胡 萍,張運劍
·新進展·
間變性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因陽性的非小細胞肺癌的治療進展
胡 萍,張運劍*
非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)已經進入分子靶向治療時代。表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)在NSCLC治療中起重要作用,但EGFR-TKIs治療過程中會不可避免地產生耐藥。近年來,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)間變性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)相關的融合基因是NSCLC的重要驅動基因而成為治療的新靶點。本文就ALK融合基因以及ALK抑制劑對ALK融合基因陽性的NSCLC治療進展作一綜述。
癌,非小細胞肺;分子靶向治療;間變性淋巴瘤激酶;基因融合
胡萍,張運劍.間變性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因陽性的非小細胞肺癌的治療進展[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2017,20(2):232-236.[www.chinagp.net]
HU P,ZHANG Y J.Progress in the treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene positive in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(2):232-236.
分子靶向藥物為非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治療開啟了新時代,以吉非替尼、厄羅替尼及阿法替尼等為代表的表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)不僅可以改善攜帶表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)敏感突變的NSCLC尤其是肺腺癌患者的無進展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和總生存期(overall survival,OS),還可以改善患者的生活質量,因此成為EGFR突變型NSCLC的一線治療方案[1-2]。然而,EGFR敏感突變僅占肺腺癌的30%~50%,因此需要發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的驅動基因并研發(fā)相應的靶向治療藥物。近幾年,間變性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)相關的融合基因,如棘皮動物微管結合蛋白樣4-ALK(echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4-ALK,EML4-ALK)等被發(fā)現(xiàn)可在體內、體外導致正常細胞的惡性轉化,因此屬于肺癌的驅動基因,而這部分肺癌亦被稱為“ALK陽性的NSCLC”。這一亞型的NSCLC,尤其是EML4-ALK型,具有相對獨特的臨床病理學特征,可被以ALK為靶點的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑克唑替尼(Crizotinib)特異性抑制,因此具有重要的臨床意義。本文就ALK融合基因的發(fā)現(xiàn)及臨床病理學特征、檢測方法、療效預測和預后判斷價值以及相應的抑制劑進行綜述。
2007年,SODA等[3]首次在NSCLC患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)EML4-ALK融合基因,其可以導致腫瘤的發(fā)生。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該融合基因占NSCLC人群的2%~5%[3-4],且與EGFR突變具有互斥性[5],在非EGFR突變人群中約占25%;常見于年輕、不吸煙/輕度吸煙的肺腺癌(尤其是印戒細胞癌)患者[6-7]。體外、體內實驗均證實,ALK抑制劑可有效抑制攜帶ALK融合基因的肺癌細胞[3]。
