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      石墨烯

      2015-10-29 07:19:16基于石墨烯的多維度材料構(gòu)筑及性能研究進(jìn)展
      中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊文摘 2015年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯

      基于石墨烯的多維度材料構(gòu)筑及性能研究進(jìn)展

      萬武波,趙宗彬,胡超,郗玲沖,邱介山

      (大連理工大學(xué)炭素材料研究室;遼寧能源材料化工重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;精細(xì)化工國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,大連 116024)

      石墨烯的功能化及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用

      黃毅,陳永勝

      熱點(diǎn)追蹤

      石墨烯

      ·編者按·

      石墨烯(Graphene)是一種由碳原子構(gòu)成的單層片狀結(jié)構(gòu)的新材料.相關(guān)研究最早始于20世紀(jì)70年代,一直被認(rèn)為是假設(shè)性的結(jié)構(gòu),無法單獨(dú)穩(wěn)定存在.直到2004年,英國曼徹斯特大學(xué)安德烈·海姆教授等用膠帶反復(fù)剝離高定向熱解石墨的方法,成功地從石墨中分離出石墨烯,從而證實(shí)石墨烯可以單獨(dú)存在.該發(fā)現(xiàn)立即引起了物理學(xué)家、化學(xué)家和材料學(xué)家的廣泛關(guān)注,掀起了繼富勒烯和碳納米管之后碳材料的又一次研究熱潮.它的發(fā)現(xiàn)者英國曼徹斯特大學(xué)物理學(xué)家安德烈·海姆(Andre·Geim)和康斯坦丁·諾沃肖洛夫(Konstantin·Novoselov)因“二維石墨烯材料的開創(chuàng)性實(shí)驗(yàn)”,共同獲得2010年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng).

      作為最具代表性的二維原子晶體材料,石墨烯擁有非常優(yōu)異的性能:1)很高的導(dǎo)熱率(5300 W·m-1·K-1)和很大的楊氏模量(1.0 TPa);2)超大的比表面積,理論值為2630 m2/g;3)很高的光透射率(97.7%),幾乎完全透明;4)其電子運(yùn)動(dòng)速度達(dá)到光速的1/300,室溫下電子遷移率達(dá)15000 cm2/(V·s),是目前已知材料中電子傳導(dǎo)速度較快的.因此,石墨烯在材料、微電子、光學(xué)、能源、生物醫(yī)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景.歐盟于2013年啟動(dòng)了為期十年的石墨烯旗艦計(jì)劃.韓國以三星公司為核心,形成了由企業(yè)和大學(xué)組成的龐大的石墨烯協(xié)同創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò),并制定了詳細(xì)的產(chǎn)業(yè)化路線圖.劍橋大學(xué)、曼切斯特大學(xué)、新加坡國立大學(xué)等許多科研機(jī)構(gòu)紛紛成立了石墨烯研究中心.我國的石墨烯研究論文總數(shù)已超過美國,躍居世界第一位.近三年來地方政府和企業(yè)在產(chǎn)業(yè)化研發(fā)方面已投入逾四億元,年產(chǎn)能達(dá)到數(shù)百噸,在鋰離子電池、手機(jī)觸摸屏等領(lǐng)域已進(jìn)入量產(chǎn)階段.石墨烯研究已經(jīng)逐漸走出象牙塔,進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化階段,在未來二十年間,石墨烯制品必將走進(jìn)人們的生活.

      ·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

      截至2015年3月2日,中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示,以石墨烯(graphene)為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為2482和35540條,本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照:研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行,結(jié)果如下.

      研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)

      研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

      作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)

      作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

      期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)

      期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

      根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告,以石墨烯(graphene)為詞條檢索的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下.

      國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

      根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),以石墨烯(graphene)為詞條檢索的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下.

      國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

      基于石墨烯的多維度材料構(gòu)筑及性能研究進(jìn)展*

      萬武波,趙宗彬,胡超,郗玲沖,邱介山

      (大連理工大學(xué)炭素材料研究室;遼寧能源材料化工重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;精細(xì)化工國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,大連 116024)

      20世紀(jì)80年代,隨著納米技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,多種碳納米材料應(yīng)運(yùn)而生.1985年,來自英國和美國的3位科學(xué)家率先報(bào)道由60個(gè)碳原子構(gòu)成的類似足球形狀的碳納米結(jié)構(gòu)—C60(稱為足球烯或者富勒烯).隨后,研究者們又陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了C70、C80等一系列類富勒烯結(jié)構(gòu)的大分子.零維富勒烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)豐富了碳材料家族.3位發(fā)現(xiàn)者Robert F. Curl, Jr、Harold W. Kroto和Richard E. Smalley也因此于1996年榮獲諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng).1991年,日本NEC公司基礎(chǔ)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室的Sumio Iijima在高分辨透射電子顯微鏡下觀察電弧放電樣品時(shí),意外發(fā)現(xiàn)多層管狀的碳分子結(jié)構(gòu)的存在,即后來為大家廣泛熟知的碳納米管.一維碳納米管的發(fā)現(xiàn)引發(fā)了人們前所未有的興趣,同時(shí)給納米材料研究和技術(shù)領(lǐng)域研究注入了新活力.2004年,Novoselov等首次報(bào)道了單層石墨烯的存在,從此掀開了石墨烯研究的序幕.2位發(fā)現(xiàn)者Andre Geim和Konstantin Novoselov因在二維晶體材料石墨烯方面的杰出貢獻(xiàn)榮獲2010年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng).至此,碳材料家族中的零維(0D)富勒烯、一維(1D)碳納米管、二維(2D)石墨烯,加上此前已被熟知的宏觀碳晶體材料——三維(3D)金剛石和石墨,所有已知維度上具有晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的碳材料均被人們認(rèn)識(shí)和發(fā)現(xiàn).

      石墨烯是sp2雜化連接的單原子碳層構(gòu)成的二維原子晶體,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元可以看做是有機(jī)化合物中穩(wěn)定的苯六元環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu).石墨烯晶體結(jié)構(gòu)中,六邊形密堆積的相鄰碳原子之間的距離約為0.142 nm.構(gòu)成石墨烯的碳原子之間以sp2雜化的方式連接在一起使整個(gè)石墨烯片層形成離域的大π鍵.這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)使得π電子可以在石墨烯內(nèi)部自由移動(dòng),因而賦予其優(yōu)異的導(dǎo)電性.從結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)上看,石墨烯可以看做是富勒烯、碳納米管以及石墨等碳材料的基本組成單元.石墨烯片層通過包裹成球可以得到零維的富勒烯,片層繞著固定軸卷曲可以形成類似碳納米管的空腔管狀結(jié)構(gòu),無數(shù)層石墨烯片堆疊就形成石墨片結(jié)構(gòu).

      在石墨烯被發(fā)現(xiàn)之初Geim等就提出各種不同結(jié)構(gòu)的碳納米材料之間相互轉(zhuǎn)化的可能性.直到2009年,材料研究者才從實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果中觀察到單原子片層向富勒烯和碳納米管等結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)化.Wang等首先發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲作用下,在氧化石墨烯的硝酸(70%)溶液中可得到富勒烯、碳納米管和氧化石墨烯納米帶等低維度碳納米結(jié)構(gòu).與其相對(duì)應(yīng),研究者們也陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)富勒烯和碳納米管在一定條件下也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為各種類石墨烯的結(jié)構(gòu),如石墨烯量子點(diǎn)和石墨烯納米帶等.

      隨著石墨烯研究的深入,其應(yīng)用探索受到越來越多的重視,以二維石墨烯片為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建不同尺度的微納米結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于其實(shí)際應(yīng)用至關(guān)重要.自組裝法為制備各種高性能的石墨烯基材料提供了借鑒思路.自組裝法是一種高效的材料制備方法,屬于自下而上的材料合成策略.以石墨烯,特別是氧化石墨烯這一水溶性的石墨烯前驅(qū)體為構(gòu)筑單元,已經(jīng)合成了多種不同尺度和形態(tài)的石墨烯基自組裝結(jié)構(gòu),微納米尺度上包括納米級(jí)石墨烯顆粒,一維(1D)的石墨烯線和碳納米卷(CNSs),宏觀上包括二維(2D)的石墨烯薄膜(或石墨烯紙)和三維(3D)的石墨烯組裝體(或氣凝膠,石墨烯泡沫).本文從石墨烯的片層結(jié)構(gòu)出發(fā),系統(tǒng)論述了石墨烯從0D到3D不同結(jié)構(gòu)、性能的組裝體系,并對(duì)各種不同維度石墨烯組裝體的性能和應(yīng)用做了對(duì)比和評(píng)述.

      1零維(0D)石墨烯基納米顆粒

      石墨烯具有柔性的六邊形碳骨架網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),借助外力作用,易發(fā)生褶皺、卷曲等形態(tài)變化,形成各種不同的納米結(jié)構(gòu).2011年,Luo等采用超聲霧化法制備了球形石墨烯納米顆粒,先用醫(yī)用超聲霧化器形成微米級(jí)的氧化石墨烯液滴,液滴隨著載氣(N2)一起進(jìn)入 800℃的加熱爐中迅速脫水;液滴脫水過程中,由于水的巨大表面張力,分散于水滴之中的氧化石墨烯片發(fā)生卷曲、褶皺形成穩(wěn)定的球形顆粒結(jié)構(gòu);在熱處理作用下,氧化石墨烯發(fā)生脫氧,最終被還原為石墨烯.改變前驅(qū)體氧化石墨烯溶液的濃度,可調(diào)控球形石墨烯顆粒尺寸在200~800 nm之間變化.進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)2D石墨烯片層卷曲成為0D球形結(jié)構(gòu)后,在水中的穩(wěn)定性大大增加.傳統(tǒng)熱處理方法得到的石墨烯片層由于強(qiáng)烈的片層間π-π作用力在水中會(huì)迅速團(tuán)聚形成沉淀,而球形的石墨烯顆粒之間的接觸面積與原始石墨烯片層相比大為減少,因而表面π-π作用無法使其團(tuán)聚.石墨烯顆粒即使被高達(dá)2 GPa的壓力擠壓后仍能保持其單分散的顆粒結(jié)構(gòu),不影響樣品的水溶性.此外超聲霧化溶液中事先加入制備好的納米顆粒(如金納米顆粒),則可得到包裹特定納米粒子(如納米金)的零維(0D)石墨烯結(jié)構(gòu).隨后,Mao等在氧化石墨烯溶液中加入各種金屬鹽的溶液,利用超聲霧化技術(shù)成功制備了一系列復(fù)合型的石墨烯球形顆粒(如Mn3O4、SnO2、Au、Pt納米顆粒等復(fù)合的石墨烯球形顆粒).Zhou等采用噴霧霧化技術(shù)一步法制備得到了包覆三氧化二鐵的石墨烯納米顆粒(Fe2O3@GS),該工作開創(chuàng)性地將噴霧霧化技術(shù)應(yīng)用于 0D石墨烯納米顆粒的制備當(dāng)中,將得到的復(fù)合型石墨烯納米顆粒用作鋰離子電池正極材料,其倍率特性和循環(huán)壽命都大大優(yōu)于單純的Fe2O3納米顆粒.

