吳元培

（接上期）

（三）推理判斷題

1.題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式

在高考閱讀理解試題中，對推理判斷題的考查每年占閱讀理解試題的30%～40%。推理判斷題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，對原文沒有提及的情況進(jìn)行推理想象，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息進(jìn)一步推出的答案，即對原文某句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫或綜合，領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意，推出符合作者意愿、合理的結(jié)論。此類題型的題干設(shè)問方式有：

（1） It can be inferred /concluded /implied from the passage that________.

（2） The author implied that...

（3） The author intends to________.

（4） Which statement is （not） true？

（5） From the text we know that________.

（6） What is the authors attitude towards…？

（7） What is the authors opinion of

________？

（8） What will the author talk about in the next passage？

（9） The passage is most likely to be taken from________.

2.解題思路與策略

考生做題時一定要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會作者的“弦外之音”。

（1）考生在閱讀時，要抓住文章的主題和細(xì)節(jié)，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。在進(jìn)行推理時，考生一定要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，看透文章的表面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索。推理的依據(jù)來自于上下文，切忌脫離原文而僅憑個人的看法，主觀臆斷，切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。

（2）對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機(jī)、事件的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等要進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推理，抓住材料中實(shí)質(zhì)性的東西。

（3）在解答推理性問題時，應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問題是針對某個細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。推理要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，全面分析，切忌片面思考。

下面結(jié)合高考試題，對推理判斷題的不同類型加以解讀。

①隱含含義推斷題。

此題型要求考生理清語篇關(guān)系，透過文章表面文字信息推測文章隱含意思，可根據(jù)文章提供的時間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等信息或者借助生活常識進(jìn)行推理，推斷出作者沒有提到的或者沒有明說的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。首先運(yùn)用尋讀，迅速在閱讀材料中找到相關(guān)的信息點(diǎn)，確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍；然后通過研讀，由表及里，由淺入深地分析文章的字面意思，領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意和文章的真正含義；同時推斷應(yīng)以文中提供的信息為依據(jù)，結(jié)合語境和作者態(tài)度，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。

【典例1】Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder. （2016年全國卷I，B篇）

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph？

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children. D. Get to know themselves better.

解析：A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)本段中“Moving is not for everyone…but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.”可推測出，作者建議祖父母是否搬去與子孫住在一起還要考慮到自己的利益。

【典例2】People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. （2016年全國卷II，C篇）

31. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it？

A. Meet other readers to discuss it.

B. Keep it safe in his bookcase.

C. Pass it on to another reader.

D. Mail it back to its owner.

解析：C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)本段最后一句“Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.”可知，Bruce Pederson說讓書在家里積上灰塵是一種自私的行為，網(wǎng)站BookCrossing.com鼓勵人們與別人分享圖書，所以拿到書的人最可能繼續(xù)把書傳遞下去。

②因果推斷題。

此類題型要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因?？忌獪?zhǔn)確掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。

【典例】“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”

“Oh， sure.”

“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”

“Nobody. I do it.”

“Really—at night， when youre asleep？”

“Sure.”

“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”（2016年全國卷II，B篇）

28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams？

A. To help them to see their creativity.

B. To find out about their sleeping habits.

C. To help them to improve their memory. D. To find out about their ways of thinking.

解析：A。 推理判斷題。根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容，特別是根據(jù)“Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”與“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”可知，作者鼓勵學(xué)生們在白天的課堂上把夢的內(nèi)容做出來。由此可推測作者這樣做的目的是讓學(xué)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的創(chuàng)造性。

③觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷題。

作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度是指作者對陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨?？忌谕ㄗx全文的基礎(chǔ)上，掌握文章主旨和主要事實(shí)，以了解作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者的觀點(diǎn)一般與文章主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)，考生可根據(jù)已知的信息，進(jìn)行由此及彼，由表及里的推斷，以理解作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。作者的思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。在推斷過程中應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，根據(jù)作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度，包括描寫環(huán)境氣氛，表達(dá)感情、態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)和心理的形容詞、副詞、動詞以及所舉的例子，從而推斷出作者的弦外之音，確定作者的態(tài)度，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的思想觀點(diǎn)，要把作者的態(tài)度與作者引用別人的態(tài)度區(qū)分開。