2.1 熒光原位雜交法(fluorescence in situ hybridization,F(xiàn)ISH) FISH是檢測ALK融合基因的“金標準”[7],主要采用FISH分離探針試劑盒[7-8]。該試劑盒設計了兩種探針,分別標記ALK基因的3′端(300 kb,橘紅色)和5′端(442 kb,綠色)。當腫瘤細胞存在ALK融合基因時兩端是分開的,導致橘紅色和綠色相互遠離,其判斷標準是兩個信號間隔≥2個信號直徑;而在缺失ALK融合基因的腫瘤細胞中橘紅色和綠色重疊為黃色或相互粘合,其判斷標準是兩個信號間隔<2個信號直徑。若按信號比例判定,單個視野內50個癌細胞中至少有25個存在分離信號,或兩個不同視野中至少有15個分離信號。FISH方法優(yōu)勢在于可以檢測不同的融合蛋白以及變異體,并且具有很好的療效預測價值,因此被美國食品與藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準用于Crizotinib治療前的檢測[7]。
2.2 免疫組化法(immunohistochemistry,IHC) 最初的IHC靈敏度低,并伴有假陽性[9]。新的IHC超敏技術提高了靈敏度,成為一種可行的篩選方法[10]。陽性判斷標準需要5%~10%的腫瘤細胞呈現(xiàn)中重度的染色強度[11]。IHC具有費用低、操作簡便的優(yōu)勢,但較難達到標準化流程。因此,IHC可以作為初篩手段,陽性者可進一步采用FISH確定。
2.3 反轉錄-聚合酶鏈式反應(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)法 RT-PCR法特異度高,可以鑒定多種ALK的融合類型[12]。缺陷在于對脫氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)樣品質量要求較高,需要新鮮或冷凍腫瘤組織。目前已有一些采用石蠟包埋樣品進行ALK融合基因檢測的新平臺。
ALK融合基因對Crizotinib的療效預測價值已經得到肯定。歐洲一項研究納入1 281例可切除的Ⅰ~Ⅲ期肺腺癌患者,對比ALK陽性(采用FISH和IHC)和陰性患者的生存情況,80例IHC陽性患者的PFS和OS均顯著長于IHC陰性患者,其風險比(HR)分別為0.65〔95%CI(0.46,0.93),P=0.018〕和0.61〔95%CI(0.41,0.90),P=0.012〕。然而,對FISH檢測結果進行分析時,僅OS表現(xiàn)出明顯差異[13]。因此不同檢測方法是否會導致預后判斷結果差異需要更多研究證實。
目前僅有幾項針對進展期患者的研究,美國的一項研究顯示未經Crizotinib治療的患者中,ALK陽性(n=36)與陰性(n=253)患者間的OS無差異[14];但基于亞洲(韓國)人群的研究卻顯示ALK陽性患者的OS較差[15-16]。
4.1 一代ALK抑制劑
4.1.1 Crizotinib的臨床數(shù)據(jù) 2011年FDA批準Crizotinib用于治療ALK陽性肺癌[17]。在Ⅰ期臨床研究(PROFILE 1001)中,149例ALK陽性進展期NSCLC患者(不吸煙者占71%,97%為腺癌)接受Crizotinib治療(250 mg,2次/d),總體客觀緩解率(objective response rate,ORR)為60.8%,中位PFS為9.7個月,最常見的毒副作用是皮疹、惡心及腹瀉[17]。Crizotinib對接受過一線化療、進展的ALK陽性NSCLC的Ⅱ期臨床試驗顯示ORR為59.8%,中位PFS為8.1個月[18]。
對一線含鉑方案化療失敗的NSCLC患者Crizotinib可能優(yōu)于培美曲塞或多西他賽單藥化療。一項納入347例ALK陽性的NSCLC患者的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(PROFILE 1007)顯示Crizotinib較培美曲塞或多西他賽單藥化療提高患者的中位PFS(7.7個月與3.0個月,HR=0.49)和ORR(65%與20%)。進一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)培美曲塞治療組的ORR高于多西他賽治療組(29%與7%),提示培美曲塞治療可能從ALK陽性患者中獲益。Crizotinib在明顯減少肺癌相關癥狀的同時毒副作用也較少,其Ⅲ~Ⅳ級轉氨酶升高和中性粒細胞計數(shù)減少的發(fā)生率分別為16%和13%[19]。
另一項對比Crizotinib(Crizotinib組)和培美曲塞+順鉑一線治療(化療組)ALK陽性進展期NSCLC療效的Ⅲ期臨床試驗顯示,Crizotinib組PFS明顯長于化療組(10.9個月與7.0個月,HR=0.45,P<0.01),而ORR分別為74%和45%(P<0.001)[20]?;谶@項研究,提出Crizotinib標準治療方案可以作為未經治療ALK陽性的NSCLC患者的一線治療,此項研究為鞏固Crizotinib在ALK陽性的NSCLC患者中的標準治療地位提供了高級別循證醫(yī)學依據(jù)。