      模板法也是制備球形石墨烯基納米結(jié)構(gòu)的有效方法.Xie等最早提出利用氧化鎂納米顆粒作為模板,苯為碳源,通過化學(xué)氣相沉積(CVD)過程得到超高比表面積(2053 m2/g)的空心石墨烯囊泡結(jié)構(gòu).這種結(jié)構(gòu)的零維碳納米材料作為超級(jí)電容器電極材料在1 A/g的電流密度下表現(xiàn)出216 F/g的比電容,即使電流密度達(dá)到100 A/g循環(huán)1000次后其比電容值仍然保持在112 F/g.Yoon等利用納米級(jí)的金屬鎳顆粒作為模板,在高溫下通過碳化多元醇制備得到多層石墨烯包裹的納米顆粒,酸洗除去金屬顆粒后得到空心的石墨烯球形結(jié)構(gòu).目前一系列的硬模板(包括SiO2納米球,聚苯乙烯球,TiO2,Al2O3納米顆粒和銅納米顆粒等)相繼被開發(fā)出來制備零維的石墨烯球形結(jié)構(gòu).此外,利用氧化石墨烯本身具有的類表面活性劑性質(zhì)也可以形成球形的微米級(jí)乳液.

      將二維的石墨烯納米片進(jìn)行氧化切割和物理剪裁則可得到另外一種零維度的石墨烯基材料——石墨烯量子點(diǎn)(graphene quantum dots,GQDs).Pan等最早通過水熱切割方法制備石墨烯量子點(diǎn),在混酸環(huán)境下首次得到具有藍(lán)色熒光發(fā)射的GQDs,該研究提出GQDs的熒光發(fā)射效應(yīng)和紫外吸收帶來源于其邊界效應(yīng).除石墨烯外,研究者們還開發(fā)出利用其他前驅(qū)體碳源來控制制備GQDs的方法.Hu等通過控制煤炭中石墨微晶的結(jié)構(gòu)和大小,將煤炭氧化刻蝕成具有不同粒徑的單層或少層GQDs,將得到的煤基碳量子點(diǎn)作為監(jiān)測水體中銅離子的高靈敏度熒光探針,檢測限可以達(dá)到2 nmol/L,這一性能比肩昂貴的電感耦合等離子體原子發(fā)射光譜法和電感耦合質(zhì)譜法的檢測效果.Peng等通過化學(xué)氧化炭纖維的方式,得到了熒光顏色可變的碳量子點(diǎn),該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GQDs的粒徑還受到硝酸氧化溫度的影響.除上述“由上到下”的剪切策略外,還可以通過“自下而上”的方式制備 GQDs.例如,Lu等利用Ru的催化“開籠”作用,成功地將C60富勒烯轉(zhuǎn)變成納米碳微簇,再經(jīng)過擴(kuò)散和聚合,形成GQDs;Li等以小分子芳烴化合物為碳源,通過溶液化學(xué)途徑的氧化聚合作用,分別得到了由168、132和170個(gè)碳原子構(gòu)筑的GQDs.

      2一維(1D)石墨烯纖維的制備及其應(yīng)用

      當(dāng)前對(duì)超長一維石墨烯纖維的研究成為石墨烯研究領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新興方向.2011年Xu等繼發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化石墨烯的液晶現(xiàn)象后,又提出利用高濃度的氧化石墨烯液晶溶液進(jìn)行紡絲并首次得到宏觀的石墨烯纖維.這種方法基于工業(yè)化的濕法紡絲技術(shù),先得到氧化石墨烯的纖維,然后再利用氫碘酸對(duì)其還原最終制備出具有一定機(jī)械強(qiáng)度(抗拉強(qiáng)度為140 MPa)的石墨烯纖維.紡絲法作為一種連續(xù)制備石墨烯組裝結(jié)構(gòu)的策略,有望成為石墨烯實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵技術(shù).為了進(jìn)一步提高石墨烯纖維的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度,研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)含有二價(jià)陽離子(如Ca2+和Cu2+)的凝固浴可以提高石墨烯纖維的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度.Jalili等發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化石墨烯纖維的凝固過程在Ca2+的促進(jìn)下可以達(dá)到412 MPa的斷裂強(qiáng)度,Xu等也證明二價(jià)Ca2+在紡絲凝固過程中提供的離子鍵可以有效增強(qiáng)石墨烯纖維的抗拉強(qiáng)度(達(dá)到501 MPa).改變紡絲的固化條件或者針頭形狀還可以制備出各種結(jié)構(gòu)不同的石墨烯纖維.比如,利用液氮對(duì)紡絲進(jìn)行固化,凍干后碳化處理可以得到具有定向孔道結(jié)構(gòu)的石墨烯纖維氣凝膠,紡絲得到的氣凝膠具有高達(dá)884 m2/g的比表面積和3.3 MPa的抗壓強(qiáng)度.此外,石墨烯纖維氣凝膠內(nèi)部的孔道結(jié)構(gòu)為后續(xù)制備功能化的多孔石墨烯纖維提供了可能性.

      模板法為可控制備石墨烯纖維提供了另外一種可行的路徑.Dong等首先提出利用中空毛細(xì)玻璃管作為硬模板制備各種形態(tài)的石墨烯纖維.他們先將高質(zhì)量濃度氧化石墨烯溶液(8 mg/mL)灌注到內(nèi)徑0.4 mm的玻璃管中,然后將玻璃管密封后230℃加熱2 h即得到了宏觀的石墨烯纖維.原始的石墨纖維強(qiáng)度僅有180 MPa,熱處理后其抗拉強(qiáng)度可達(dá)420 MPa.這種柔性的石墨烯纖維可以方便地編織成各種形態(tài),此外這種簡單而有效的模板法還可制備得到各種功能化的石墨烯纖維,如Fe3O4和TiO2功能化的復(fù)合型石墨烯纖維.采用不同孔道結(jié)構(gòu)的硬模板還可以加工出中空甚至是多通道的石墨烯纖維結(jié)構(gòu).2013年Cheng等以模板法得到的氧化石墨烯纖維為基礎(chǔ),采用微加工激光還原技術(shù)首次制備出具有良好濕度響應(yīng)的智能石墨烯纖維.對(duì)石墨烯纖維進(jìn)行預(yù)旋轉(zhuǎn)加工后,該課題組開創(chuàng)性地制備出第一臺(tái)石墨烯基濕氣發(fā)電機(jī),其最高轉(zhuǎn)速可達(dá)5190 r/min,該發(fā)電機(jī)可以利用周圍環(huán)境濕度的變化發(fā)電.除了前文論述的紡絲法和模板法,Li等還開發(fā)出CVD法制備高質(zhì)量的石墨烯纖維的技術(shù),此外,各種復(fù)合型石墨烯纖維也相繼被制備出來,它們在傳感器,太陽能電池和超級(jí)電容器等領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出了廣闊的應(yīng)用前景.

      計(jì)算化學(xué)結(jié)果表明,柔韌的2D石墨烯片層本身也能夠發(fā)生形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變(如卷曲、褶皺和折疊等),在納米尺度形成各種不同形態(tài)的自組裝構(gòu)型,如0D納米球(nanospheres)或者納米籠(nanocages)、1D納米卷(nanoscrolls)、1D納米結(jié)(nanoknots)等.Viculis等在2003年最早提出和證明單層的石墨層(現(xiàn)在被稱為石墨烯)可以通過化學(xué)方法進(jìn)行卷曲形成類似碳納米管的1D空心管狀結(jié)構(gòu)——碳納米卷(carbon nanoscrolls).當(dāng)時(shí)由于石墨烯的研究成果還未被報(bào)道,因此該發(fā)現(xiàn)一開始并沒有被引起足夠的關(guān)注.直到2004年,Novoselov等首次報(bào)道單層石墨烯的制備,1D碳納米卷的研究才被關(guān)注.在碳納米卷的制備和性能研究領(lǐng)域,Xie和Zheng等分別采用溶劑揮發(fā)法和微波法制備得到高質(zhì)量的碳納米卷,并研究了其作為場發(fā)射效應(yīng)晶體管(FET)的性能.最近Wan等發(fā)現(xiàn)二維石墨烯片層還可經(jīng)過折疊形成穩(wěn)定的1D帶狀結(jié)構(gòu)——折疊形態(tài)的石墨烯納米帶(FGBs).原位電鏡力學(xué)測試表明,納米帶具有超彈性,可以承受反復(fù)壓縮和彎曲而瞬間(<35 ms)恢復(fù)到原始狀態(tài),該材料在柔性電子器件和傳感器等領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景.

