于試樣中心處的,而使邊緣處解孿晶更充分,使試樣邊緣處的孿晶帶數(shù)量明顯低于中心處的。
圖4 試樣3沿RD壓縮后晶粒取向
圖5 試樣3在經(jīng)RD-ND壓縮后的顯微組織
圖2(d)所示為鎂合金板材經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后,在后續(xù)的TD壓縮過(guò)程中,-二次孿晶啟動(dòng)大幅提高了宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度,但在接下來(lái)的ND壓縮過(guò)程中,雖然包含著解孿晶微觀變形模式,但所呈現(xiàn)的屈服強(qiáng)度已較RD壓縮中拉伸孿晶和TD壓縮過(guò)程中-二次孿晶啟動(dòng)分別對(duì)應(yīng)的宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度都有明顯提高。圖6所示為試樣4先后經(jīng)過(guò)RD和TD壓縮后,試樣的晶粒內(nèi)形成大量孿晶帶,即大量的拉伸孿晶和二次孿晶啟動(dòng),從而導(dǎo)致位錯(cuò)密度大幅增加[17?18],從而提高隨后的ND壓縮中孿晶界擴(kuò)展的阻力,另外,與圖4顯示的結(jié)果相似,試樣4經(jīng)過(guò)RD-TD兩次壓縮后,在試樣的中心區(qū)域存在一定強(qiáng)度基面織構(gòu),即部分晶?;w的軸平行于ND,則試樣4在ND壓縮過(guò)程中,中心區(qū)域?qū)⑼瑫r(shí)啟動(dòng)滑移和解孿晶變形模式,滑移系啟動(dòng)導(dǎo)致其宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度明顯增加。
上述試樣壓縮后織構(gòu)的XRD譜如圖7所示,圖7(a)顯示軋制鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD壓縮后,形成∥ND的柱面織構(gòu),同時(shí)保留一定強(qiáng)度的基面織構(gòu),晶粒取向特征與如圖4中所示相似,表明經(jīng)RD壓縮后板材內(nèi)一些晶粒基體沒(méi)有完全轉(zhuǎn)變拉伸孿晶,是導(dǎo)致試樣3的ND壓縮過(guò)程宏觀屈服強(qiáng)度升高的主要原因。而圖7(b)顯示鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD-TD壓縮后形成較強(qiáng)的∥ND錐面和∥ND柱面織構(gòu),同時(shí)保留一定強(qiáng)度的基面織構(gòu),如上述分析,該基面織構(gòu)是導(dǎo)致試樣4在ND壓縮過(guò)程中屈服強(qiáng)度大幅提高的主要因素。圖7(c)則顯示鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD-ND壓縮后,由于解孿晶啟動(dòng)而使軋制板材的基面織構(gòu)得以恢復(fù),同時(shí)板材中還保留相對(duì)較弱的∥ND柱面和∥ND錐面織構(gòu),表明晶粒基體沒(méi)有被完全解孿晶,鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD-TD-ND壓縮后的織構(gòu)特征如圖7(d)所示,圖7(d)中顯示板材中形成強(qiáng)烈的基面織構(gòu)。
圖6 試樣4經(jīng)RD-TD壓縮后的顯微組織
圖7 壓縮試樣織構(gòu)的XRD譜
圖8 變路徑壓縮過(guò)程晶粒取向變化
2.2 變向壓縮后拉伸
室溫下,鎂合金原始及經(jīng)過(guò)上述壓縮后的板材沿RD方向的拉伸變形應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線如圖9所示,圖9中顯示鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD-TD、RD-ND或RD-TD-ND壓縮后(分別對(duì)應(yīng)試樣2、3和4),與原始板材的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線變化趨勢(shì)相同,都是以滑移為主的變形方式,實(shí)際上,從微觀變形機(jī)理角度分析,都是對(duì)應(yīng)著沿垂直于晶粒軸方向拉伸變形,對(duì)應(yīng)的微觀變形模式為位錯(cuò)基面和柱面滑移為主[27]。
圖9所示為鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD壓縮后(對(duì)應(yīng)試樣1),再沿RD拉伸則呈現(xiàn)低屈服強(qiáng)度的近S型應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線,為典型的鎂合金拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)曲線,實(shí)際上,鎂合金板材在RD壓縮后再沿RD拉伸,微觀上對(duì)應(yīng)著拉應(yīng)力平行晶粒C軸的關(guān)系,符合拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)條件,由于在首次沿RD壓縮過(guò)程中,對(duì)應(yīng)著拉伸孿晶微觀變形模式,再沿RD拉伸則對(duì)應(yīng)著解孿晶微觀變形模式,如圖所示,該解孿晶過(guò)程對(duì)應(yīng)的屈服強(qiáng)度約為100 MPa,明顯高于RD壓縮中拉伸孿晶啟動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的約75 MPa的屈服強(qiáng)度。
圖9 變路徑壓縮試樣拉伸應(yīng)力?應(yīng)變曲線
對(duì)比圖9中的不同壓縮過(guò)程所對(duì)應(yīng)的拉伸力學(xué)性能曲線可以看出,鎂合金板材經(jīng)過(guò)RD壓縮后,再沿RD拉伸所對(duì)應(yīng)伸長(zhǎng)率明顯高于其他壓縮過(guò)程,也高于原始板材的伸長(zhǎng)率。為了保證上述結(jié)果的可信性,對(duì)原始板材和上述每種壓縮試樣分別重復(fù)進(jìn)行了3次拉伸變形,結(jié)果顯示試樣1的伸長(zhǎng)率都接近或高于20%,而其他試樣的伸長(zhǎng)率都在10%~16%之間,表明試樣1的塑性明顯好于其他試樣的。圖10顯示了圖9中對(duì)應(yīng)壓縮試樣的拉伸斷口形貌,由圖10可以看出,相比于其他試樣,試樣1的斷口中含有較多的韌窩,且一些韌窩較深,體現(xiàn)出試樣1較好的塑性。