4.1.2 Crizotinib對中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移瘤的治療 Crizotinib對中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移瘤的治療價值仍然存在爭議。高劑量Crizotinib單藥以及聯(lián)合化療已經嘗試用于中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移瘤的治療[21]。部分專家建議,Crizotinib治療過程中出現(xiàn)單純腦轉移的患者可以繼續(xù)接受Crizotinib治療,并加用局部放療[22]。對兩項Ⅲ期臨床試驗(PROFILE 1001和PROFILE 1005)數(shù)據(jù)回顧性分析顯示62%的患者在經歷了疾病進展(progressive disease,PD)后繼續(xù)接受Crizotinib治療,大部分患者具有較好的體能狀態(tài)(ECOG評分0~1),其中51%的患者為孤立腦轉移[22]。這些結果提示Crizotinib可能用于腦轉移患者。
4.1.3 Crizotinib的耐藥機制及應對策略 Crizotinib最終也會耐藥,導致疾病進展。機制之一是繼發(fā)耐藥基因突變,例如L1196M[23],其他基因突變包括:C1156Y、G1202R、G1269A、S1206Y、I1171T、L1152R及F1174L/C等。另外,旁路激活也是可能的耐藥機制,如ALK擴增,上皮-間質轉化以及胰島素樣生長因子1受體(insulinlike growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)通路激活等[24]。
針對Crizotinib耐藥可以應用第二代ALK抑制劑,也可以聯(lián)合熱休克蛋白90(heat shock proteins,Hsp90)抑制劑、EGFR抑制劑、TKI抑制劑以及IGF-1R抑制劑等。一項Crizotinib聯(lián)合依匹木單抗的Ⅰb期臨床試驗也正在進行中[25]。另針對ALK陽性非鱗狀NSCLC接受Crizotinib治療后,隨機接受培美曲塞單藥或Crizotinib聯(lián)合培美曲塞治療的Ⅱ期臨床研究正在進行中[26],結果值得期待。
4.2 二代ALK抑制劑 二代ALK抑制劑抑制ALK融合基因的作用更強,可以克服Crizotinib耐藥,并對中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移瘤具有較好療效。目前一些新的二代ALK抑制劑處于臨床試驗中。
4.2.1 Ceritinib Ceritinib(LDK378)是在NVP-TAE684基礎上研發(fā)的口服ALK抑制劑[27]。臨床前期研究顯示出強于Crizotinib的抗腫瘤活性,并對Crizotinib耐藥的腫瘤細胞產生作用[28]。114例接受Ceritinib治療的患者ORR為58%,中位PFS為7個月。最常見的Ⅲ級或Ⅳ級毒副作用為丙氨酸氨基轉移酶(ALT)升高(21%)、天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶(AST)升高(11%)以及腹瀉(7%),所有毒副作用在Ceritinib停藥后可緩解[29]。
2014年,F(xiàn)DA批準Ceritinib用于Crizotinib治療失敗的ALK陽性NSCLC患者[30]。ASCEND-1研究結果顯示,Ceritinib對已應用過和未用過Crizotinib ALK陽性NSCLC患者的ORR分別為56%和72%,中位PFS分別為6.9個月和18.4個月。入組時有腦轉移的患者經過Ceritinib治療后顱內病變控制率分別為65%(經過Crizotinib治療)和79%(未經過Crizotinib治療)[30]。該研究結果提示Ceritinib可使Crizotinib治療失敗的ALK陽性NSCLC患者獲益并可減緩腦轉移進展。此外一項回顧性分析顯示NSCLC患者采用序貫Crizotinib-Ceritinib治療,其中位PFS為17.4個月,中位OS達到49.4個月[31],進一步證實了Ceritinib對Crizotinib耐藥患者的抗腫瘤活性。
4.2.2 Alectinib Alectinib(RO5424802/CH5424802)是一種高選擇性的口服ALK抑制劑。臨床前研究顯示Alectinib對于基因突變(L1196M、F1174L、R1275Q、C1156Y)所致的Crizotinib耐藥具有活性[32],而且對小鼠腦轉移模型有效[33]。
日本Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床試驗(AF-001JP)設定Alectinib 300 mg、2次/d為推薦劑量。Ⅲ級毒副作用發(fā)生率為26%,最常見的是中性粒細胞計數(shù)減少和肌酸磷酸激酶升高,未觀察到Ⅳ級毒副作用[34]。
