撫順市第二中學(xué) 王曉艷

清原高中 王永麗

高考英語試題對(duì)詞匯考查主要以實(shí)詞為主，其中對(duì)動(dòng)詞的考查是最多的，動(dòng)詞包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。這其中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要是用來表達(dá)說話者的觀點(diǎn)、看法或者意見；提出建議或者表明態(tài)度；表示禮貌或者客氣等。因此由于語言習(xí)慣的差異，我們對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的掌握和使用略顯吃力。下面我們就情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的總結(jié)和歸納。

常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有： will，shall，can，could，may，might，must，need，dare，ought to等。他們不能自己獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語，必須和系動(dòng)詞或者實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，并且放在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和其他助動(dòng)詞之前；沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化；都可以提到主語之前，構(gòu)成疑問句，也都可以在后面加上not，構(gòu)成否定結(jié)構(gòu)（ought not to特殊）。

一、表示“主觀猜測(cè)”情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法

在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示主觀猜測(cè)時(shí)，如果考生不了解其具體用法，就有可能造成理解的偏差和語法填空中形式上的錯(cuò)誤，所以有必要就一些易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納和總結(jié)。

常用來表示“主觀猜測(cè)”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：must，may（might），can（could）。 關(guān)于此部分內(nèi)容應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握以下三點(diǎn)：

1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“主觀猜測(cè)”時(shí)，must，may只用于肯定句式中，can只用于否定句式中。 如：

He must have a lot of money，for he spends money like water.

She may be in her bedroom but I am not sure.

Her father can't be talking with her，for he passed away several years ago.

Where can my teacher be?I can't find him anywhere in school.

2.猜測(cè)的時(shí)間和動(dòng)詞形式要保持一致，和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的形式?jīng)]有關(guān)系，may/might，can/could只表示猜測(cè)語氣，不表示猜測(cè)的時(shí)間。

（1）對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的猜測(cè)：must/may/can+ （狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞）原形/be動(dòng)詞或be doing形式。

只有表示“狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞原形”才可以用于此種表示主觀猜測(cè)的句式中。也就是說，如果動(dòng)詞是“行為動(dòng)詞”，和這三個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，此時(shí)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞句不再表示“主觀猜測(cè)”。

The house must belong to her.這房子肯定是他的。（狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表主觀猜測(cè)）

—Where is Father? 父親在哪？

—He may be in his study.可能在書房。（be動(dòng)詞，表主觀猜測(cè)）

Don't worry about the children.They must be playing football on the playground.不用擔(dān)心孩子們。他們肯定是在操場(chǎng)上踢球呢。（be doing形式，表主觀猜測(cè)）

The house must be repaired.這房子必須維修了。（表示命令）

（2）對(duì)完成動(dòng)作的猜測(cè)：must/may/can+have done.如：

Tom can't have left his office，for his car is still in the parking lot.湯姆不可能已經(jīng)下班了，他的車還在停車處。

You know the place so well.You must have been there many times.你對(duì)這地方這么了解，你肯定去過很多次。

You may have learned the news but I still want to tell you. 你可能已經(jīng)知道了這消息，但我還是想告訴你。

（3）對(duì)過去發(fā)生動(dòng)作的猜測(cè)：must/may/can+have done+過去時(shí)間狀語 （或通過上下文體現(xiàn)出過去時(shí)間）

Tom must have told you the news yesterday.湯姆肯定昨天告訴你這消息了。

They might have left when the news reached them.收到消息時(shí)，他們可能已經(jīng)離開。

3.反義疑問句的構(gòu)成

含有主觀猜測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞句子的反義疑問句的構(gòu)成，簡(jiǎn)單問句不用句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而是根據(jù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面動(dòng)詞的形式來完成。如：

The house must belong to her，doesn't it?其結(jié)構(gòu)和The house belongs to her，doesn't it?相同。