      3二維(2D)石墨烯薄膜的組裝及其應(yīng)用

      石墨烯是第一種被人類制備出來的二維原子晶體材料,其完美的片層結(jié)構(gòu)為二維宏觀石墨烯基薄膜的有效制備和組裝提供了良好的基本構(gòu)成單元.氧化石墨烯以其良好的分散性成為溶液法制備二維石墨烯薄膜首選的前驅(qū)體.2007年Dikin等首次采用真空誘導(dǎo)的自組裝策略制備了厚度由 1 μm到 30 μm的氧化石墨薄膜,他們提出氧化石墨烯可以面面堆疊形成柔性的宏觀薄膜結(jié)構(gòu).材料力學(xué)性能測試表明氧化石墨烯薄膜的模量可達(dá)32 GPa,這一強(qiáng)度要遠(yuǎn)高于傳統(tǒng)的石墨薄膜和其他薄膜材料.2012年Nair等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化石墨烯薄膜可以作為良好的膜分離材料,對(duì)于氣體和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物具有很好的隔絕作用,而水分子能夠暢通無阻地通過.該研究提出這一現(xiàn)象是由于氧化石墨烯層間堆積留下的二維毛細(xì)管結(jié)構(gòu)有利于水分子擴(kuò)散,而且氧化石墨烯表面豐富的含氧官能團(tuán)對(duì)水分子具有良好的親和力,進(jìn)一步使得到的薄膜有利于水分子快速通過卻阻隔有機(jī)物氣體的通過.

      氧化石墨烯為絕緣體,這限制了其更加廣泛的應(yīng)用.2008年Li等首次制備得到宏觀的石墨烯薄膜.實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中首先利用氨水輔助的水合肼還原策略得到穩(wěn)定的石墨烯分散液,最后同樣采用真空誘導(dǎo)的自組裝方法得到了柔性的石墨烯薄膜,其電導(dǎo)率高達(dá)7200 S/m,這一數(shù)值與之前報(bào)道的碳納米管薄膜的電導(dǎo)率相當(dāng).由于石墨烯之間強(qiáng)烈的π-π作用力,石墨烯薄膜的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度達(dá)到42.3 GPa.Wan等通過研究石墨烯薄膜的形成過程發(fā)現(xiàn),柔性石墨烯薄膜的形成受控于干燥過程中水分的揮發(fā)速率:自然干燥條件下,水分緩慢揮發(fā),石墨烯片之間慢慢形成密堆積的層狀結(jié)構(gòu),得到的2D石墨烯薄膜表面平整;而烘箱干燥條件下,材料水分迅速蒸發(fā),石墨烯片層之間沒有足夠時(shí)間和驅(qū)動(dòng)力來形成完美的面面堆積結(jié)構(gòu),繼而得到表面粗糙且易碎的石墨烯薄膜.Yang等對(duì)石墨烯薄膜進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究,他們提出化學(xué)還原得到的石墨烯薄膜最開始是以水凝膠的形式存在,石墨烯層間的水分子為離子擴(kuò)散提供了良好的通道,同時(shí)石墨烯的高導(dǎo)電性為電子的傳輸提供了導(dǎo)電網(wǎng)絡(luò),因此濕基的石墨烯薄膜可以直接作為高性能的超級(jí)電容器電極材料.電化學(xué)測試表明,石墨烯水凝膠薄膜在1080 A/g的超大充放電電流密度下,仍然具有156 F/g的比容量,同時(shí)該材料在100 A/g的電流密度下循環(huán)10000次后仍然表現(xiàn)出97%的電容保持率.2014年,該課題組將石墨烯薄膜應(yīng)用于有機(jī)系的超級(jí)電容器中,在接近實(shí)際應(yīng)用的操作條件下連續(xù)測試300 h仍然表現(xiàn)出95%的電容保持率,而且通過調(diào)變石墨烯片在電解液中的堆積密度,該材料表現(xiàn)出高達(dá)59.9 Wh/L的能量密度,與商業(yè)化的鉛酸電池相當(dāng).以上研究結(jié)果說明了石墨烯基薄膜在超級(jí)電容器領(lǐng)域的巨大應(yīng)用潛力.

      真空誘導(dǎo)自組裝方法需要外界提供高的真空環(huán)境,并且這種方法制備得到的石墨烯薄膜很難從濾膜上直接剝離下來.石墨烯薄膜的界面組裝策略提供了另外一種更容易的二維薄膜制備方法.2009年,Chen等提出氣液界面自組裝制備無支撐氧化石墨烯薄膜的技術(shù)策略.該方法操作簡單,只需將氧化石墨烯水溶液在80℃下加熱20 min即可在溶液表面得到厚度約為5 μm的氧化石墨烯薄膜.這種界面成膜的方法還可制備石墨烯和氧化石墨烯復(fù)合的宏觀二維薄膜結(jié)構(gòu).該課題組還以氣液界面自組裝的氧化石墨烯薄膜為基礎(chǔ),通過調(diào)節(jié)薄膜中水分的脫除過程,在微納米尺度上對(duì)其微觀結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)控,得到了具有層次孔道結(jié)構(gòu)的氧化石墨烯薄膜.熱處理后得到的石墨烯薄膜對(duì)重油的吸附量可以達(dá)到自身重量的40倍.柔性薄膜由于對(duì)多硫化物良好的吸附性能,作為自支撐電極材料應(yīng)用于鋰硫電池測試過程中,在500個(gè)循環(huán)后仍然保持600 mAh/g的容量.這種多功能二維薄膜在環(huán)境和新能源領(lǐng)域?yàn)樾虏牧弦约靶滦蛢?chǔ)能器件的開發(fā)和設(shè)計(jì)提供了新的思路和途徑.

      除了純碳結(jié)構(gòu)的石墨烯基薄膜外,各種功能化的復(fù)合型二維石墨烯薄膜材料相繼被開發(fā)出來.Wang等采用原位聚合的方法,將石墨烯分散液和苯胺單體在陽極進(jìn)行電聚合得到了復(fù)合型的石墨烯薄膜.通過電場作用,聚苯胺和石墨烯緊密地復(fù)合在一起,該復(fù)合材料兼有石墨烯的高導(dǎo)電率(電阻僅為0.36 ?)和聚苯胺的高電容率(比容量達(dá)233 F/g),同時(shí)表現(xiàn)出良好的柔韌性,在電極材料領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出廣泛的應(yīng)用前景.Chen等用氨水作為氮源,將化學(xué)修飾的石墨烯與CNT通過一步抽濾法構(gòu)造出層層自組裝的氮、氧共摻雜石墨烯復(fù)合水凝膠膜.碳納米管和石墨烯的復(fù)合膜作為電催化劑用于電化學(xué)析氧(oxygen evolution eeaction,OER)過程,在0.1 mol/L KOH中其過電位僅為315 mV,在過電位為564 mV處的電流密度達(dá)到了14.8 mA/cm2,高于常用的貴金屬催化劑IrO2.此外酸性環(huán)境中(0.5 mol/L H2SO4)石墨烯復(fù)合膜也表現(xiàn)出很好的催化活性,其性能明顯優(yōu)于IrO2.由于石墨烯與碳納米管之間的強(qiáng)相互作用使其在酸性和堿性條件下均表現(xiàn)出很好的催化穩(wěn)定性,而且雙原子摻雜的協(xié)同作用使這種復(fù)合材料表現(xiàn)出很好的OER活性.

      4三維石墨烯組裝體的制備及其應(yīng)用

      石墨烯組裝體(graphene monolith)是指由石墨烯片層堆積在一起形成的具有三維多孔網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的宏觀塊體.氧化石墨烯由于具備良好的水溶性,被視為制備各種石墨烯組裝結(jié)構(gòu)理想的前驅(qū)體材料.2010年Tang等首先報(bào)道了利用貴金屬誘導(dǎo)的水熱組裝過程制備三維的石墨烯組裝體.得到的柱形石墨烯塊體材料原位擔(dān)載Pd納米顆粒后,可以作為固定床直接用于Heck反應(yīng)中,實(shí)現(xiàn)了100%的轉(zhuǎn)化率和92%的選擇性.同年Worsley等利用溶膠凝膠策略合成了高導(dǎo)電率的石墨烯氣凝膠,并申請(qǐng)了第一個(gè)石墨烯氣凝膠的美國專利.接著Xu等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)純的氧化石墨溶液經(jīng)過水熱過程就可以很方便地形成石墨烯組裝體結(jié)構(gòu),利用該組裝體作為超級(jí)電容器的整體電極材料,在2和5 mV/s的掃速下分別表現(xiàn)出了175、152 F/g的比電容.之后該課題組開發(fā)了一系列制備石墨烯組裝體的方法,包括 DNA分子誘導(dǎo)的氧化石墨自組裝方法和各種有機(jī)小分子與氧化石墨烯之間通過靜電作用力形成三維組裝體結(jié)構(gòu)的方法.2012年Ling等提出基于冰模板的石墨烯組裝策略,制備得到了具有規(guī)則孔道結(jié)構(gòu)的石墨烯組裝體.同年Sun等和Hu等幾乎同時(shí)報(bào)道了超輕的石墨烯基氣凝膠結(jié)構(gòu),2個(gè)課題組利用不同的組裝策略實(shí)現(xiàn)了超彈性石墨烯組裝體的構(gòu)筑.不同之處在于,前者先凍干碳納米管和氧化石墨烯混合液,然后利用水合肼還原得到了世界上最輕的氣凝膠結(jié)構(gòu)(密度為0.16 mg/cm3,僅是空氣密度的1/6,低于氦氣的密度);而后者采用乙二胺還原和交聯(lián)的步驟,然后微波處理的策略得到了純石墨烯基的氣凝膠結(jié)構(gòu),其密度最低可達(dá)3.0 mg/cm3.最近Wan等基于點(diǎn)擊化學(xué)的思想和分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬研究結(jié)果,開發(fā)出利用環(huán)氧開環(huán)反應(yīng)快速制備3D氧化石墨烯組裝體的新方法.該研究提出以商業(yè)化環(huán)氧樹脂——聚醚胺(D400)為交聯(lián)劑,快速得到共價(jià)鍵交聯(lián)的氧化石墨烯組裝體結(jié)構(gòu).整個(gè)材料制備過程可控性好,最快在10 s內(nèi)即可快速完成氧化石墨烯片的共價(jià)交聯(lián).這種低密度、高孔隙率的氧化石墨烯組裝體具有優(yōu)異的形狀記憶性和生物相容性,在能源、環(huán)保、生物工程等領(lǐng)域有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景.