Alectinib對未經過ALK抑制劑治療和經過ALK抑制劑治療患者的ORR分別為93.5%和58.3%[34-35];而美國采用Alectinib 600 mg、2次/d治療經過ALK抑制劑治療患者的ORR為55%,腦轉移患者的ORR為52%[36]。也有NSCLC患者繼Crizotinib和Ceritinib治療后出現(xiàn)腦轉移,應用Alectinib仍取得很好療效的報道[37]。
2015年ASCO報道一項開放、單臂、全球的Ⅱ期臨床研究(NP28673),來自16個國家138例Crizotinib耐藥患者,給予Alectinib 600 mg、2次/d,ORR為49.2%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)為79.5%;腦轉移患者ORR為55.9%,其中5例完全緩解。27.5%患者出現(xiàn)Ⅲ~Ⅴ級毒副作用[38]。因此,對于Crizotinib耐藥的NSCLC患者,Alectinib療效以及耐受性良好,有腦轉移者也取得了較好的效果。AF-001JP最新報道隨訪3年僅有12例患者(26.1%)確認疾病進展;預計中位PFS大于29個月;14例入組存在腦轉移患者,有7例目前仍無顱內或全身進展。目前無治療相關的Ⅳ~Ⅴ級毒副作用[39]。Alectinib在長期治療中顯示出較高的療效和安全性。關于Alectinib和Crizotinib的一線治療的Ⅲ期臨床研究正在進行中。
4.2.3 AP26113 AP26113是一種具有潛力的口服ALK抑制劑。臨床前研究顯示出其對ROS1和Crizotinib耐藥基因突變的抗腫瘤活性[40-41]。Ⅱ期臨床試驗共入組57例患者,51例經過Crizotinib治療患者ORR為69%,中位PFS為10.9個月,6例未經過Crizotinib治療患者ORR為100%[42]。
4.2.4 ASP3026 ASP3026是一種ALK和ROS1抑制劑。在小鼠腫瘤模型中,該藥對Crizotinib耐藥后出現(xiàn)L1196M耐藥基因突變的腫瘤具有活性[43]。Ⅰ期臨床試驗的結果顯示,525 mg/d可作為Ⅱ期臨床試驗的推薦劑量。16例患者的ORR為50%,中位PFS為5.5個月[44]。
4.2.5 PF-06463922 PF-06463922是一種具有前景的巨環(huán)ALK和ROS1抑制劑。該藥對P糖蛋白的泵出功能不敏感,且容易通過血-腦脊液屏障,因此可能對腦轉移更有效[45]。臨床前期研究顯示,該藥對Crizotinib耐藥后產生的基因突變如G1202R具有較好的抗腫瘤活性[46]。在小鼠腦轉移模型中,該藥在腦組織內可獲得20%~30%的血藥濃度,并導致腦轉移病灶的退縮[47]。Ⅰ期臨床試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)PF-06463922對ALK+/ROS1+NSCLC患者〔其中大部分合并腦轉移并已接受酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)治療〕有很好的臨床效果以及耐受性,其主要毒副作用為高膽固醇血癥和周圍神經病變(均為23%)。關于最大耐受劑量和Ⅱ期臨床試驗推薦劑量的研究仍在進行中[48]。
Crizotinib無論作為一線或二線及以上的方案治療未經ALK抑制劑治療的ALK陽性NSCLC患者均可獲得較好療效和PFS。但在Crizotinib治療過程中均會出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)耐藥。Crizotinib繼發(fā)耐藥基因突變是主要的耐藥機制之一,腦轉移也是疾病進展的原因之一。新開發(fā)的ALK抑制劑可以克服Crizotinib耐藥,并顯示出對腦轉移有較好療效。其中最主要的是Ceritinib,該藥已被FDA批準用于Crizotinib耐藥的ALK陽性NSCLC患者的挽救治療。其他ALK抑制劑如Alectinib等正處于不同期別的臨床試驗。未來需要繼續(xù)評價二代ALK抑制劑的療效,包括針對未經過Crizotinib治療的ALK陽性患者,以及經過Crizotinib治療后出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)耐藥基因突變的患者;另外,一代ALK抑制劑和二代ALK抑制劑以及二者與化療的聯(lián)合方式、給藥順序尚需要進一步的研究。
本文文獻檢索策略:
以“Non-small cell lung cancer、ALK、Crizotinib、Ceritinib、Alectinib”為關鍵詞檢索PubMed,納入綜述和臨床研究。
作者貢獻:胡萍進行資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對文章負責;張運劍進行質量控制及審校。
本文無利益沖突。
[1]SEQUIST L V,YANG J C,YAMAMOTO N,et al.Phase Ⅲ study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(27):3327-3334.
