呂秋菊,蒲強(qiáng)紅(1.樂(lè)山市人民醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,四川樂(lè)山 614000;2.樂(lè)山市人民醫(yī)院藥學(xué)部,四川樂(lè)山614000)
大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用評(píng)估
呂秋菊1*,蒲強(qiáng)紅2#(1.樂(lè)山市人民醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,四川樂(lè)山 614000;2.樂(lè)山市人民醫(yī)院藥學(xué)部,四川樂(lè)山614000)
目的:評(píng)估大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物紅霉素、克拉霉素與阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用,為臨床合理用藥提供參考。方法:檢索PubMed、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬(wàn)方等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中關(guān)于紅霉素、克拉霉素與阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用的臨床試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn),并搜集其藥品說(shuō)明書(shū),采用美國(guó)食品與藥物管理局(FDA)推薦的藥物相互作用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果:臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)有20種藥物與紅霉素存在藥物相互作用可能性,有強(qiáng)、中度和弱相互作用的分別為3、6、11種;22種藥物與克拉霉素存在藥物相互作用可能性,有強(qiáng)、中度或弱相互作用的分別為2、11、9種;5種藥物與阿齊霉素存在藥物相互作用可能性,且全部為弱相互作用。以咪達(dá)唑侖為CYP3A4底物評(píng)估三者介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度,發(fā)現(xiàn)克拉霉素、紅霉素和阿奇霉素分別引起強(qiáng)、中度和弱相互作用。結(jié)論:紅霉素和克拉霉素發(fā)生藥物相互作用的可能性較阿奇霉素大,可能原因是紅霉素和克拉霉素對(duì)CYP3A4抑制強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)大于阿奇霉素。
藥物相互作用;CYP3A4;紅霉素;克拉霉素;阿齊霉素
大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)(Macrolides)是一類(lèi)具有14、15、16元大環(huán)內(nèi)酯環(huán)基本結(jié)構(gòu)與相似抗菌譜的抗菌藥物。大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物常用于治療大多數(shù)革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌、部分革蘭氏陰性菌(如奈瑟菌、軍團(tuán)菌、嗜血桿菌等)及非典型病原體感染。臨床上大多數(shù)藥物相互作用是由藥物代謝酶或藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體介導(dǎo)[1-4]。大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物為主要的藥物代謝酶CYP3A4與藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-GP)抑制劑,且不同大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)藥物對(duì)上述藥物代謝酶和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的抑制強(qiáng)度有所差別,故不同大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)藥物介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用是否亦有差別尚不清楚。因此,本研究采用檢索臨床文獻(xiàn)方法來(lái)評(píng)估常用大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物紅霉素(Erythromycin)、克拉霉素(Clarithromycin)與阿奇霉素(Azithromycin)介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用,為臨床合理用藥提供參考。
1.1 資料來(lái)源
考察紅霉素、克拉霉素與阿奇霉素所介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用的曲線下面積比值(AUCR=AUC有抑制劑/AUC無(wú)抑制劑)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):紅霉素、克拉霉素與阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用的臨床研究,且有AUCR報(bào)告。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):紅霉素、克拉霉素與阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用的非臨床研究,或者無(wú)AUCR報(bào)告的臨床研究。所有數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于PubMed、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬(wàn)方等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)及美國(guó)食品與藥物管理局(FDA)網(wǎng)站。