      前面報(bào)道的石墨烯基三維結(jié)構(gòu)都是基于氧化石墨為前驅(qū)體的液相自組裝策略.2011年Chen等提出一種CVD生長三維石墨烯泡沫結(jié)構(gòu)的方法.該方法以泡沫鎳或者泡沫銅作為模板,利用傳統(tǒng)的 CVD過程在泡沫金屬表面生長出一層或者多層的石墨烯結(jié)構(gòu),最后利用溶液將金屬模版溶解掉就得到泡沫結(jié)構(gòu)的石墨烯三維組裝體材料.這種方法由于在高溫下直接生成石墨烯組裝體,得到的產(chǎn)物一般具有比液相法更高的結(jié)晶度和導(dǎo)電性.此外經(jīng)過高分子(如PDMS)灌注后,該材料變?yōu)榫哂辛己美煨阅芎腿嵝缘氖┗鶎?dǎo)電泡沫.接著,該課題組將這種石墨烯泡沫結(jié)構(gòu)作為整體電極材料組裝成柔性的鋰離子電池,表現(xiàn)出超快的充放電速率,在18 s內(nèi)即可完成充放電.此外利用石墨烯作為電極基底材料組裝鋰離子電池可以避免使用導(dǎo)電劑和黏結(jié)劑,因此該方法簡單易行,利于放大.這一研究結(jié)果使得大規(guī)模制備高速充放電的柔性鋰離子電池成為可能.2014年Ito開發(fā)出一種制備新型3D石墨烯結(jié)構(gòu)——納米孔道石墨烯(nanoporous graphene)的方法,他們利用具有規(guī)則納米孔的金屬鎳作為硬模板,采用苯作為碳源通過CVD過程得到氮摻雜或者非氮摻雜的納米孔道石墨烯結(jié)構(gòu),這種石墨烯三維結(jié)構(gòu)是由具有納米孔道的石墨烯材料組成,該研究小組還證實(shí)氮摻雜的納米孔道的石墨烯材料有望替代貴金屬(如Pt)用于氧還原反應(yīng)中.

      5展望

      綜上所述,石墨烯自發(fā)現(xiàn)至今大約只有10個(gè)年頭,經(jīng)過各領(lǐng)域研究者的共同努力,這一原子片層材料的制備技術(shù)日趨完善.目前的研究重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)從簡單的材料制備逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向石墨烯片層的可控組裝及其實(shí)際應(yīng)用研究.基于膠體和界面化學(xué)的技術(shù)手段,從零維(0D)到三維(3D)的一系列石墨烯基自組裝材料相繼被開發(fā)出來.然而,目前距離石墨烯基多維度材料的完全可控組裝及實(shí)際應(yīng)用還有一定距離,今后的研究亟需在以下幾個(gè)方面取得突破:目前的石墨烯自組裝技術(shù)大多基于水溶性氧化石墨烯這一前驅(qū)體材料,合成過程中必然需要引入還原這一步驟來得到石墨烯的各種自組裝結(jié)構(gòu),因此從天然石墨或者石墨烯納米片出發(fā),直接對(duì)石墨烯進(jìn)行可控組裝的技術(shù)尤為關(guān)鍵;石墨烯二維片層結(jié)構(gòu)向不同維度組裝形態(tài)變化過程中的構(gòu)效關(guān)系尚不明確,這方研究面需注重理論計(jì)算與材料制備的結(jié)合與互補(bǔ);有待開發(fā)出一種通用技術(shù),用以控制石墨烯納米片在所有維度上的自組裝行為;計(jì)算化學(xué)結(jié)果預(yù)測出柔性的石墨烯片層能夠發(fā)生形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變(如卷曲、褶皺和折疊等),在納米尺度形成各種不同形態(tài)的自組裝構(gòu)型,然而目前許多預(yù)測的結(jié)構(gòu)還有待試驗(yàn)的檢驗(yàn),材料制備研究任重而道遠(yuǎn),具有分級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的多維度組裝材料鮮被報(bào)道.

      總之,石墨烯這一二維晶體材料的研究已經(jīng)不單單局限于其原子片層結(jié)構(gòu),如同中國傳統(tǒng)折紙藝術(shù)一樣,柔韌的石墨烯片層就像一張自由紙片,能夠產(chǎn)生絢麗的形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)變化,演繹從0D到3D的不同組裝結(jié)構(gòu).隨著研究的深入,我們有理由相信石墨烯的多維度材料構(gòu)筑領(lǐng)域?qū)⒉粩喑霈F(xiàn)新的研究結(jié)果,得到一系列結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特性能優(yōu)異的組裝結(jié)構(gòu),從而為石墨烯的實(shí)際應(yīng)用奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ).

      ·高被引論文摘要·

      被引頻次:185

      石墨烯的功能化及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用

      黃毅,陳永勝

      石墨烯是2004年才被發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種新型二維平面納米材料,其特殊的單原子層結(jié)構(gòu)決定了它具有豐富而新奇的物理性質(zhì).過去幾年中,石墨烯已經(jīng)成為了備受矚目的國際前沿和熱點(diǎn).在石墨烯的研究和應(yīng)用中,為了充分發(fā)揮其優(yōu)良性質(zhì),并改善其成型加工性(如分散性和溶解性等),必須對(duì)石墨烯進(jìn)行功能化,研究人員也在這方面開展了積極而有效的工作.但是,關(guān)于石墨烯的功能化方面的研究還處在探索階段,對(duì)各種功能化的方法和效果還缺乏系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí).如何根據(jù)實(shí)際需求對(duì)石墨烯進(jìn)行預(yù)期和可控的功能化是我們所面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn).本文重點(diǎn)闡述了石墨烯的共價(jià)鍵和非共價(jià)鍵功能化領(lǐng)域的最新進(jìn)展,并對(duì)功能化石墨烯的應(yīng)用作了介紹,最后對(duì)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展趨勢作了展望.

      石墨烯;共價(jià)鍵;非共價(jià)鍵;功能化;應(yīng)用

      來源出版物:中國科學(xué)B輯:化學(xué),2009, 39(9): 887-896聯(lián)系郵箱:陳永勝,yschen99@nankai.edu.cn.

      被引頻次:155

      石墨烯的制備、功能化及在化學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

      胡耀娟,金娟,張卉,等

      摘要:石墨烯是最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種具有二維平面結(jié)構(gòu)的碳納米材料,它的特殊單原子層結(jié)構(gòu)使其具有許多獨(dú)特的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì).有關(guān)石墨烯的基礎(chǔ)和應(yīng)用研究已成為當(dāng)前的前沿和熱點(diǎn)課題之一.本文僅就目前石墨烯的制備方法,功能化方法以及在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用作一綜述,重點(diǎn)闡述石墨烯應(yīng)用于化學(xué)修飾電極、化學(xué)電源、催化劑和藥物載體以及氣體傳感器等方面的研究進(jìn)展,并對(duì)石墨烯在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用前景作了展望.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;碳材料;石墨烯氧化物;石墨烯功能化;石墨烯應(yīng)用

      來源出版物:物理化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2010, 26(8): 2073-2086聯(lián)系郵箱:蔡稱心,cxcai@njnu.edu.cn

      被引頻次:138

      自由態(tài)二維碳原子晶體——單層石墨烯

      楊全紅,呂偉,楊永崗,等

      摘要:石墨烯是近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的二維碳原子晶體,是目前碳質(zhì)材料和凝聚態(tài)物理領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)之一.石墨烯是構(gòu)筑零維富勒烯、一維碳納米管、三維體相石墨等sp2雜化碳的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元,具有更多奇特的性質(zhì).通過簡要介紹石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)歷史及分子結(jié)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)評(píng)述了石墨烯奇特的性質(zhì)(特別是電學(xué)性質(zhì))和潛在的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;二維晶體;層狀材料;電子性質(zhì)

      來源出版物:新型炭材料,2008, 23(2): 97-103聯(lián)系郵箱:楊全紅,qhyangcn@tju.edu.cn

      被引頻次:135

      石墨烯的化學(xué)研究進(jìn)展

      傅強(qiáng),包信和

      摘要:評(píng)述了近3年來在石墨烯(graphene)制備化學(xué)、石墨烯化學(xué)改性、石墨烯表面化學(xué)和催化等方面取得的重要進(jìn)展.闡述了通過化學(xué)方法實(shí)現(xiàn)非支撐(freestanding)或準(zhǔn)非支撐(quasifree-standing)石墨烯結(jié)構(gòu)的可控和規(guī)模制備;通過表面反應(yīng)對(duì)石墨烯進(jìn)行摻雜和官能化,制備了石墨烷、石墨烯氧化物等具有特殊結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)的石墨烯相關(guān)化合物;這些石墨烯及石墨烯相關(guān)材料(graphene and related materials)在催化、儲(chǔ)氫等領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出非常重要的應(yīng)用前景.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;石墨烯氧化物;石墨烷;石墨烯摻雜;碳納米管;碳催化

      來源出版物:科學(xué)通報(bào),2009, 54(18): 2657-2666聯(lián)系郵箱:傅強(qiáng),qfu@dicp.ac.cn

      被引頻次:135

      石墨烯的制備與表征研究

      李旭,趙衛(wèi)峰,陳國華

      摘要:石墨烯材料是近兩年的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn).簡要回顧了石墨分離的歷史,著重介紹了石墨烯的制備方法:GICs插層法、還原氧化石墨法、微機(jī)械剝離法和化學(xué)沉積法,分析了各種制備方法的特點(diǎn)以及所面臨的問題,概述了石墨烯的不同表征方法以及應(yīng)用,并展望了其未來發(fā)展前景.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;性質(zhì);制備方法;表征;應(yīng)用

      來源出版物:材料導(dǎo)報(bào),2008, 22(8): 48-52聯(lián)系郵箱:陳國華,hdcgh@qu.edu.cn

      被引頻次:132

      氧化石墨烯及其與聚合物的復(fù)合

      楊永崗,陳成猛,溫月芳,等

      摘要:石墨烯是單原子厚度的二維碳原子晶體,也是性能優(yōu)異的新型納米復(fù)合填料.近三年來,石墨烯從概念上的二維材料變成現(xiàn)實(shí)材料,在化學(xué)和物理學(xué)界均引起轟動(dòng).通過述評(píng)氧化石墨及氧化石墨烯的制備、結(jié)構(gòu)、改性及其與聚合物的復(fù)合,展望了石墨烯及其復(fù)合材料的研究前景,認(rèn)為通過機(jī)械剝離氧化石墨可規(guī)模化制備氧化石墨烯,進(jìn)一步將其化學(xué)改性并制備復(fù)合材料已取得較大進(jìn)展,這一途徑被認(rèn)為是石墨烯規(guī)?;瘧?yīng)用的戰(zhàn)略起點(diǎn).

