陶文華
省略是為了避免重復(fù),突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。它能使表達(dá)更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。高考英語(yǔ)試題的很多考點(diǎn)都涉及省略,如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、連詞、從句、情景理解、比較結(jié)構(gòu)等知識(shí)點(diǎn)都有可能與省略交叉考查。 [名詞所有格后的省略]
1. 如果名詞所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現(xiàn),則可以省略。
These are Johns books and those are Marys (books).
這些是約翰的書,那些是瑪麗的書。
2. 名詞所有格后修飾的名詞如果是指商店、住宅等地點(diǎn)時(shí),這些名詞也常常省略。
at the doctors 在診所
at Mr. Greens 在格林先生家
to my uncles 到我叔叔家
at the barbers 在理發(fā)店
[冠詞的省略]
1. 為了避免重復(fù),通常省略冠詞。
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.
電閃雷鳴。(thunder前省略了定冠詞the)
2. 在副詞的最高級(jí)前面的定冠詞常可以省略。
She sings best in the class.
她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
3. 在某些獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,常省略冠詞。
Our teacher came in, book in hand.
=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞提前時(shí),不定冠詞要省略。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
雖然他還是一個(gè)孩子,卻懂得很多。
[介詞的省略]
1. both后常跟of短語(yǔ),其后可以接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,也可以接代詞賓格復(fù)數(shù)形式。接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),介詞of可以省略,但接代詞賓格時(shí),of不能省略。
Both (of) the films were interesting.
這兩部電影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party.
她邀請(qǐng)我們倆去參加她的生日派對(duì)。
2. 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)和重復(fù)的句型中,一段時(shí)間前的介詞for可以省略。
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
這雙鞋穿破了,已經(jīng)穿了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。
3. 和一些動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)中的介詞,如consider ... (as) ..., prevent/stop ... (from) doing ..., have trouble/difficulty ... (in) doing ..., spend... (in/on) doing ... 等中的介詞可以省略。
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.
樹能阻止土壤被沖走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?
你能阻止他下河洗澡嗎?
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.
回答這個(gè)問題我有點(diǎn)困難。
4. 有些動(dòng)詞如believe,find,think,feel,consider,imagine,prove等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)to be+n./adj.中的to be可以省略。
I consider him (to be) lazy.
我認(rèn)為他懶。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.
他母親發(fā)覺他是一個(gè)很聰明的孩子。
5. 感官動(dòng)詞see,hear,feel,watch,notice等以及使役動(dòng)詞let,make,have后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式,其中的不定式符號(hào)to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),to必須保留。
They made the boy go to bed early.
他們強(qiáng)迫這個(gè)男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early.
這個(gè)男孩被迫早睡。
注意 help后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式中的to,可以省略也可保留。
6. 在can not but,can not choose but,can not help but之后的動(dòng)詞不定式一般不帶to;but之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某個(gè)形式(do,does,did,done)時(shí),也不帶to,否則要帶to。
We have nothing to do now but wait.
我們現(xiàn)在除了等沒有別的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage.
我不能不欽佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受這個(gè)事實(shí)他別無(wú)選擇。
[簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略]
1. 感嘆句中常省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。
What a hot day (it is)!
多熱的天啊!
How wonderful!
多妙啊!
2. 在一些口語(yǔ)中可以省略某些句子成分。
—(Will you) Have a smoke?
你抽煙嗎?
—No. Thanks.
不,謝謝。
(Is there) Anything else to say?
還有別的要說(shuō)嗎?
[并列句中的省略]
1. 并列句的兩個(gè)句子如果主語(yǔ)不同,而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的一部分相同,則省略謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中相同的那部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
約翰一定在踢球,而瑪麗一定在做作業(yè)。
2. 并列句的兩個(gè)句子如果主語(yǔ)相同,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也相同,則二者都可以省略。
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建議使約翰高興,卻使瑪麗很生氣。
3. 主語(yǔ)相同,而謂語(yǔ)不同,則可以省略主語(yǔ)。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麥克唐納戒了一陣子煙,可很快又抽上了。
4. 在并列復(fù)合句中,如果that從句從屬于第二個(gè)并列句,且它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)和其他成分與第一個(gè)并列句相同時(shí),這個(gè)that從句通常可以省略這些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John wont (sing at the party).
杰克將在晚會(huì)上唱歌,但我知道約翰不會(huì)在晚會(huì)上唱歌。
[復(fù)合句中的省略]
1. 名詞性從句中的省略
(1)作賓語(yǔ)的what從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相同時(shí),則what從句可以省略謂語(yǔ),甚至主語(yǔ)。
Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行車,但我不知道是誰(shuí)。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
他走了,但沒人知道他去哪兒了。
(2)有時(shí)候也可以根據(jù)說(shuō)話的情景來(lái)省略主句中的一些成分。
(Im) Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long.
對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
(3)在某些表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的助動(dòng)詞should可以省略。
Its important that we (should) speak to the old politely.
我們對(duì)老人說(shuō)話要有禮貌,這很重要。
2. 狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
(1)在某些狀語(yǔ)從句中,從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致,或?yàn)閕t,且謂語(yǔ)含be動(dòng)詞,可省去“主語(yǔ)+be”部分,連詞有時(shí)也可省略。
All the photographs in this book, unless (they are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.
If asked to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
如果有人要求你為他照看行李,請(qǐng)馬上報(bào)警。
(2)連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略。
The bridge couldnt have been built perfectly if not carefully designed.
如果沒有經(jīng)過(guò)精心設(shè)計(jì),這座橋不可能建得完美。
(3)主句與從句各有一些成分省略。
The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
越快越好。
3. 定語(yǔ)從句中的省略
①在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that,which, who (whom)??梢允÷?。
The man (who/whom) I saw is called Smith.
我看見的那個(gè)男人叫史密斯。
[應(yīng)用]
(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) 假定你是李華,暑假想去一家外貿(mào)公司兼職,已寫好申請(qǐng)書和個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷(resume)。給外教Mr. Jenkins寫信,請(qǐng)她幫你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。
范文
Dear Mr. Jenkins,
Im Li Hua from your English writing class last term. Im writing to ask for your help.
Im applying for a part-time job at a foreign company in my city during the summer vacation, and I have just completed my application letter and resume. However, I am not quite sure of the language and the format (which/that) Ive used (在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that,which,who/whom??梢允÷裕? I know you have a very busy schedule, but Id be very grateful if you could take some time to go through them and make necessary changes.
Please find my application letter and resume in the attachment.
Thank you for your kindness!
Yours,
Li Hua