[2]YANG J C,HIRSH V,SCHULER M,et al.Symptom control and quality of life in LUX-Lung 3:a phase Ⅲ study of afatinib or cisplatin/pemetrexed in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(27):3342-3350.
[3]SODA M,CHOI Y L,ENOMOTO M,et al.Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer[J].Nature,2007,448(7153):561-566.
[4]KWAK E L,BANG Y J,CAMIDGE D R,et al.Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(18):1693-1703.
[5]WONG D W,LEUNG E L,SO K K,et al.The EML4-ALK fusion gene is involved in various histologic types of lung cancers from nonsmokers with wild-type EGFR and KRAS[J].Cancer,2009,115(8):1723-1733.
[6]RODIG S J,MINO-KENUDSON M,DACIC S,et al.Unique clinicopathologic features characterize ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma in the western population[J].Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(16):5216-5223.
[7]SHAW A T,YEAP B Y,MINO-KENUDSON M,et al.Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who harbor EML4-ALK[J].J Clin Oncol,2009,27(26):4247-4253.
[8]WANG Z,ZHANG X,BAI H,et al.EML4-ALK rearrangement and its clinical significance in Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer[J].Oncology,2012,83(5):248-256.
[9]PAIK J H,CHOI C M,KIM H,et al.Clinicopathologic implication of ALK rearrangement in surgically resected lung cancer:a proposal of diagnostic algorithm for ALK-rearranged adenocarcinoma[J].Lung Cancer,2012,76(3):403-409.
[10]MINCA E C,PORTIER B P,WANG Z,et al.ALK status testing in non-small cell lung carcinoma:correlation between ultrasensitive IHC and FISH[J].J Mol Diagn,2013,15(3):341-346.
[11]WEICKHARDT A J,AISNER D L,F(xiàn)RANKLIN W A,et al.Diagnostic assays for identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer[J].Cancer,2013,119(8):1467-1477.
[12]ZHANG X,ZHANG S,YANG X,et al.Fusion of EML4 and ALK is associated with development of lung adenocarcinomas lacking EGFR and KRAS mutations and is correlated with ALK expression[J].Mol Cancer,2010,9:188.
[13]BLACKHALL F H,PETERS S,BUBENDORF L,et al.Prevalence and clinical outcomes for patients with ALK-positive resected stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ adenocarcinoma:results from the European Thoracic Oncology Platform Lungscape Project[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(25):2780-2787.
[14]SHAW A T,YEAP B Y,SOLOMON B J,et al.Effect of crizotinib on overall survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring ALK gene rearrangement:a retrospective analysis[J].Lancet Oncol,2011,12(11):1004-1012.
[15]LEE J K,PARK H S,KIM D W,et al.Comparative analyses of overall survival in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive and matched wild-type advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer[J].Cancer,2012,118(14):3579-3586.
[16]KIM H R,SHIM H S,CHUNG J H,et al.Distinct clinical features and outcomes in never-smokers with nonsmall cell lung cancer who harbor EGFR or KRAS mutations or ALK rearrangement[J].Cancer,2012,118(3):729-739.
[17]CAMIDGE D R,BANG Y J,KWAK E L,et al.Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer:updated results from a phase 1 study[J].Lancet Oncol,2012,13(10):1011-1019.