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;氧化石墨;復(fù)合材料

      來源出版物:新型炭材料,2008, 23(3): 193-200聯(lián)系郵箱:楊永崗,yangyg@VIP.163.com

      被引頻次:99

      石墨烯的制備與表征

      馬文石,周俊文,程順喜

      摘要:采用液相氧化法制備了氧化石墨,并通過水合肼還原氧化石墨制備了石墨烯.采用傅里葉變換紅外光譜(FT-IR)、拉曼光譜(RS)、X-射線衍射(XRD)、熱失重法(TG)等測試方法對(duì)石墨、氧化石墨和石墨烯的結(jié)構(gòu)與耐熱性進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析.研究結(jié)果表明,氧化石墨被水合肼還原成石墨烯后,氧化石墨的一部分sp3雜化碳原子被還原成石墨的sp2雜化碳原子,石墨烯sp2雜化碳層平面的平均尺寸比氧化石墨大,但結(jié)晶強(qiáng)度和規(guī)整度比石墨有所降低.在本實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下,氧化石墨的還原狀態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)不可能被完全恢復(fù)到原有的石墨狀態(tài),也就是說石墨烯的結(jié)構(gòu)和石墨結(jié)構(gòu)還是有差別的.熱分析結(jié)果表明,石墨烯具有比氧化石墨更為優(yōu)異的熱穩(wěn)定性.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;氧化石墨;結(jié)構(gòu);性能

      來源出版物:高校化學(xué)工程學(xué)報(bào),2010, 24(4): 719-722聯(lián)系郵箱:馬文石,mcwshma@scut.edu.cn

      被引頻次:94

      石墨烯研究進(jìn)展

      徐秀娟,秦金貴,李振

      摘要:石墨烯是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的唯一存在的二維自由態(tài)原子晶體,它是構(gòu)筑零維富勒烯、一維碳納米管、三維體相石墨等 sp2雜化碳的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元,具有很多奇異的電子及機(jī)械性能.因而吸引了化學(xué)、材料等其他領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家的高度關(guān)注.本文介紹了近幾年石墨烯的研究進(jìn)展,包括石墨烯的合成、去氧化、化學(xué)修飾及應(yīng)用前景等方面的內(nèi)容.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;氧化石墨烯(GO);功能化石墨烯;傳感器

      來源出版物:化學(xué)進(jìn)展,2009, 21(12): 2559-2567聯(lián)系郵箱:李振,lizhen@whu.edu.cn

      被引頻次:79

      TiO2/石墨烯復(fù)合材料的合成及光催化分解水產(chǎn)氫活性

      張曉艷,李浩鵬,崔曉莉

      摘要:利用石墨粉根據(jù)Hummers氧化法制得氧化石墨,并進(jìn)一步還原得到石墨烯.采用溶膠一凝膠法以鈦酸四丁酷和石墨烯為起始材料制備了二氧化鈦(TiO2)和石墨烯的復(fù)合光催化材料.研究了該復(fù)合材料在紫外-可見光以及可見光條件下的光催化分解水制氫活性.結(jié)果表明,紫外-可見光照射下,TiO2/石墨烯復(fù)合光催化材料的光催化分解水產(chǎn)氫速率為8.6 μmol·h-1,遠(yuǎn)大于同條件下商業(yè)P25的產(chǎn)氫速率(4.5 μmol·h-1),光解水產(chǎn)氫活性提高了近2倍;可見光下光照3 h,TiO2/石墨烯復(fù)合材料的光催化分解水產(chǎn)氫量約為0.2 μmol·h-1.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;二氧化鈦;光解水;產(chǎn)氫

      來源出版物:無機(jī)化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2009, 25(11): 1903-1907聯(lián)系郵箱:崔曉莉,xiaolicui@fudan.edu.cn

      被引頻次:78

      石墨烯的化學(xué)氣相沉積法制備

      任文才,高力波,馬來鵬,等

      摘要:化學(xué)氣相沉積(CVD)法是近年來發(fā)展起來的制備石墨烯的新方法,具有產(chǎn)物質(zhì)量高、生長面積大等優(yōu)點(diǎn),逐漸成為制備高質(zhì)量石墨烯的主要方法.通過簡要分析石墨烯的幾種主要制備方法(膠帶剝離法、化學(xué)剝離法、SiC外延生長法和CVD方法)的原理和特點(diǎn),重點(diǎn)從結(jié)構(gòu)控制、質(zhì)量提高以及大面積生長等方面評(píng)述了 CVD法制備石墨烯及其轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展,并展望了未來CVD法制備石墨烯的可能發(fā)展方向,如大面積單晶石墨烯、石墨烯帶和石墨烯宏觀體的制備與無損轉(zhuǎn)移等.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;制備;化學(xué)氣相沉積法;轉(zhuǎn)移

      來源出版物:新型炭材料,2011, 26(1): 71-80聯(lián)系郵箱:任文才,wcren@inr.ac.cn

      被引頻次:16662

      來源出版物:Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666-669聯(lián)系郵箱:Geim, AK; geim@man.ac.uk

      被引頻次:11833

      The rise of graphene

      Geim, AK; Novoselov, K S

      Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis,offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.

      Keywords: dirac fermions; berrys phase; electronic-structure; bilayer graphene; graphite; films; gas; semiconductors; nucleation; surface

      來源出版物:Nature Materials, 2007, 6(7):183-191聯(lián)系郵箱:Geim, AK; geim@man.ac.uk

      被引頻次:7657

      Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

      Novoselov, KS; Geim, AK; Morozov, SV; et al.

      Abstract: Quantum electrodynamics(resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory)has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry(1-3). The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter(4, 5), but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system(graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon(6,7))in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's(relativistic)equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective ‘speed of light’ c* approximate to 106m s-1. Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c)of massless carriers in graphene is described by E= m(2)c(*)(2). This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.

      Keywords: graphite; states

      來源出版物:Nature, 2005, 438(7065): 197-200聯(lián)系郵箱:Geim, AK; geim@man.ac.uk

      被引頻次:6745

      The electronic properties of graphene

      Castro Neto, AH; Guinea, F; Peres, NMR; et al.

      Abstract: This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. The Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and the integer quantum Hall effect. The electronic properties of graphene stacks are discussed and vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge(surface)states in graphene depend on the edge termination(zigzag or armchair)and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. Different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.

      Keywords: carbon; electron-phonon interactions; nanostructured materials; quantum Hall effect; surface states; tight-binding calculations;tunnelling

      來源出版物:Reviews of Modern Physics, 2009, 81(1): 109-162

      被引頻次:5954

      Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene

      Zhang, YB; Tan, YW; Stormer, HL; et al.

      Abstract: When electrons are confined in two-dimensional materials, quantum-mechanically enhanced transport phenomena such as the quantum Hall effect can be observed. Graphene, consisting of an isolated single atomic layer of graphite, is an ideal realization of such a two-dimensional system. However, its behaviour is expected to differ markedly from the well-studied case of quantum wells in conventional semiconductor interfaces. This difference arises from the unique electronic properties of graphene, which exhibits electron -hole degeneracy and vanishing carrier mass near the point of charge neutrality(1, 2). Indeed, a distinctive half-integer quantum Hall effect has been predicted(3-5)theoretically, as has the existence of a non-zero Berry's phase( a geometric quantum phase)of the electron wavefunction-a consequence of the exceptional topology of the graphene band structure(6, 7). Recent advances in micromechanical extraction and fabrication techniques for graphite structures(8-12)now permit such exotic two-dimensional electron systems to be probed experimentally. Here we report an experimental investigation of magneto-transport in a high-mobility single layer of graphene. Adjusting the chemical potential with the use of the electric field effect, we observe an unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect for both electron and hole carriers in graphene. The relevance of Berry's phase to these experiments is confirmed by magneto-oscillations. In addition to their purely scientific interest, these unusual quantum transport phenomena may lead to new applications in carbon-based electronic and magneto-electronic devices.

      Keywords: carbon nanotubes; graphite

      來源出版物:Nature, 2005, 438(7065): 201-204聯(lián)系郵箱:Kim, P; pkim@phys.columbia.edu

      被引頻次:4570

      Graphene-based composite materials

      Stankovich, Sasha; Dikin, Dmitriy A; Dommett, Geoffrey HB; et al.

      Abstract: Graphene sheets-one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp2-bonded carbon-are predicted to have a range of unusual properties. Their thermal conductivity and mechanical stiffness may rival the remarkable in-plane values for graphite(similar to 3000 W m-1K-1and 1060 GPa, respectively); their fracture strength should be comparable to that of carbon nanotubes for similar types of defects(1-3); and recent studies have shown that individual graphene sheets have extraordinary electronic transport properties(4-8). One possible route to harnessing these properties for applications would be to incorporate graphene sheets in a composite material. The manufacturing of such composites requires not only that graphene sheets be produced on a sufficient scale but that they also be incorporated, and homogeneously distributed, into various matrices. Graphite, inexpensive and available in large quantity, unfortunately does not readily exfoliate to yield individual graphene sheets. Here we present a general approach for the preparation of graphene-polymer composites via complete exfoliation of graphite(9)and molecular-level dispersion of individual, chemically modified graphene sheets within polymer hosts. A polystyrene-graphene composite formed by this route exhibits a percolation threshold(10)of similar to 0.1 volume per cent for room-temperature electrical conductivity, the lowest reported value for any carbon-based composite except for those involving carbon nanotubes(11); at only 1 volume per cent, this composite has a conductivity of similar to 0.1 S m-1, sufficient for many electrical applications(12). Our bottom-up chemical approach of tuning the graphene sheet properties provides a path to a broad new class of graphene-based materials and their use in a variety of applications.