圖9中的系列力學(xué)性能曲線對(duì)比表明,鎂合金板材經(jīng)RD壓縮后明顯提高了RD方向拉伸變形的塑性,從微觀角度看,實(shí)質(zhì)是在RD方向拉伸過(guò)程中解孿晶啟動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生額外應(yīng)變的結(jié)果。拉伸孿晶或解孿晶啟動(dòng)后,晶粒將在面上的方向產(chǎn)生0.13的應(yīng)變量[29],該應(yīng)變量在晶粒軸方向所產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)變分量為
對(duì)比圖9中各力學(xué)性能曲線的伸長(zhǎng)率,試樣1的伸長(zhǎng)率比其它試樣的伸長(zhǎng)率高約4%~10%,上述試樣的壓縮及拉伸過(guò)程中晶粒取向變化的分析結(jié)果表明,試樣1在后續(xù)的拉伸變形中,由于拉應(yīng)力平行于晶粒軸而發(fā)生解孿晶,由式(1)的計(jì)算結(jié)果,解孿晶啟動(dòng)為試樣1在RD方向(軸方向)提供了約0.0886的應(yīng)變量,而其他試樣在后續(xù)的RD方向拉伸過(guò)程中,載荷方向始終垂直于晶粒軸而沒(méi)有啟動(dòng)解孿晶,對(duì)應(yīng)的微觀變形模式為基面和柱面滑移,相比于試樣1,缺少解孿晶啟動(dòng)所提供的額外0.0886的應(yīng)變量。拉伸孿晶或解孿晶雖然能在單個(gè)晶粒尺度上沿軸方向產(chǎn)生0.0886的應(yīng)變量,但在實(shí)際變形過(guò)程中,為了協(xié)調(diào)晶粒間變形等原因,實(shí)際所產(chǎn)生的宏觀應(yīng)變量低于0.0886。
圖10 變路徑壓縮試樣拉伸斷口形貌
圖11 拉伸變形過(guò)程中解孿晶啟動(dòng)前后晶粒取向的變化
3) 合金板材經(jīng)RD方向壓縮變形后,在后續(xù)的RD方向拉伸變形過(guò)程中,由于解孿晶啟動(dòng)明顯提高了拉伸變形的塑性。
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(編輯 李艷紅)
Influence of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet compressed along various paths on mechanical properties
SONG Guang-sheng1, JIANG Jing-qian1, XU Yong2, ZHANG Shi-hong2
(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110036, China;2. Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China)
The rolled AZ31 Magnesium alloy sheet was sequentially compressed along rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD) or normal direction (ND) at room temperature, the compressions RD, RD-ND, RD-TD and RD-TD-ND were correspondingly defined according to the difference of compression paths, and the mechanical property and texture evolution were analyzed for former compressions. The magnesium alloy sheets experienced the former compressions were then stretched along RD at room temperature, respectively, and the influence of compression method on the subsequent tensile mechanical properties was analyzed. The results predict that the yielding strength greatly increases during TD compression of RD-TD compression due to activations of-secondary twin, and the intensivepyramidal texture andprismatic texture form within the magnesium sheet after RD-TD compression. The plasticity of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet stretched along RD followed by the RD compression is obviously improved due to activation ofdetwinning.
magnesium alloy; various path compression; texture; extension twin; detwinning
Projects(50775211, 51174189) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
2015-10-12; Accepted date:2016-01-29
SONG Guang-sheng; Tel: +86-13604066091; E-mail: Songgs17@163.com
1004-0609(2016)-12-2469-10
TG146.2
A
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(50775211, 51174189)
2015-10-12;
2016-01-29
宋廣勝,副教授,博士;電話:13604066091;E-mail: Songgs17@163.com