表示觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞有：positive肯定的，積極的；negative否定的，消極的；neutral中立的；critical批評的；praiseful贊揚(yáng)的；approval贊成；disapproval不贊成；objective客觀的；subjective主觀的；indifferent漠不關(guān)心的；reserved保留意見的；optimistic樂觀的；pessimistic悲觀的；favorable贊成的；ironic諷刺的；doubtful懷疑的；sympathetic同情的。

【典例】The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy （自主性） and the development of adult identity. However， now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence， during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. （2016年北京卷，D篇）

67. Whats the authors attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students？

A. Sympathetic B. Disapproving

C. Supportive D. Neutral

解析：B。觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)本段中“The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy （自主性） and the development of adult identity. However...”可推測出，作者不贊成父母繼續(xù)指導(dǎo)上大學(xué)的孩子，故此題選擇B項(xiàng)。

④寫作目的意圖推斷題。

不同的文章可能有不同的寫作目的，寫作目的通常有以下三種：娛樂讀者，讓人發(fā)笑；說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)；告知讀者某些信息?？忌ㄟ^閱讀整篇文章，透過字里行間的意思，體會作者的寫作意圖和所要表達(dá)的思想感情；同時應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注主題句，把握文章的體裁也可以推斷出作者的寫作目的或意圖。

記敘文特點(diǎn)：此類文章有時是單純地講述某個有意義或者令人深刻的經(jīng)歷來啟迪作者，但更多的時候會在首段或者末段呈現(xiàn)出高度概括性的語言，且有一定的哲理性，所有敘事都是圍繞該哲理展開。

廣告類應(yīng)用文特點(diǎn)：內(nèi)容是對某件物品或者某一項(xiàng)目做的詳細(xì)介紹，文中明顯存在著支持的語言。

說明文的特點(diǎn)：涉及內(nèi)容廣泛，有時候說明一種新技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，有時介紹一種文化，有時討論一項(xiàng)研究的發(fā)展或成果。這類文章的寫作目的有賴于對文章主題的把握，閱讀時找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句或?qū)ξ恼轮黝}加以很好地歸納。

議論文結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：提出觀點(diǎn)→論證→得出結(jié)論（提出解決問題的方法），閱讀這類文章要特別注意后一部分，因?yàn)樽髡叩囊鈭D和觀點(diǎn)往往隱含其中。

【典例1】In the coming months， her website page helped lots of kids： Christopher， who received a new basketball； Charlie， who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April， she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change. （2016年北京卷，B篇）

62. What does the story intend to tell us？

A. Little people can make a big difference. B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

C. East or west， home is best.

D. Technology is power.

解析：A。寫作意圖題。根據(jù)本段中的“Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April， she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.”可知，Natalie助人的行為得到了社會的認(rèn)可與贊揚(yáng)，由此可推測出小人物也可大有作為。

【典例2】Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now， the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. （2016年全國卷II，C篇）

29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph？

A. To explain what they are.

B. To introduce BookCrossing.

C. To stress the importance of reading.

D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.

解析：B。目的意圖題。作者在文章第一段中提出讀書也是一種社交活動，那些參加讀書小組的人經(jīng)常在一起討論所讀內(nèi)容，增加相互之間的理解。接下來文章在第一段最后一句中提出“the website BookCrossing.com”由此可推測出作者提出讀書小組的目的是介紹BookCrossing.com這個網(wǎng)站。

⑤文章出處判斷題。

做此類試題時要根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)或文中出現(xiàn)的某些信息詞（如research， blog， reader， news， click等）來判斷文章是關(guān)于新聞、廣告、產(chǎn)品說明、科學(xué)研究、調(diào)查報告、娛樂或者是生活常識等，從而判斷其出處。常用的文體有：a news report； an advertisement； a geography book； a website； a booklet等。如：記敘文考生要緊扣文章人物本身的言語以及行為來分析每句話、每件事分別說明什么；同時要抓住作者字里行間表達(dá)的感情、態(tài)度等形容詞；議論文要結(jié)合上下文中的論點(diǎn)與例證之間的承接關(guān)系。

【典例】When I grew up and entered the business world， I remember hearing my first boss say， “We all need to think like sales-people.” But it didnt completely make sense. My dad never once said， “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was， “You need to think like a fish.” Years later， with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me， I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.（2015年廣東卷，B篇）