      Keywords: thin-film particles; graphite oxide; electrical applications; carbon nanotubes; nanoplatelets; polymers; gas

      來源出版物:Nature, 2006, 442(7100): 282-286聯(lián)系郵箱:Nguyen, ST; stn@northwestern.edu

      被引頻次:4036

      Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer grapheme

      Lee, Changgu; Wei, Xiaoding; Kysar, Jeffrey W; et al.

      Abstract: We measured the elastic properties and intrinsic breaking strength of free-standing monolayer graphene membranes by nanoindentation in an atomic force microscope. The force-displacement behavior is interpreted within a framework of nonlinear elastic stress-strain response, and yields second- and third-order elastic stiffnesses of 340 newtons per meter(N m-1)and -690 N m-1, respectively. The breaking strength is 42 N m-1and represents the intrinsic strength of a defect-free sheet. These quantities correspond to a Young's modulus of E=1.0 terapascals, third-order elastic stiffness of D=-2.0 terapascals, and intrinsic strength of sigma(int)=130 gigapascals for bulk graphite. These experiments establish graphene as the strongest material ever measured, and show that atomically perfect nanoscale materials can be mechanically tested to deformations well beyond the linear regime.

      Keywords: carbon nanotubes; mechanical-properties; constants; graphite; modulus; sheets; ropes

      來源出版物:Science, 2008, 321(5887): 385-388聯(lián)系郵箱:Hone, James; jh2228@columbia.edu

      被引頻次:3932

      Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers

      Ferrari, AC; Meyer, JC; Scardaci, V; et al.

      Abstract: Graphene is the two-dimensional building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality. We show that its electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers. The D peak second order changes in shape,width, and position for an increasing number of layers, reflecting the change in the electron bands via a double resonant Raman process. The G peak slightly down-shifts. This allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.

      Keywords: berrys phase; graphite; scattering; nanotubes; crystals; carbons; route; gas

      來源出版物:Physical Review Letters, 2006, 97(18)文獻(xiàn)號(hào):187401聯(lián)系郵箱:Ferrari, AC; acf26@eng.cam.ac.uk

      被引頻次:3698

      Graphene: Status and Prospects

      Geim, AK

      Abstract: Graphene is a wonder material with many superlatives to its name. It is the thinnest known material in the universe and the strongest ever measured. Its charge carriers exhibit giant intrinsic mobility, have zero effective mass, and can travel for micrometers without scattering at room temperature. Graphene can sustain current densities six orders of magnitude higher than that of copper, shows record thermal conductivity and stiffness, is impermeable to gases, and reconciles such conflicting qualities as brittleness and ductility. Electron transport in graphene is described by a Dirac-like equation, which allows the investigation of relativistic quantum phenomena in a benchtop experiment. This review analyzes recent trends in graphene research and applications, and attempts to identify future directions in which the field is likely to develop.

      Keywords: layer graphene; sheets; films; membranes; graphite

      來源出版物:Science, 2009, 324(5934): 1530-1534

      被引頻次:3541

      Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes

      Kim, Keun Soo; Zhao, Yue; Jang, Houk; et al

      Abstract: Problems associated with large-scale pattern growth of graphene constitute one of the main obstacles to using this material in device applications(1). Recently, macroscopic-scale graphene films were prepared by two-dimensional assembly of graphene sheets chemically derived from graphite crystals and graphene oxides(2, 3). However, the sheet resistance of these films was found to be much larger than theoretically expected values. Here we report the direct synthesis of large-scale graphene films using chemical vapour deposition on thin nickel layers, and present two different methods of patterning the films and transferring them to arbitrary substrates. The transferred graphene films show very low sheet resistance of similar to 280 Omega per square, with 80 per cent optical transparency. At low temperatures, the monolayers transferred to silicon dioxide substrates show electron mobility greater than 3700 cm2V-1s-1and exhibit the half-integer quantum Hall effect(4, 5), implying that the quality of graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition is as high as mechanically cleaved graphene(6). Employing the outstanding mechanical properties of graphene(7), we also demonstrate the macroscopic use of these highly conducting and transparent electrodes in flexible, stretchable, foldable electronics(8, 9).

      Keywords: epitaxial graphene; silicon; oxide

      來源出版物:Nature, 2009, 457(7230): 706-710聯(lián)系郵箱:Hong, BH; jaeyoung88.choi@samsung.com

      ·推薦論文摘要·

      NaOH處理對(duì)石墨烯電學(xué)性能的影響

      湯春苗,陳志鎣,朱博,等

      摘要:在CVD石墨烯的轉(zhuǎn)移過程中無法避免會(huì)出現(xiàn)膠殘留,導(dǎo)致了材料不必要的p型摻雜.研究表明,通常來自這種殘余膠的p型摻雜影響了石墨烯的電學(xué)特性.本文發(fā)現(xiàn)NaOH溶液能夠有效地去除這種PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(C5H8O2)x)中的含氧官能團(tuán),減少膠殘留,并首次將其運(yùn)用在CVD生長的石墨烯單層薄膜上.通過不同濃度NaOH溶液的選擇,我們有效地解決了NaOH與SiO2/Si襯底反應(yīng)的問題.處理結(jié)果顯示,通過NaOH溶液浸泡石墨烯的載流子濃度變?yōu)樵瓉淼娜种簧踔粮?,而且處理效果最明顯的石墨烯樣品的遷移率從880 cm2/Vs升高到2260 cm2/Vs.同時(shí)我們比較了水和NaOH處理效果的穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)果顯示用水處理的樣品遷移率很快回到了處理前的數(shù)據(jù),而用NaOH溶液處理的石墨烯薄膜遷移率最終穩(wěn)定在原有遷移率的1.5倍.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;遷移率;PMMA;NaOH

      來源出版物:材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)報(bào),2015, 33(3): 133-138聯(lián)系郵箱:余廣輝,ghyu@mail.sim.ac.cn

      石墨烯在場發(fā)射器件中的應(yīng)用與研究現(xiàn)狀

      李劍,王小平,王麗軍,等

      摘要:場電子發(fā)射是一種獨(dú)特的量子隧穿效應(yīng),也是真空微電子學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)之一.基于場發(fā)射技術(shù)的冷陰極發(fā)射體一直被視為未來理想的電子發(fā)射陰極.石墨烯是一種具備單層碳原子結(jié)構(gòu)的新型碳材料,其電子遷移率高、機(jī)械強(qiáng)度高、熱導(dǎo)率高,具有穩(wěn)定的物理化學(xué)特性,因此受到科研工作者的廣泛關(guān)注.與此同時(shí)石墨烯具有較高的長徑比(橫向尺寸與厚度的比值),這一結(jié)構(gòu)特性能夠獲得較大的場增強(qiáng)因子.石墨烯的上述特性使得其成為具有廣闊應(yīng)用前景的場發(fā)射陰極.本文主要綜述石墨烯場發(fā)射理論的研究進(jìn)展、石墨烯/石墨烯基場發(fā)射陰極的研究現(xiàn)狀、場發(fā)射陰極結(jié)構(gòu)以及場發(fā)射陰極的制備方法,并對(duì)場發(fā)射領(lǐng)域的石墨烯研究進(jìn)行了展望.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;場發(fā)射;復(fù)合陰極

      來源出版物:材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 33(1): 145-150聯(lián)系郵箱:王小平,wxpchina64@aliyun.com

      石墨烯層數(shù)測量方法的研究進(jìn)展

      姚雅萱,任玲玲,高思田,等

      摘要:石墨烯具有高導(dǎo)電性、高韌度、高強(qiáng)度、超大比表面積等特點(diǎn),在電子、航天工業(yè)、新能源、新材料等領(lǐng)域有廣泛應(yīng)用.對(duì)石墨烯層數(shù)測量方法的研究有助于深入理解石墨烯性能與微觀結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系.本文著重闡述了包括光學(xué)顯微鏡、拉曼光譜、原子力顯微鏡和透射電鏡等測量石墨烯層數(shù)的方法,同時(shí)比較了各種測量方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及局限性,并指出石墨烯層數(shù)的測量方法還有待進(jìn)一步完善.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;層數(shù);測量方法;

      來源出版物:化學(xué)通報(bào),2015, 78(2): 100-106聯(lián)系郵箱:任玲玲,renll@nim.ac.cn

      1維石墨烯光子晶體的電磁吸收特性

      寧仁霞,劉少斌,章海鋒,等

      摘要:為了研究1維石墨烯光子晶體在可見光波段的吸收特性,采用傳輸矩陣的方法進(jìn)行了理論分析和數(shù)值仿真,得到了1維石墨烯吸收特性與石墨烯層數(shù)、缺陷層介質(zhì)厚度、電磁波模式有關(guān)的結(jié)果.結(jié)果表明,增加石墨烯層數(shù)時(shí),對(duì)波長為556 nm左右的綠光的吸收作用明顯增強(qiáng);缺陷層介質(zhì)厚度增加時(shí)會(huì)引起吸收峰的增加;在TE模式下,入射角對(duì)石墨烯光子晶體吸收特性影響較小.該研究結(jié)果為1維石墨烯光子晶體吸收器的設(shè)計(jì)提供了理論依據(jù).

      關(guān)鍵詞:光電子學(xué);吸收特性;傳輸矩陣法;石墨烯光子晶體;

      來源出版物:激光技術(shù),2015, 39(1): 28-32聯(lián)系郵箱:寧仁霞,nrxxiner@hsu.edu.cn

      SnS2-SnO2/石墨烯復(fù)合材料的合成及其電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)鋰性能的研究

      馬琳,葉劍波,黃國創(chuàng),等

      摘要:目的:制備高容量和循環(huán)性能穩(wěn)定的鋰離子電池復(fù)合電極材料.方法:通過L-半胱氨酸(Lcys)輔助水熱法合成SnS2-SnO2/石墨烯復(fù)合納米材料,采用XRD,SEM,TEM和HRTEM技術(shù)對(duì)其進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)表征,并采用循環(huán)伏安、恒流充放電和電化學(xué)阻抗技術(shù)研究了其電化學(xué)貯鋰性能.結(jié)果:隨著水熱溶液中L-cys的量增加,復(fù)合材料中少層數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)SnS2的含量也增加.當(dāng)Sn4+/L-cys的物質(zhì)的量之比為1:4時(shí),制得了SnS2/石墨烯復(fù)合納米材料,而且石墨烯的存在在一定程度上抑制了SnS2沿c軸方向的生長,減少了層狀SnS2的層數(shù).結(jié)論:由于二維層狀結(jié)構(gòu)的SnS2具有與石墨烯類似的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和形貌,與石墨烯的復(fù)合具有更好的匹配性和相互協(xié)同效應(yīng),增強(qiáng)了SnS2/石墨烯復(fù)合材料的電化學(xué)貯鋰性能,使其具有較高的可逆儲(chǔ)鋰容量、良好的循環(huán)性能和增強(qiáng)的倍率特性.

