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      單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)治療雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫的對(duì)比研究

      2017-03-03 05:31:10郁正亞
      中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)裝備 2017年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:腺葉大部結(jié)節(jié)性

      陳 笑 肖 暉 郁正亞

      單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)治療雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫的對(duì)比研究

      陳 笑①*肖 暉①郁正亞①

      目的:探討治療雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫的合理術(shù)式。方法:回顧性分析328例雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫患者資料,按照手術(shù)方式的不同,將其分為單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)甲狀腺腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組(85例)和雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組(243例)。比較單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及復(fù)發(fā)率;結(jié)果:術(shù)后隨訪1~48個(gè)月。單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組喉返神經(jīng)麻痹1例,暫時(shí)性甲狀旁腺功能減退2例,甲狀腺殘腔血腫1例。雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組喉返神經(jīng)麻痹2例,皮下血腫2例。單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組復(fù)發(fā)2例(占2.35%),雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組復(fù)發(fā)17例(占7.00%)。兩組均無臨床上需要再次手術(shù)的病例。結(jié)論:?jiǎn)蝹?cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)相比術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相似,而復(fù)發(fā)率低,且具有一側(cè)甲狀腺可反復(fù)手術(shù)而不會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的優(yōu)勢(shì),是一種值得推薦的術(shù)式。

      結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫;甲狀腺腺葉切除;甲狀腺大部切除;復(fù)發(fā)

      [First-author’s address]Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.

      結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫是最常見的內(nèi)分泌疾病之一。結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫增大到一定程度會(huì)產(chǎn)生壓迫癥狀,壓迫氣管和食道而引起呼吸困難和吞咽困難,甚至壓迫靜脈引起頭頸部的回流障礙[1]。結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫產(chǎn)生壓迫癥狀通常需要手術(shù)治療,其他的手術(shù)指征還包括腫瘤懷疑為惡性,合并甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn),胸骨后甲狀腺腫和影響美觀[2-3]。結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫最適合的手術(shù)方式目前仍存在爭(zhēng)議,殘留較多甲狀腺組織會(huì)增大結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫復(fù)發(fā)的概率,但擴(kuò)大手術(shù)切除范圍會(huì)增加術(shù)后甲狀腺功能減退以及各種手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生概率。本研究回顧性分析比較雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫患者行單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和復(fù)發(fā)率的差異,探討治療雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫的合理術(shù)式。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料

      回顧性分析2012年6月至2016年6月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院普外科收治的328例雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫患者資料。其中男性76例,女性252例,男女比例為1∶3.32;年齡19~80歲,平均年齡55.41 歲。按照手術(shù)方式的不同,將其分為單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)甲狀腺腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組(85例)和雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組(243例)。單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)甲狀腺腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組中男性23例,女性62例,男女比例為1∶2.26;年齡39~74歲,平均年齡56.73歲。雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組中男性53例,女性190例,男女比例為1∶3.49;年齡19~80歲,平均年齡55.41歲。所有患者均經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫。本研究不包括結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫繼發(fā)甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)和病理證實(shí)為惡變的病例。

      1.2 治療方法

      (1)單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組。行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù)手術(shù)中常規(guī)顯露喉返神經(jīng)、喉上神經(jīng)和甲狀旁腺,而行甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)不常規(guī)顯露以上結(jié)構(gòu)。術(shù)后常規(guī)放置負(fù)壓引流。所有手術(shù)均由同一手術(shù)醫(yī)師完成。術(shù)后患者均常規(guī)服用優(yōu)甲樂2年,控制促甲狀腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)0.4~1 uIU/ml(正常值為0.4~6 uIU/ml)。術(shù)后第1 d常規(guī)撿查甲狀旁腺素和鈣離子。甲狀旁腺素<12 pg/ml(正常值為12~65 pg/ml)即診斷為暫時(shí)性甲狀旁腺功能減退。血鈣離子<2.1 mmol/L(正常值為2.1~2.6 mmol/L)診斷為暫時(shí)性低鈣血癥。聲音嘶啞患者行纖維喉鏡檢查,確定有無聲帶麻痹。