35. This passage most likely comes from _________.

A. a fishing guide

B. a popular sales book

C. a novel on childhood

D. a millionaires biography

解析：B。文章出處題。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容，特別是本段最后一句“It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.”可推測出，本文可能來自一本關(guān)于銷售的暢銷書。

（四）猜測詞義題

1.題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式

此題型旨在考查考生通過語境理解生詞的能力。由于猜測詞義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等，因此聯(lián)系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。這就要求考生能根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推斷出生詞的詞義，特別要注意熟詞生義，而且所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不是停留在字面上，這就要求考生能根據(jù)上下文語境來判斷，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。此類題型的題干設(shè)問方式有：

（1） The word “...”in the first paragraph probably means ________.

（2） The underlined word/ phrase “...”in the article probably means ________.

（3） The underlined word “it/ them” in paragraph… refers to________.

（4） The word “...”in line ... could best be replaced by ________.

（5） The underlined word is closest in meaning to________.

（6） By saying “...” the author means to say that...

2.解題思路與策略

要做好猜測詞義題，首先要熟練掌握考綱中規(guī)定的3，500個詞匯與一定數(shù)量的短語，這是最起碼的要求。其次，掌握必要的做題方法與技巧也是必備的。閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關(guān)系，不過猜測詞義題中所考單詞的詞義通常超出考綱。因此，考生首先要利用上下文語境以及各種已知信息來推測、判斷某個生詞的詞義，尤其是本句話以及前后兩句話，給生詞假設(shè)意思，看是否讀的通；也可以通過語法、下定義、同位、對比、因果等線索確定詞義；也可以通過構(gòu)詞法知識分析生詞詞義，還可以聯(lián)想，即回想已知詞匯中是否存在拼寫方法與該生詞類似的詞；還可以通過常識以及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)等來猜測詞義。猜測詞義的能力可以運(yùn)用下列幾種方法來加強(qiáng)。

①根據(jù)上下文語境與句意來推測生詞詞義。

猜測任何詞義都離不開上下文的語境，所以可借助上下文語境與線索對需要猜測的詞或短語進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測。解題時，考生可以利用上下文線索，利用已知信息，來猜測某個生詞或短語在文章中的詞義。

【典例】Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare， “But Im just not creative.” （2016年全國卷II，B篇）

27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？

A. Mistake B. Drawback

C. Difficulty D. Burden

解析：B。猜測詞義題。根據(jù)“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可知，我冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的學(xué)生的危險，這說明我的這種教育方法也有不足之處。故可猜測本題選drawback意為“缺點(diǎn)”。

②根據(jù)釋義猜測詞義。

在有些文章中，某些生詞的詞義在下文中得到解釋或說明。這些解釋有時以下定義、定語從句、同義詞、同位語形式出現(xiàn)；有時用破折號、括號、冒號、引號等符號表示同義關(guān)系或解釋；有時用be， mean， refer to等指示性詞或詞組來進(jìn)一步解釋說明某一詞或短語，即生詞和這些指示詞后面部分的含義一樣；有時通過下文所舉的例子或說明猜測詞義；還有時用for example， for instance， such as， like， that is， or， that is to say， in other words， like等插入語進(jìn)一步解釋說明前面某一詞、句，或某一現(xiàn)象，通過所舉的例子，便可理解生詞的含義。

【典例1】Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies， one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. （2015年江蘇卷，D篇）

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Countries where their people need help. B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

解析：D。猜測詞義題?！皁ne very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”意為“一個非常有權(quán)力的人統(tǒng)治無助的群眾”是對“tyrannies”作解析，由此可猜測出tyrannies意為“暴政”。

【典例2】However， at the back of the minds of many people， especially those who missed the “good old days”， efficiency comes with a price. When communication becomes efficient， people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or to see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets， such as mobile phones and ipads， people often do not take the effect to visit one another personally. A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the persons presence for as long as the visit lasts. We cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn the other person off. （2014年江西卷，D篇）

71. The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to _________.

A. tools B. messages

C. barriers D. skills

解析：A。猜測詞義題?！皊uch as mobile phones and ipads”是插入語，對其前的名詞“gadgets”作解釋說明；再根據(jù)常識可知，手機(jī)和ipads都是通訊工具，因此可猜測“gadgets”意為“工具”。