      關(guān)鍵詞:二硫化錫;二氧化錫;石墨烯;復(fù)合納米材料;鋰離子電池;

      來源出版物:表面技術(shù),2015, 44(1): 8-14

      氮摻雜石墨烯柔性薄膜的制備及其超電容性能

      鐘奇能,粟澤龍,李新祿

      摘要:目的:改善超級(jí)電容器用石墨烯薄膜的超電容性能.方法:采用水熱和高溫?zé)峤夥ㄖ苽涠嗫椎獡诫s的石墨烯柔性薄膜,采用SEM形貌、XRD圖譜和等溫曲線分析其結(jié)構(gòu),采用三電極體系測試循環(huán)伏安曲線和恒流充放電曲線,分析其超電容性能.結(jié)果:氮摻雜石墨烯柔性薄膜保持了氧化石墨烯的褶皺透明,同時(shí)具有網(wǎng)絡(luò)式的多孔洞結(jié)構(gòu).氮?dú)馕摳綔y試表明,氮摻雜多孔石墨烯的比表面積為280.78 m2/g.氮摻雜石墨烯薄膜在1.0 mol/L硫酸鈉溶液中,當(dāng)電流密度為0.1 A/g時(shí),其比容量達(dá)到169 F/g.結(jié)論:氮原子的摻雜以及氮摻雜石墨烯柔性薄膜的多孔結(jié)構(gòu)可以有效提高石墨烯材料的超電容性能.

      關(guān)鍵詞:氮摻雜石墨烯;多孔結(jié)構(gòu);超級(jí)電容器;

      來源出版物:表面技術(shù),2015, 44(1): 51-55

      石墨烯負(fù)載納米Fe3O4復(fù)合材料的摩擦學(xué)性能

      喬玉林,趙海朝,臧艷,等

      摘要:采用液相超聲直接剝離法制備了石墨烯負(fù)載納米Fe3O4復(fù)合材料,用SEM、TEM對(duì)其形貌進(jìn)行了表征,利用多功能往復(fù)摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)儀考察了石墨烯負(fù)載納米Fe3O4復(fù)合材料在純水中的摩擦磨損性能.通過SEM、XPS分別分析了磨痕表面的形貌、典型元素的化學(xué)狀態(tài),初步探討了石墨烯負(fù)載納米Fe3O4復(fù)合材料在純水中的潤滑機(jī)理.結(jié)果表明:納米Fe3O4均勻分布于多層石墨烯片層表面和層間,粒徑為20~90 nm;其作為純水添加劑具有良好的減摩抗磨性能,如試驗(yàn)載荷為10 N,濃度為0.01wt%的石墨烯負(fù)載納米Fe3O4復(fù)合材料水分散體系潤滑時(shí)比純水潤滑的摩擦系數(shù)和磨損體積分別下降26.7%和35.4%,這主要是由于復(fù)合材料在磨損表面形成了吸附膜、含石墨烯和納米Fe3O4的邊界潤滑膜,抑制了Fe的氧化,減輕了摩擦表面的磨損.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;Fe3O4;復(fù)合材料;摩擦學(xué)性能;磨損機(jī)理

      來源出版物:無機(jī)材料學(xué)報(bào),2015, 30(1): 41-46聯(lián)系郵箱:喬玉林,qiaoyulin1010@sina.com

      石墨烯中熱脈沖傳播的分子動(dòng)力學(xué)研究

      姚文俊,曹炳陽

      摘要:基于非平衡分子動(dòng)力學(xué)方法,模擬研究了梯形、三角形和矩形熱脈沖在石墨烯中的傳播過程和規(guī)律.三種類型的溫度脈沖采用直接速度修正法,通過調(diào)整對(duì)控溫區(qū)原子施加的溫度增量來實(shí)現(xiàn).結(jié)果表明,熱擾動(dòng)在石墨烯中以有限的速度傳播,并表現(xiàn)出明顯的波動(dòng)傳遞特征.熱擾動(dòng)在傳播過程中激發(fā)出兩道以不同速度傳遞的行波,一道波具有宏觀動(dòng)量,波速等于石墨烯聲子群速度,為聲波;另一道波是無宏觀動(dòng)量的熱量的傳播,波速是聲速的為熱波.研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),熱脈沖形狀對(duì)熱波現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生以及聲波、熱波的傳播速度沒有影響,但對(duì)其峰值溫度影響顯著.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;熱脈沖傳播;熱波;分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬

      來源出版物:工程熱物理學(xué)報(bào),2015, 36(1): 116-119聯(lián)系郵箱:曹炳陽,caoby@tsinghua.edu.cn

      基于石墨烯的隔離器理論設(shè)計(jì)與分析

      肖丙剛,謝治毅,孫潤亮

      摘要:基于石墨烯,理論設(shè)計(jì)與分析了應(yīng)用于3G通信領(lǐng)域的新型隔離器.隔離器由2個(gè)線柵偏振器和1個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)器組成,旋轉(zhuǎn)器由硅/二氧化硅薄膜、多層石墨烯和二氧化硅基板疊加而成.由于石墨烯在磁場偏置下具有法拉第效應(yīng)和非互異性,當(dāng)平面波從正、反兩個(gè)方向入射隔離器時(shí).電場沿入射方向發(fā)生±30°的偏轉(zhuǎn),使得正向傳輸?shù)钠矫娌◣缀鯚o損通過,而反向傳輸?shù)钠矫娌ū蝗瓷?,?shí)現(xiàn)了隔離.利用傳輸矩陣法計(jì)算了隔離度,結(jié)果表明,設(shè)計(jì)的隔離器在工作頻段1.8~2.2 GHz內(nèi)具有良好的隔離特性,隔離度均在12 dB以上,且插入損耗均小于-1.63 dB.

      關(guān)鍵詞:隔離器;石墨烯;法拉第旋轉(zhuǎn)器;3G移動(dòng)通信

      來源出版物:浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(工學(xué)版),2015, 49(1): 42-46聯(lián)系郵箱:肖丙剛,bgxiao@cjlu.edu.cn

      銅基底化學(xué)氣相沉積石墨烯的研究現(xiàn)狀與展望

      喻佳麗,辛斌杰

      摘要:以銅作為基底的化學(xué)氣相沉積法(CVD)是目前制備石墨烯的重要方法和手段.簡單介紹了石墨烯的幾種主要制備方法,突出化學(xué)氣相沉積法能夠有效制備出大規(guī)??煽馗哔|(zhì)量的石墨烯,并闡述了銅基底上化學(xué)氣相沉積石墨烯的生長機(jī)理,主要從基底材料、不同的工藝條件以及石墨烯轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)出發(fā)評(píng)述了化學(xué)氣相沉積法制備石墨烯的研究進(jìn)展,指出由銅網(wǎng)基底材料替代銅箔基底的良好應(yīng)用前景,最后展望了銅基底化學(xué)氣相沉積石墨烯的發(fā)展方向.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;銅基底;化學(xué)氣相沉積;生長機(jī)理

      來源出版物:材料導(dǎo)報(bào)A:綜述篇,2015, 29(1): 66-71聯(lián)系郵箱:辛斌杰,xiaobo2000@gmail.com

      單層石墨烯在空氣中的熱穩(wěn)定性研究

      李允,王權(quán)

      摘要:采用化學(xué)氣相沉積方法制備了高質(zhì)量的大面積單層石墨烯,利用拉曼光譜、X射線光電子能譜和原子力顯微鏡對(duì)在空氣中熱處理前后的石墨烯進(jìn)行了表征,研究了單層石墨烯在空氣中的熱穩(wěn)定性.結(jié)果表明,在空氣中熱處理后,石墨烯的缺陷明顯增加,晶粒發(fā)生細(xì)化,其主要是由于熱處理后石墨烯會(huì)發(fā)生輕微的氧化,表面形成C=O及C—OH鍵.另外,由于石墨烯與襯底的結(jié)合形態(tài)有所變化,使得熱處理后石墨烯表面更趨平整.

      關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;化學(xué)氣相沉積;熱處理;拉曼光譜;XPS;原子力顯微鏡

      來源出版物:電子元件與材料,2015, 34(1): 18-21聯(lián)系郵箱:王權(quán),wangq@mail.ujs.edu.cn

      Generic miniband structure of graphene on a hexagonal substrate

      Wallbank, JR; Patel, AA; Mucha-Kruczynski, M; et al

      Abstract: Using a general symmetry-based approach, we provide a classification of generic miniband structures for electrons in graphene placed on substrates with the hexagonal Bravais symmetry. In particular, we identify conditions at which the first moire miniband is separated from the rest of the spectrum by either one or a group of three isolated mini Dirac points and is not obscured by dispersion surfaces coming from other minibands. In such cases, the Hall coefficient exhibits two distinct alternations of its sign as a function of charge carrier density.

      Keywords: scanning-tunneling-microscopy; boron-nitride; band-structure; scale

      來源出版物:Physical Review B, 2013, 87(24)文獻(xiàn)號(hào):245408

      Hyperbolic metamaterials based on multilayer graphene structures

      Iorsh, Ivan V; Mukhin, Ivan S; Shadrivov, Ilya V; et al

      Abstract: We propose metamaterials for THz frequencies based on multilayer graphene structures. We calculate the dielectric permittivity tensor of the effective nonlocal medium with a periodic stack of graphene layers and demonstrate that tuning from elliptic to hyperbolic dispersion can be achieved with an external gate voltage. We reveal that such graphene structures can demonstrate a giant Purcell effect that can be used for boosting the THz emission in semiconductor devices. Tunability of these structures can be enhanced further with an external magnetic field which leads to the unconventional hybridization of the TE and TM polarized waves.