They may have left，haven't they？ 其結(jié)構(gòu)和They have already left，haven'they?相同。

Tom must have told you the news yesterday，didn't he?其結(jié)構(gòu)和Tom told you the news yesterday，didn't he?相同。

The children must be playing football on the playground，aren't they?其結(jié)構(gòu)和 The children are playing footballon the playground，aren't they?相同。

觀察上述句子，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，含有表示主觀猜測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤胺戳x疑問句”時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)單問句的結(jié)構(gòu)和把該句轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉遣聹y(cè)句式，即說明事實(shí)的句子的反義疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)相同。

二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于虛擬的情況

1.should have done/ought to have done;should not have done/ought not to have done表示“本該做……（實(shí)際上沒做）”。 如：

You should have told me the news earlier.你本應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)告訴我這消息。

You ought not to have told her the news.你本不應(yīng)該告訴她這消息。

2.could have done 表示 “本來能做……（而實(shí)際上沒做）”。 如：

You could have done the work better with less money.你本來可以花更少的錢把這項(xiàng)工作做得更好。

3.needn't have done表示 “本來沒有必要做……（而實(shí)際做了）”。 如：

You needn't have come here in person.你本來沒有必要親自來。

4.would rather that sb had/had not done sth....但愿某人做了或沒做過……

I would rather you had not told me the annoying news.但愿你沒告訴我這令人不安的消息。

三、和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的固定搭配

A.和can/could構(gòu)成的固定詞組

1.as....as one can=as...as possible表示“盡可能地……”如：

Don't worry.I will help you as much as I can.（as much as possible）不用擔(dān)心，我會(huì)盡力幫你。

相同含義的表達(dá)還有：do what one can/do everything one can/do all one can to do sth...

2.can+否定詞+too/enough表示“怎么都不為過……”

You can never be too careful when crossing the street.

You can never be careful enough when crossing the street.

穿越馬路時(shí)，怎么小心都不為過。

3.can't but do sth...表示“只能、只好做……”

Facing the desperate situation，I couldn't but give up.面對(duì)那絕望的情形，我只好放棄。

4.can't help doing表示“情不自禁做……”

Hearing the happy news，the little girl could not help jumping up with joy.聽到這好消息，女孩情不自禁地跳了起來。

B.和may/might構(gòu)成的固定詞組

1.may/might as well用來提出建議，含義為“不妨做……最好做……”

Since there's nothing more to do，we may as well go to bed.既然無事可做，我們不妨睡吧。

You may as well tell us now—we'll find out sooner or later.你最好現(xiàn)在告訴我們——早晚我們會(huì)查明真相的。

2.may/might well用來表示“預(yù)測(cè)”，含義為“可能……”

She may well not want to travel alone.也許她不喜歡獨(dú)自旅游。

3.may as well do sth.as do sth else.與其做……還不如……

You may as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.與其把錢借給他，還不如把錢扔入大海。

C.其他詞組

1.would rather do...寧愿做……

I'd rather have a quiet night in front of the TV.我想看電視靜靜地度過一個(gè)安靜的夜晚。

2.would do...rather than do...寧愿做……也不愿做……

I would die rather than live in dishonor.我寧愿死也不愿茍活于世。

3.would/should like/love/prefer to do想做……

What would you like to do this evening?今晚你想干什么？

4.had better do...最好做……

You had better tell us the truth.你最好告訴我們事情的真相。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞具體含義和用法，大家都比較熟悉，這里就不一一闡述。在高考閱讀理解試題中，對(duì)于作者的態(tài)度提問：What is the author's attitude towards？以及對(duì)描寫語氣相關(guān)的提問：What is tone of the author when he describes...?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞關(guān)于我們作出正確選擇就有很大的參考價(jià)值。比如說：如果閱讀文章中大量出現(xiàn)了likely，perhaps，may，might，can，could，那么作者的語氣就應(yīng)該是 very cautious相當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎的。