③根據(jù)對比、轉(zhuǎn)折或因果等邏輯關(guān)系猜測詞義。

通過意思相反或?qū)?yīng)的兩個句子或兩部分來判斷其中某一部分的意思。這時只要考生知道其中一部分的含義，就可以了解另一部分的意思。兩部分之間常用but， yet， instead， instead of， however， while， whereas， or （否則）， otherwise， though， although， on the contrary， on the other hand， unlike， rather than， for one thing， for another等來表示轉(zhuǎn)折，根據(jù)這樣的標(biāo)志詞可以準(zhǔn)確解釋詞義；分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。此外，有時文章借助表示因果關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，如because， now that， as， since， for， so， thus， therefore， as a result， of course等來確定前后句之間的因果關(guān)系。在這種關(guān)系中如果知道了原因，結(jié)果也就不難知道了；反之，如果知道了結(jié)果，原因也就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。

【典例】Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and dont want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate， then group training is an even better option for you. Its a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision （監(jiān)管） of a fitness instructor. If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored， you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track. Dont let fitness frighten you！ （2015年福建卷，E篇）

73. The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”.

A. cheerful B. average

C. serious D. temporary

解析：A。猜測詞義題?！癐f youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored， ...”這是由if引導(dǎo)的條件句，前后句意思相反，從句句意是：如果你厭倦在健身房里四處閑逛，浪費(fèi)時間，變得無聊；upbeat的意思應(yīng)與“厭倦，變得無聊”意思相反，由此可猜測出upbeat意為“高興的”。

④利用常識以及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)來猜測詞義。

有時考生應(yīng)具備一定的基本知識或常識，作出合理的推測與判斷。

【典例】I am Peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips — of those， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干細(xì)胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor （捐獻(xiàn)者） to the time they can be implanted in the patient， weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. （2016年全國卷I，C篇）

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1？

A provider B delivery man

C collector D medical doctor

解析：B。猜測詞義題。根據(jù)本段中的“Ive done 89 trips”與“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干細(xì)胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.”的內(nèi)容以及常識，可猜測作者是運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞的人。

⑤根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來猜測詞義。

英語中的主要構(gòu)詞法主要有合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法三種。這就要求學(xué)生要對英語詞匯中包含的前綴、后綴和詞根的含義或功能作深入地了解，就能準(zhǔn)確地猜測出它們相互組合形成的整體詞義。同時考生也要掌握一些常見的合成詞，有些單詞是由兩個或多個單詞組合起來的復(fù)合詞，考生可通過對組成復(fù)合詞的單個單詞意義的理解，從而猜測出復(fù)合詞的詞義。

【典例】This is opposed to the “early bird” schedule， and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students， for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday. （2014年四川卷，D篇）

45. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “classified”？

A. Criticised. B. Grouped.

C. Organised. D. Named.

解析：B。猜測詞義題。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，后綴“-fy”意為“使成為，使……化”，class意為“等級，種類”；由此可猜測出classify意為“把……分類/分等”。

⑥指代性試題。

指代題作為詞義題的一種，也是常見題型之一。代詞指代一般在性（陰性或陽性）、數(shù)（單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）、格（主格或賓格）、邏輯、意義、位置等方面與之接近的名詞。就位置而言，代詞所指代的名詞通常在本句或其上句之中；就數(shù)而言，單數(shù)代詞指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例如：it 指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，表示特指，也可指代一個句子；they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞主格；them指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞賓格；one指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞等。除了位置、性、數(shù)和格等方面的要求外，邏輯和意義也是衡量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也就是說，正確的答案應(yīng)該從意義（主要指語法搭配）上和邏輯（主要指思想內(nèi)容）上都是通順的。

【典例】Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place， hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. （2016年全國卷II，C篇）

30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2refer to？

A. The book.

B. An adventure.

C. A public place.

D. The identification number.

解析：A。代詞指代題。根據(jù)本句中的“... hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”可知，那些留下書的人希望自己的書能隨著找到它的人走得更遠(yuǎn)，由此可猜測出it指代前半句提到的同一事物the book。