      (2)雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)手術(shù)方法同上。

      1.3 觀察與評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)

      將結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)定義為殘余甲狀腺腺體需要再手術(shù),新出現(xiàn)結(jié)節(jié),或舊結(jié)節(jié)增大>5 mm。術(shù)后2周患者門診由手術(shù)醫(yī)生復(fù)查,此后每3個(gè)月門診復(fù)查1次。永久性甲狀旁腺功能減退定義為手術(shù)后6個(gè)月仍需口服鈣和維生素D[4]。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

      應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用x2檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)1≤理論值≤5且總例數(shù)≥40時(shí)應(yīng)用校正公式,當(dāng)理論值<1或總例數(shù)<40時(shí)應(yīng)用Fisher精確概率法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率比較

      單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組患者復(fù)發(fā)2例,復(fù)發(fā)率為2.35%;雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組復(fù)發(fā)17例,復(fù)發(fā)率為7.00%。兩組行甲狀腺切除術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Value=1.710,P>0.05)。兩組均無臨床上需要再次手術(shù)的病例。

      2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較

      術(shù)后喉返神經(jīng)麻痹、暫時(shí)性甲狀旁腺功能減退、永久性甲狀旁腺功能減退、甲狀腺殘腔血腫、皮下血腫兩組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。

      3 討論

      治療結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫選擇何種手術(shù)方式目前仍有爭(zhēng)論。臨床中傾向于將甲狀腺大部切除是因術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,但術(shù)后再手術(shù)率相對(duì)較高。近年來,隨著外科技術(shù)的提高和臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,臨床中趨向于行甲狀腺全切,因其復(fù)發(fā)率低[1,5-6]。但是,全甲狀腺切除其并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,且需要終生甲狀腺激素替代治療。甲狀腺單側(cè)腺葉切除,優(yōu)點(diǎn)是對(duì)側(cè)仍有甲狀腺組織保留,多數(shù)患者無需終生服藥或服藥量少,易于甲狀腺激素調(diào)整。由于術(shù)后保留了對(duì)側(cè)部分腺體,因此通常不會(huì)損傷對(duì)側(cè)的喉返神經(jīng)和甲狀旁腺。

      表1 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的比較[例(%)]

      甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)的復(fù)發(fā)率為0%~50%,取決于保留的甲狀腺組織的量。而甲狀腺全切術(shù)的復(fù)發(fā)率僅為0.3%[7-8]。本研究甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組的復(fù)發(fā)率為7%。Bauer等[9]回顧總結(jié)了420例結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫行單側(cè)腺葉切除+峽部切除的患者,復(fù)發(fā)率為2%。本研究單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組復(fù)發(fā)率為2.35%,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相近。

      有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,行單側(cè)甲狀腺切除,術(shù)后暫時(shí)性低鈣血癥發(fā)生率為0%~18%,聲音嘶啞發(fā)生率為1%~6%,血腫發(fā)生率為0%~1%,甲狀旁腺功能減退發(fā)生率少見[7,10-12]。而行雙側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除,術(shù)后暫時(shí)性低鈣血癥發(fā)生率為9%~35%,聲嘶發(fā)生率為1%~10%,血腫發(fā)生率為0%~3%,甲狀旁腺功能減退發(fā)生率為5%~30%[1,7,13-15]。本研究結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本相符。

      甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)多年來一直是結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法,以往通常實(shí)施雙甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)治療雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫以避免并發(fā)癥,但會(huì)殘留較多的甲狀腺背側(cè)腺體,導(dǎo)致復(fù)發(fā)率偏高。近年來,良性甲狀腺腫的外科治療有一種提高根治性的趨勢(shì),有外科醫(yī)生建議甲狀腺全切來治療結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫[7-8]。但甲狀腺全切的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥明顯高于其他手術(shù)方式。雖然有小部分患者避免了因?yàn)閺?fù)發(fā)而需要再次手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但所有患者均要面對(duì)較高的甲狀旁腺功能減退或喉返神經(jīng)麻痹的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而且,所有雙側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除的患者術(shù)后均需要激素替代治療來預(yù)防甲狀腺功能減退。服用甲狀腺素需要規(guī)律檢查和偶爾的藥量調(diào)整,藥物過量會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良反應(yīng),如房顫、骨質(zhì)疏松和骨質(zhì)減少[16]。由于可能對(duì)患者的生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,而且治療術(shù)后甲狀腺功能減退要增加費(fèi)用,應(yīng)避免甲狀腺激素替代治療。因此,甲狀腺全切術(shù)必須在嚴(yán)格評(píng)估適應(yīng)證的情況下方能實(shí)施。