      Keywords: boron-nitride; plasmons; transparency; hyperlens; photonics

      來源出版物:Physical Review B, 2013, 87(7)文獻(xiàn)號(hào):075416

      Effect of grain boundaries on thermal transport in graphene

      Serov, Andrey Y; Ong, Zhun-Yong; Pop, Eric

      Abstract: We investigate the influence of grain boundaries(GBs), line defects(LDs), and chirality on thermal transport in graphene using non-equilibrium Green's functions. At room temperature, the ballistic thermal conductance is similar to 4.2 GW m-2K-1, and single GBs or LDs yield transmission from 50% to 80% of this value. LDs with carbon atom octagon defects have lower thermal transmission than that of GBs with pentagon and heptagon defects. We apply our findings to study the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline graphene for practical applications, and find that the type and size of GBs play an important role when grain sizes are smaller than a few hundred nanometers.

      Keywords: molecular-dynamics; nanoribbon interconnects; resistivity; defect

      來源出版物:Applied Physics Letters, 2013, 102(3)文獻(xiàn)號(hào):033104聯(lián)系郵箱:Pop, E; epop@illinois.edu

      Production of a 100-m-long high-quality graphene transparent conductive film by roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition and transfer process

      Kobayashi, Toshiyuki; Bando, Masashi; Kimura, Nozomi; et al

      Abstract: A high-quality graphene transparent conductive film was fabricated by roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition(CVD)synthesis on a suspended copper foil and subsequent transfer. While the high temperature required for the CVD synthesis of high-quality graphene has prevented efficient roll-to-roll production thus far, we used selective Joule heating of the copper foil to achieve this. Low pressure thermal CVD synthesis and a direct roll-to-roll transfer process using photocurable epoxy resin allowed us to fabricate a 100-m-long graphene transparent conductive film with a sheet resistance as low as 150 Omega/sq, which is comparable to that of state-of-the-art CVD-grown graphene films.

      Keywords: monolayer graphene; copper; growth; Cu

      來源出版物:Applied Physics Letters, 2013, 102(2)文獻(xiàn)號(hào):023112聯(lián)系郵箱:Kobayashi, T; Toshiyuki.Kobayashi@jp.sony.com

      Graphene-based transparent strain sensor

      Bae, Sang-Hoon; Lee, Youngbin; Sharma, Bhupendra K; et al

      Abstract: Transparent strain sensors based on graphene were fabricated in a form of rosette on a flexible plastic or stretchable rubber substrate by using reactive ion etching and stamping techniques. Their piezoresistive properties were investigated under a tensile strain up to 7.1%. We demonstrated this sensor on a transparent glove and measured magnitudes and directions of the principal strains on the glove induced by the motion of fingers.

      Keywords: light-emitting-diodes; thin-films; carbon; mechanics

      來源出版物:Carbon, 2013, 51: 236-242聯(lián)系郵箱:Kim, JH; jaehkim@kimm.re.kr

      The effect of graphene dispersion on the mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites

      Tang, Long-Cheng; Wan, Yan-Jun; Yan, Dong; et al

      Abstract: The effect of dispersion state of graphene on mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites was investigated. The graphene sheets were exfoliated from graphite oxide(GO)via thermal reduction(thermally reduced GO, RGO). Different dispersions of RGO sheets were prepared with and without ball mill mixing. It was found that the composites with highly dispersed RGO showed higher glass transition temperature(T-g)and strength than those with poorly dispersed RGO, although no significant differences in both the tensile and flexural moduli are caused by the different dispersion levels. In particular, the T-g was increased by nearly 11 degrees C with the addition of 0.2 wt% well dispersed RGO to epoxy. As expected, the highly dispersed RGO also produced one or two orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than the corresponding poorly dispersed RGO. Furthermore, an improved quasi-static fracture toughness(K-IC)was measured in the case of good dispersion. The poorly and highly dispersed RGO at 0.2wt% loading resulted in about 24% and 52% improvement in K-IC of cured epoxy thermosets, respectively. RGO sheets were observed to bridge the micro-crack and debond/delaminate during fracture process due to the poor filler/matrix and filler/filler interface, which should be the key elements of the toughening effect.

      Keywords: carbon nanotubes; polymer nanocomposites; graphite oxide; electrical-conductivity; functionalized graphene; epoxy nanocomposites; fracture mechanisms; poly(vinyl alcohol); thermal-properties; sheets

      來源出版物:Carbon, 2013, 60: 16-27聯(lián)系郵箱:Tang, Long-Cheng; lctang@hznu.edu.cn

      An overview of the engineered graphene nanostructures and nanocomposites

      Zhu, Jiahua; Chen, Minjiao; He, Qingliang; et al

      Abstract: This critical reviewfocuses on the property analysis of graphene and graphene nanocomposites(GNCs)and their demonstrated superior performances in energy storage and conversion, electrochemical-and biosensing, environmental remediation and flame retardant application and atomic thickness membrane separation. The performances of graphene and GNCs are strongly dependent on their chemical component, synthetic method, nanoscale morphology, and assembling structure of the hybrids. The current progress in supercapacitor energy storage density, solar cell power conversion efficiency, thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency, electrochemical sensing capability, biosensor sensitivity, heavy metal adsorption capacity and efficiency, photocatalytic degradation rate of organic dye, flame retardant polymer nanocomposites, graphene and porous graphene membranes is discussed with detailed examples through extensive analysis of the literature.

      Keywords: intumescent flame-retardant; high-performance supercapacitors; sensitized solar-cells; step electrochemical synthesis;chemical-vapor-deposition; hydrogen-peroxide sensor; in-situ polymerization; one-pot synthesis; functionalized graphene; graphite oxide

      來源出版物:RSC Advances, 2013, 3(45): 22790-22824聯(lián)系郵箱:Guo, ZH; zhanhu.guo@lamar.edu

      Designing band gap of graphene by B and N dopant atoms

      Rani, Pooja; Jindal, V. K

      Abstract: Ab initio calculations have been performed to study the geometry and electronic structure of boron(B)and nitrogen(N)doped graphene sheets. The effect of doping has been investigated by varying the concentrations of dopants from 2%(one atom of the dopant in 50 host atoms)to 12%(six dopant atoms in 50 atoms host atoms)and also by considering different doping sites for the same concentration of substitutional doping. All of the calculations have been performed using VASP(Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package)based on density functional theory. By B and N doping, p-type and n-type doping are induced, respectively, in the graphene sheet. While the planar structure of the graphene sheet remains unaffected on doping, the electronic properties change from semi-metal to semiconductor with increasing number of dopants. It has been observed that isomers formed by choosing different doping sites differ significantly in the stability, bond length and band gap introduced. The band gap is found to be at a maximum when dopants are placed at same sublattice points of graphene due to the combined effect of symmetry breaking of sublattices and the band gap is closed when dopants are placed at adjacent positions(alternate sublattice positions). These interesting results provide the possibility of tuning the band gap of graphene as required and its application in electronic devices, such as replacements to Pt-based catalysts in Polymer Electrolytic Fuel Cells(PEFCs).

      來源出版物:RSC Advances, 2015, 3(3): 802-812聯(lián)系郵箱:Rani, P; jindal@pu.ac.in

      Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene

      Butler, Sheneve Z; Hollen, Shawna M; Cao, Linyou; et al

      Abstract: Graphene’s success has shown that it is possible to create stable, single and few-atom-thick layers of van der Waals materials,and also that these materials can exhibit fascinating and technologically useful properties. Here we review the state-of-the-art of 2D materials beyond graphene. Initially, we will outline the different chemical classes of 2D materials and discuss the various strategies to prepare single-layer, few-layer, and multilayer assembly materials in solution, on substrates, and on the wafer scale. Additionally, we present an experimental guide for identifying and characterizing single-layer-thick materials, as well as outlining emerging techniques that yield both local and global information. We describe the differences that occur in the electronic structure between the bulk and the single layer and discuss various methods of tuning their electronic properties by manipulating the surface. Finally, we highlight the properties and advantages of single-, few-, and many-layer 2D materials in field-effect transistors, spin- and valley-tronics, thermoelectrics, and topological insulators, among many other applications.

      Keywords: two-dimensional materials; graphene; nanosheets; graphane; van der Waals epitaxy; van der Waals solid

      來源出版物:ACS NANO, 2013, 7(4): 2898-2926聯(lián)系郵箱:Goldberger, JE; goldberger@chemistry.ohio-state.edu

      Graphene Nanoribbon and Nanostructured SnO2Composite Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

      Lin, Jian; Peng, Zhiwei; Xiang, Changsheng; et al

      Abstract: A composite made from graphene nanoribbons(GNRs)and tin oxide(SnO2)nanoparticles(NPs)is synthesized and used as the anode material for lithium ion batteries(LIBs). The conductive GNRs, prepared using sodium/potassium unzipping of multiwall carbon nanotubes, can boost the lithium storage performance of SnO2NPs. The composite, as an anode material for LIBs, exhibits reversible capacities of over 1520 and 1130 mAh/g for the first discharge and charge, respectively, which is more than the theoretical capacity of SnO2. The reversible capacity retains similar to 825 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g with a Coulombic efficiency of 98% after 50 cycles. Further, the composite shows good power performance with a reversible capacity of similar to 580 mAh/g at the current density of 2 A/g. The high capacity, good power performance and retention can be attributed to uniformly distributed SnO2NPs along the high-aspect-ratio GNRs. The GNRs act as conductive additives that buffer the volume changes of SnO2during cycling. This work provides a starting point for exploring the composites made from GNRs and other transition metal oxides for lithium storage applications.

      Keywords: graphene nanoribbons; GNRs; SnO2; lithium ion batteries; capacity

      來源出版物:ACS NANO, 2013, 7(7): 6001-6006

      (責(zé)任編輯衛(wèi)夏雯,王帥帥)

      Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films

      Novoselov, KS; Geim, AK; Morozov, SV; et al

      We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions,metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 1013per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of similar to10000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

      graphite; nanotubes; graphene; devices

      *摘編自《科技導(dǎo)報(bào)》2015年33卷5期26~33頁

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