1.2 方法
在CNKI、萬(wàn)方等國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)采用“紅霉素”“克拉霉素”“阿奇霉素”與“曲線下面積”“AUC”等檢索詞檢索藥物相互作用有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。在PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)則采用“Erythromycin”“Clarithromycin”“Azithromycin”與“AUC”“area under curve”“Area under curves”“Area under the concentration-time curve”“Area under the plasma concentration-time curve”“Area under the serum concentration time curves”等檢索詞檢索文獻(xiàn)。在FDA網(wǎng)站(www. FDA.org)檢索紅霉素、克拉霉素與阿奇霉素的藥品說(shuō)明書(shū)。檢索時(shí)間限定為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)到2016年6月10日。首先排除非臨床試驗(yàn)與無(wú)法提供AUC的文獻(xiàn),保留臨床試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn)。然后逐一閱讀文獻(xiàn)與藥品說(shuō)明書(shū),提取劑量、底物、AUCR等數(shù)據(jù)。如有相同底物被同一抑制劑的藥物相互作用被多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,則估算AUCR平均值納入最終分析。藥物相互作用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度評(píng)估采用美國(guó)FDA推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——弱相互作用:1.25≤AUCR<2.0;中度相互作用:2.0≤AUCR<5.0;強(qiáng)相互作用:AUCR≥5.0。
2.1 紅霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用
紅霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用見(jiàn)表1。如表1所示,臨床試驗(yàn)共測(cè)試紅霉素與35種藥物的相互作用,其中利多卡因又分口服和靜脈兩種給藥途徑,共計(jì)有36個(gè)藥物相互作用結(jié)果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與紅霉素可能有強(qiáng)相互作用的3種藥物為雙氫麥角隱亭、辛伐他汀和丁螺環(huán)酮;有中度相互作用的6種藥物為依維莫司、咪達(dá)唑侖、烏利司他、西地那非、利多卡因(口服)和非洛地平;有弱相互作用的11種藥物為沙奎那韋、佐匹克隆、希美加群、羅氟司特、非索非那定、伏立康唑、氯雷他定、阿托伐他汀、雌二醇、洛沙坦和喹硫平。從藥物類(lèi)別來(lái)看,紅霉素與羥甲基戊二酰輔酶A(HMG-CoA)還原酶抑制劑或H1受體拮抗藥的相互作用研究較多,分別有4種藥物。
表1 紅霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用
2.2 克拉霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用
克拉霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用見(jiàn)表2。如表2所示,臨床試驗(yàn)共測(cè)試克拉霉素與36種藥物的相互作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與克拉霉素可能有強(qiáng)相互作用的2種藥物為辛伐他汀和咪達(dá)唑侖;有中度相互作用的11種藥物為秋水仙堿、他克莫司、西布曲明、卡麥角林、氯胺酮、阿托伐他汀、孟魯司特、西地那非、奧美拉唑、普伐他汀和羥考酮;有弱相互作用的9種藥物:曲唑酮、利福布丁、利奈唑胺、埃索美拉唑、蘭索拉唑、地高辛、達(dá)比加群、茚地那韋和安貝生坦。從藥物類(lèi)別來(lái)看,克拉霉素與質(zhì)子泵抑制劑、抗HIV藥或HMG-CoA還原酶抑制劑的相互作用研究較多,分別有6、4、3種藥物。
表2 克拉霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用
2.3 阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用
阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用見(jiàn)表3。如表3所示,臨床試驗(yàn)共測(cè)試阿奇霉素與22種藥物的相互作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與阿奇霉素可能有弱相互作用的5種藥物為非索非那定、希美加群、秋水仙堿、伊維菌素和咪達(dá)唑侖;無(wú)強(qiáng)或中度相互作用的藥物。從藥物類(lèi)別來(lái)看,阿奇霉素霉素與H1受體阻滯藥或抗HIV藥的相互作用研究較多,分別有4、3種藥物。
2.4 3種藥物介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用類(lèi)別比較
3種藥物介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用類(lèi)別比較見(jiàn)表4。如表4所示,紅霉素與克拉霉素引起的藥物相互作用遠(yuǎn)多于阿奇霉素,分別為20、22、5個(gè)。藥物相互作用中,阿奇霉素僅有弱相互作用的臨床報(bào)道,而紅霉素和克拉霉素3種強(qiáng)度的相互作用均有報(bào)道。選用咪達(dá)唑侖(Midazolam)為CYP3A4底物來(lái)分析三者引起的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度,克拉霉素、紅霉素與阿奇霉素分別引起強(qiáng)、中度、弱相互作用(AUCR分別為6.50、3.81、1.26),見(jiàn)圖1A。由此可見(jiàn),克拉霉素為CYP3A4的強(qiáng)抑制劑,紅霉素為CYP3A4的中度抑制劑,而阿奇霉素為CYP3A4的弱抑制劑。選用地高辛或非索非那定為P-GP底物來(lái)分析三者引起的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度,克拉霉素、紅霉素與阿奇霉素都導(dǎo)致弱相互作用(AUCR分別為1.70、1.61、1.67),表明三者對(duì)P-GP的抑制強(qiáng)度可能類(lèi)似,見(jiàn)圖1B。