      甲狀腺一葉全切+對(duì)側(cè)大部切除,又稱為Dunhill術(shù)式,是對(duì)根治性術(shù)式的妥協(xié),殘留腺體量為1~4 ml。甲狀腺單側(cè)腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)大部切除術(shù)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率基本等同于單側(cè)腺葉切除,并發(fā)癥較甲狀腺全切術(shù)明顯降低,而且避免了終生激素替代治療。有研究表明,結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫行單側(cè)腺葉切除的復(fù)發(fā)率為1.2%~26%,平均復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間為10~16年,但并不是所有復(fù)發(fā)有癥狀的患者,尤其是老年患者,均需手術(shù)治療,因此再手術(shù)率只有0.4%[14,17]。本研究將Dunhill手術(shù)略加改良,對(duì)于對(duì)側(cè)甲狀腺腫物不廣泛、腫物體積不大的患者,單純行腫物摘除,以保留盡可能多的甲狀腺組織,避免術(shù)后服用甲狀腺素或減少服藥劑量。由于甲狀腺再次手術(shù)與第一次手術(shù)相比具有更高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[18-19]。因此,該術(shù)式的另一重要好處是行甲狀腺腺葉切除的一側(cè)今后一般不會(huì)復(fù)發(fā),而另一側(cè)即使復(fù)發(fā),可反復(fù)手術(shù),即使發(fā)生損傷也只可能造成一側(cè)的喉返神經(jīng)或甲狀旁腺損傷,不會(huì)產(chǎn)生雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)損傷或永久性甲狀旁腺功能減退等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。本研究單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組相比較,術(shù)后喉返神經(jīng)麻痹、甲狀旁腺功能減退、血腫等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均相近,表明此術(shù)式與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)一樣,是一種較為安全的術(shù)式。單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù)組與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)組相比復(fù)發(fā)率降低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,考慮可能與隨訪時(shí)間較短有關(guān)。

      綜上所述,雙側(cè)結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫行單側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+對(duì)側(cè)腫物切除或大部切除術(shù),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)相近,而復(fù)發(fā)率較雙側(cè)甲狀腺大部切除術(shù)低,而且避免了術(shù)后終生服藥或減少了服藥劑量,尤其是保留有一側(cè)甲狀腺,具有可反復(fù)手術(shù)而不會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的優(yōu)勢(shì),是一種值得推薦臨床應(yīng)用的術(shù)式。

      [1]Olson SE,Starling J,Chen H.Symptomatic benign multinodular goiter:unilateral or bilateral thyroidectomy?[J].Surgery,2007,142(4):458-461.

      [2]Cooper DS,Doherty GM,Haugen BR,et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer[J].Thyroid,2009,19(11):1167-1214.

      [3]White ML,Doherty GM,Gauger PG.Evidencebased surgical management of substernal goiter[J]. World J Surg,2008,32(7):1285-1300.

      [4]Vassiliou I,Tympa A,Arkadopoulos N,et al. Total thyroidectomy as the single surgical option for benign and malignant thyroid disease:a surgical challenge[J].Arch Med Sci,2013,9(1):74-78.

      [5]Lang BH,Lo CY.Total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter in the elderly[J].Am J Surg,2005,190 (3):418-423.

      [6]Liu Q,Djuricin G,Prinz RA.Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease[J].Surgery,1998,123(1):2-7.

      [7]Moalem J,Suh I,Duh QY.Treatment and prevention of recurrence of multinodular goitre:an evidence-based review of the literature[J]. World J Surg,2008,32(7):1301-1312.