[18]KIM D W,AHN M J,SHI Y,et al.Updated results of a global phase Ⅱ study with crizotinib in advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J].Ann Oncol,2012,23(Supple 9):402.
[19]SHAW A T,KIM D W,NAKAGAWA K,et al.Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(25):2385-2394.
[20]SOLOMON B J,MOK T,KIM D W,et al.First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2015,373(16):1582.
[21]GANDHI L,DRAPPATZ J,RAMAIYA N H,et al.High-dose pemetrexed in combination with high-dose crizotinib for the treatment of refractory CNS metastases in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer[J].J Thorac Oncol,2013,8(1):e3-5.
[23]CHOI Y L,SODA M,YAMASHITA Y,et al.EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer that confer resistance to ALK inhibitors[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(18):1734-1739.
[24]DOEBELE R C,PILLING A B,AISNER D L,et al.Mechanism of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(5):1472-1482.
[25]GRüNWALD V,RICKMANN M.Pharmacotherapy of solid tumors.New hopes and frustrations[J].Internist(Berl),2014,55(10):1220-1227.
[26]DUCHEMANN B,F(xiàn)RIBOULET L,BESSE B.Therapeutic management of ALK+ nonsmall cell lung cancer patients[J].Eur Respir J,2015,46(1):230-242.
[27]MARSILJE T H,PEI W,CHEN B,et al.Synthesis,structure-activity relationships,and in vivo efficacy of the novel potent and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)inhibitor 5-chloro-N2-〔2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl〕-N4-〔2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl〕pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (LDK378)currently in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials[J].J Med Chem,2013,56(14):5675-5690.
[28]FRIBOULET L,LI N,KATAYAMA R,et al.The ALK inhibitor ceritinib overcomes crizotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Cancer Discov,2014,4(6):662-673.
[29]SHAW A T,KIM D W,MEHRA R,et al.Ceritinib in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(13):1189-1197.
[30]KIM D W,MEHRA R,TAN D S,et al.Activity and safety of ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell cancer(ASCEND-1):updated results from the multicentre,open-label,phase 1 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2016,17(4):452-463.
[31]GAINOR J F,TAN D S,DE PAS T,et al.Progression-free and overall survival in ALK-positive NSCLC patients treated with sequential crizotinib and ceritinib[J].Clin Cancer Res,2015,21(12):2745-2752.
[32]DOEBELE R C,PILLING A B,AISNER D L,et al.Mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(5):1472-1482.
[33]KODAMA T,TSUKAGUCHI T,YOSHIDA M,et al.Selective ALK inhibitor alectinib with potent antitumor activity in models of crizotinib resistance[J].Cancer Lett,2014,351(2):215-221.
[34]SETO T,KIURA K,NISHIO M,et al.CH5424802(RO5424802)for patients with ALK-rearranged advanced non-small-cell lung cancer(AF-001JP study):a single-arm,open-label,phase 1-2 study[J].Lancet Oncol,2013,14(7):590-598.
[35]NAKAGAWA K,HIDA T,SETO T,et al.Antitumor activity of alectinib(CH5424802/RO5424802)for ALK-rearranged NSCLC with or without prior crizotinib treatment in bioequivalence study[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(15 suppl):abstract 8103.
[36]GADGEEL S M,GANDHI L,RIELY G J,et al.Safety and activity of alectinib against systemic disease and brain metastases in patients with crizotinib-resistant ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer(AF-002JG):results from the dose-finding portion of a phase 1/2 study[J].Lancet Oncol,2014,15(10):1119-1128.
[37]GAINOR J F,SHERMAN C A,WILLOUGHBY K,et al.Alectinib salvages CNS relapses in ALK-positive lung cancer patients previously treated with crizotinib and ceritinib[J].J Thorac Oncol,2015,10(2):232-236.
[38]OU S H I,JIN S A,PETRIS L D,et al.Efficacy and safety of the ALK inhibitor alectinib in ALK+ non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients who have failed prior crizotinib:an open-label,single-arm,global phase 2 study(NP28673)[J].J Clin Oncol,2015,33(15 suppl):abstract 8008.