表3 阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用
表4 3種藥物介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用類(lèi)別比較
圖1 紅霉素、克拉霉素和阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度比較
本研究結(jié)果表明,紅霉素和克拉霉素發(fā)生藥物相互作用的可能性與強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)大于阿奇霉素。可能原因是三者對(duì)藥物主要代謝酶CYP3A4活性而非藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體PGP活性的抑制強(qiáng)度不同造成的。以咪達(dá)唑侖為CYP3A4底物評(píng)估三者介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度,發(fā)現(xiàn)克拉霉素、紅霉素和阿奇霉素分別引起強(qiáng)、中度和弱相互作用,因此克拉霉素、紅霉素和阿奇霉素分別是CYP3A4的強(qiáng)抑制劑、中度抑制劑和弱抑制劑[9,43-44]。而以地高辛或非索非那定為P-GP底物評(píng)估三者介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度,發(fā)現(xiàn)克拉霉素、紅霉素和阿奇霉素都引起弱相互作用,因此3種藥物對(duì)P-GP的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)活性抑制程度可能相當(dāng)[19,61,76]。
從藥物類(lèi)別來(lái)看,研究者主要關(guān)注3種大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物與HMG-CoA還原酶抑制劑、質(zhì)子泵抑制劑、H1受體拮抗藥和抗HIV藥的藥物相互作用。以HMG-CoA還原酶抑制劑為例,紅霉素、克拉霉素和阿奇霉素介導(dǎo)的藥物相互作用強(qiáng)度還是有所區(qū)別。以CYP3A4底物阿托伐他汀為例,克拉霉素、紅霉素和阿奇霉素分別介導(dǎo)的阿托伐他汀的AUCR為2.54、1.33和0.98,表明三者分別引起中度、弱和無(wú)相互作用[22,42,49-50]。上述差異可能是由于克拉霉素、紅霉素和阿奇霉素對(duì)CYP3A4活性抑制程度不同造成的。此外,同一大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物對(duì)不同HMG-CoA還原酶抑制劑的藥物相互作用可能性亦有區(qū)別。紅霉素介導(dǎo)的辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、西立伐他汀(已退市)和瑞舒伐他汀的AUCR分別為6.20、1.33、1.21、1.20,因此紅霉素僅與辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀存在強(qiáng)與弱藥物相互作用可能性[6,22,26,28,42,50]。同樣,克拉霉素介導(dǎo)的辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀和普伐他汀的AUCR分別為9.85、2.54、2.10,故克拉霉素與辛伐他汀存在強(qiáng)相互作用可能性,而與阿托伐他汀與普伐他汀存在中度相互作用可能性[42,82]。造成上述藥物相互作用差異的主要原因是不同HMG-CoA還原酶抑制劑經(jīng)CYP3A4的代謝程度有差異。辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀主要經(jīng)CYP3A4代謝,而普伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀則少量經(jīng)CYP3A4代謝。故紅霉素和克拉霉素與辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀有明顯的藥物相互作用可能性。因此,對(duì)于伴有胃十二指腸潰瘍的高膽固醇血癥患者,如選用含克拉霉素的幽門(mén)螺桿菌根治方案,則降膽固醇藥應(yīng)盡量避免使用辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀。
綜上所述,紅霉素和克拉霉素與其他藥物發(fā)生相互作用的可能性與強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)大于阿奇霉素,可能原因是是紅霉素和克拉霉素對(duì)CYP3A4抑制強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)大于阿奇霉素。其次,阿奇霉素是大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物中發(fā)生藥物相互作用較少的品種。
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(編輯:晏 妮)
R969.3
A
1001-0408(2017)05-0715-06
2016-06-19
2016-07-20)
*主治醫(yī)師,碩士。研究方向:內(nèi)分泌與代謝病學(xué)。電話:0833-2119335。E-mail:22641201@qq.com
#通信作者:主管藥師,副教授,博士。研究方向:臨床藥學(xué)。電話:0833-2119382。E-mail:243937683@qq.com
DOI10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2017.05.38