      [8]Agarwal G,Aggarwal V.Is total thyroidectomy the surgical procedure of choice for benign multinodular goiter? An evidence-based review[J].World J Surg,2008,32(7):1313-1324.

      [9]Bauer PS,Murray S,Clark N,et al.Unilateral thyroidectomy for the treatment of benign multinodular goiter[J].J Surg Res,2013,184(1):514-518.

      [10]Ho TW,Shaheen AA,Dixon E,et al.Utilization of thyroidectomy for benign disease in the United States:a 15-year population-based study[J].Am J Surg,2011,201(5):570-574.

      [11]Colak T,Akca T,Kanik A,et al.Total versus subtotal thyroidectomy for the management of benign multinodular goiter in an endemic region[J].ANZ J Surg,2004,74(11):974-978.

      [12]Friguglietti CU,Lin CS,Kulcsar MA.Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease[J]. La ryngoscope,2003,113(10):1820-1826.

      [13]Vasica G,O'Neill CJ,Sidhu SB,et al. Reoperative surgery for bilateral multinodular goitre in the era of total thyroidectomy[J].Br J Surg,2012,99(5):688-692.

      [14]Ozbas S,Kocak S,Aydintug S,et al.Comparison of the complications of subtotal,near total and total thyroidectomy in the surgical management of multinodular goitre[J].Endocr J,2005,52(2):199-205.

      [15]Youngwirth L,Benavidez J,Sippel R,et al. Parathyroid hormone deficiency after total thyroidectomy:incidence and time[J].J Surg Res,2010,163(1):69-71.

      [16]Stoll SJ,Pitt SC,Liu J,et al.Thyroid hormone replacement after thyroid lobectomy[J]. Surgery,2009,146(4):554-548.

      [17]Wadstr?m C,Zedenius J,Guinea A,et al.Multinodular goitre presenting as a clinical single nodule:How effective is hemithyroidectomy?[J]. Aust N Z J Surg,1999,69(1):34-36.

      [18]Delbridge L,Guinea AI,Reeve TS.Total thyroidectomy for bilateral benign multinodular goiter:effect of changing practice[J].Arch Surg,1999,134(12):1389-1393.

      [19]De Bellis A,Conzo G,Cennamo G,et al.Time course of Graves’ophthalmopathy after total thyroidectomy alone or followed by radioiodine therapy:a 2-year longitudinal study[J]. Endocrine,2012,41(2):320-326.

      Comparative study of the treatment of bilateral multinodular goiter between hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection and bilateral subtotal resection/

      CHEN Xiao, XIAO Hui, YU Zheng-ya//China Medical Equipment,2017,14(2):53-56.

      Objective:To discuss the appropriate thyroid operation for the treatment of bilateral multinodular goiter.Methods:328 bilateral multinodular goiter patients undergoing surgery in the department of general surgery of Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2012 to June 2016. were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 85 underwent hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection and 243 underwent bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy. The rate of postoperative complications and recurrence between hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection and bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy were compared.Results:The follow-up time was 1 month to 48 months after operations. In hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection group 1 patient developed recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, 2 patients had transient hypoparathyroidism and 1 patient had hematoma in the operative cavity. In bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy group, 2 patients developed recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and 2 patients had subcutaneous hematoma. The rate of recurrent disease was 2.35%(2 patients) in hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection group and 7%(17 patients) in bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy group. There was no patient in both groups needed reoperation.Conclusions:Hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection had similar complication rate compared with bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy, but it had a significantly lower risk of recurrence than bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy, Furthermore, the rest one lobe could be resected for many times which would not cause severe complications. Hemithyroidectomy combined with contralateral nodule resection or subtotal resection is worthed to be recommended.

      Multinodular goitergoiter; Subtotal thyroidectomy; Hemithyroidectomy; Recurrence

      1672-8270(2017)02-0053-04

      R736.1

      A

      10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2017.02.016

      2016-09-25

      ①首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院普外科 北京 100730

      *通訊作者:chenxiao_china@hotmail.com

      陳笑,男,(1969- ),博士,副主任醫(yī)師。首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院普外科,研究方向:甲狀腺乳腺疾病。

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