[39]OHE Y,NISHIO M,KIURA K,et al.A phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ study with a CNS-penetrant,selective ALK inhibitor alectinib in ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer(ALK+NSCLC)patients(pts):updates on progression free survival(PFS)and safety results from AF-001JP[J].J Clin Oncol,2015,33(15 suppl):abstract 8061.
[40]CECCON M,MOLOGNI L,GIUDICI G,et al.Treatment efficacy and resistance mechanisms using the second-generation ALK inhibitor Ap26113 in human NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Mol Cancer Res,2015,13(4):775-783.
[41]YU H A,RIELY G J.Second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancers[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2013,11(2):161-169.
[42]GETTINGER S N, BAZHENOVA L, SALGIA R, et al.Updated efficacy and safety of the ALK inhibitor AP26113 in patients (pts) with advanced malignancies, including ALK+non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(15 suppl):abstract 8047.
[43]MORI M,UENO Y,KONAGAI S,et al.The selective anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ASP3026 induces tumor regression and prolongs survival in non-small cell lung cancer model mice[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2014,13(2):329-340.
[44]MAITLAND M L,OU S H I,TOLCHER A W,et al.Safety,activity,and pharmacokinetics of an oral anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)inhibitor,ASP3026,observed in a "fast follower" phase 1 trial design[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(15 suppl):abstract 2624.
[45]JOHNSON T W,RICHARDSON P F,BAILEY S,et al.Discovery of(10R)-7-amino-12-fluoro-2,10,16-trimethyl-15-oxo-10,15,16,17- tetrahydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]-benzoxadiazacyclotetradecine-3-carbonitrile(PF-06463922),a macrocyclic inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)and c-ros oncogene 1(ROS1)with preclinical brain exposure and broad-spectrum potency against ALK-resistant mutations[J].J Med Chem,2014,57(11):4720-4744.
[46]ZOU H Y,F(xiàn)RIBOULET L,KODACK D P,et al.PF-06463922,an ALK/ROS1 inhibitor,overcomes resistance to first and second generation ALK inhibitors in preclinical models[J].Cancer Cell,2015,28(1):70-81.
[47]ZOU H Y,LI Q,ENGSTROM L D,et al.PF-06463922 is a potent and selective next-generation ROS1/ALK inhibitor capable of blocking crizotinib-resistant ROS1 mutations[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2015,112(11):3493-3498.
[48]SHAW A T,BAUER T M,F(xiàn)ELIP E,et al.Clinical activity and safety of PF-06463922 from a dose escalation study in patients with advanced ALK+ or ROS1+NSCLC[J].J Clin Oncol,2015,33(15 suppl):abstract 8018.
(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Progress in the Treatment for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Fusion Gene Positive in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
HUPing,ZHANGYun-jian*
DepartmentofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine,BeijingJishuitanHospital,PekingUniversityFourthSchoolofClinicalMedicine,Beijing100035,China
*Correspondingauthor:ZHANGYun-jian,Associatechiefphysician;E-mail:zhangyjian@126.com
Molecular targeted therapy has become an important therapeutic modality for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs) have been reported to exert a significant impact in the treatment of NSCLC.However,patients eventually develop drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs.Recently,anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK) fusion gene has been described as important driver gene in a subset of patients with NSCLC and becomes the new targets for NSCLC treatment.This paper reviewed the ALK fusion gene and progress of ALK inhibitors for the treatment of ALK fusion gene positive NSCLC patients.
Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Molecular targeted therapy;Anaplastic lymphoma kinase;Gene fusion
國家自然科學基金資助項目(91543124);北京市科學技術委員會資助課題(Z141107002514153)
R 730.26
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.02.023
2016-05-11;
2016-10-23)
100035北京市,北京積水潭醫(yī)院 北京大學第四臨床醫(yī)學院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學科
*通信作者:張運劍,副主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:zhangyjian@126.com