鄭曉俊+胡志強(qiáng)+欒淑偉+李冉+李赟+李建良+李玉潔+朱曉新
[摘要]舒郁抑斑方(SYYB)對伴有慢性心理應(yīng)激的冠心病患者有較好的治療作用。為觀察SYYB對慢性心理應(yīng)激促發(fā)大鼠動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(athero-sclerosis,As)早期病變形成及其炎癥反應(yīng)的影響,采用高脂餌食+維生素D3(VD3)腹腔注射建立大鼠As早期病變模型(As),在此基礎(chǔ)上采用不可預(yù)知慢性應(yīng)激刺激法(As+CUMS),觀察慢性心理應(yīng)激是否加重大鼠病變及SYYB(6.6,13.2,26.4 mg·kg-1)的干預(yù)作用。采用懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)和新奇實(shí)驗(yàn)法觀察大鼠行為學(xué)改變,檢測血清應(yīng)激激素促腎上腺素(adrenocortico-tropic hormone,ACTH)、皮質(zhì)醇(cortisol,Cor)、去甲腎上腺素(noradrenaline,NE)的含量,稱量胸腺、腎上腺的質(zhì)量,綜合評價(jià)SYYB對模型大鼠心理應(yīng)激的影響。取主動(dòng)脈弓HE染色觀察血管組織病理改變,測定血清甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C),評價(jià)SYYB對大鼠As病變的影響。檢測血清高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hsCRP)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6),評價(jià)SYYB對As大鼠炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與空白組相比,As組TC,TG含量增高,HDL-C明顯降低,HE染色可見主動(dòng)脈壁增厚。As+CUMS組TC,TG含量顯著增高,HDL-C明顯降低,HE染色可見主動(dòng)脈弓內(nèi)膜增厚,泡沫細(xì)胞形成,行為學(xué)評價(jià)及血清應(yīng)激激素檢測結(jié)果顯示動(dòng)物存在慢性應(yīng)激反應(yīng),該實(shí)驗(yàn)As+CUMS模型復(fù)制成功。SYYB可降低血清中TC,TG含量,減輕主動(dòng)脈泡沫細(xì)胞、鈣化灶及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,對血清中ACTH和Cor,NE有明顯的降低作用,同時(shí)有效降低了血清中動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的炎性標(biāo)志物hs-CRP,IL-1和IL-6。提示SYYB對心理應(yīng)激促發(fā)As大鼠的保護(hù)作用,其作用與改善神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌網(wǎng)絡(luò)平衡及調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 舒郁抑斑方; 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化; 心理應(yīng)激; 炎癥
[Abstract] Shuyu Yiban decoction(SYYB) has significant effect in treating the patients with coronary heart disease combined with chronic psychological stress. In this study, in order to observe the effects of SYYB on early formation of atherosclerosis(As) and inflammation response induced by chronic psychological stress, high-fat diet+intraperitoneal injections of Vitamin D3 were given to establish As early lesion models, and based on these models, chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) was used to observe whether the chronic psychological stress could increase coronary atherosclerotic lesions investigate the intervention effect of SYYB(6.6, 13.2, 26.4 mg·kg-1). The tail suspension test and novelty-feeding test were adopted to detectadrenocortico-tropic hormone(ACTH), cortisol(Cor) andnoradrenaline(NE) in serum and weigh thymus and adrenal gland, in order to assess the effects of SYYB on CUMS model rats. The pathological changes of vascular tissues in aortic arch were observed by using hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining, and then the levels of triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC) and high density lipoprotein(HDL-C) in serum were determined to assess effects of SYYB on As lesions. The effects of SYYB on the inflammatory response in As rats were assessed by detecting high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in serum. The results showed that as compared with the blank control group, TC and TG levels in As group were increased while HDL-C was markedly decreased; furthermore, the aortic wall was thickened in HE staining.Meanwhile, foam cells were formed, and the behavioral assessment and serum stress hormone test showed that there was a chronic stress response, indicating successful establishment of As+CUMS models in this study. The experiment demonstrated that SYYB could lower the levels of serum TC and TG, reduce foam cells, calcification and inflammatory cells infiltration. Moreover, SYYB could obviously lower levels of ACTH, Cor and NE and the As related inflammatory indicatorhs-CRP, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum.These results indicated that SYYB had protective effect on chronic psychological stress induced in As rats, and the mechanism was associated with balancing the neuroendocrine-immune network system and regulating inflammation response.
[Key words] Shuyu Yiban decoction; atherosclerosis; psychological stress; inflammation
隨著我國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的變革和人們生活方式的變化,心血管病,特別是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,As)性心血管病發(fā)病率和死亡率持續(xù)增長,已經(jīng)成為我國重要的公共衛(wèi)生問題。近年來的大規(guī)模流行病學(xué)研究不斷證實(shí),心理因素可影響As斑塊形成,有報(bào)道約40%的冠心病與心理應(yīng)激密切相關(guān),特別是高脂人群和久坐人群[1],可以直接誘發(fā)心絞痛、心肌梗死急性發(fā)作及使預(yù)后惡化。有報(bào)道,長期慢性心理應(yīng)激人群自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂,頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中膜厚度明顯增高,且在遭受急性應(yīng)激后心率、竇性心律及射血前期恢復(fù)緩慢,表明慢性應(yīng)激促進(jìn)As形成,增加心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。心理應(yīng)激已發(fā)展成為促進(jìn)As的發(fā)展、觸發(fā)臨床心血管事件的關(guān)鍵危險(xiǎn)因素之一[1,3-4]。通過調(diào)整生活方式、改善心理狀態(tài)、適當(dāng)服用藥物等方法減少As的形成發(fā)展[5]已成為心血管病預(yù)防領(lǐng)域新的趨勢和共識(shí)。
中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,心理應(yīng)激當(dāng)屬“郁證”、“肝燥”、“百合病”、“瞀悶”等范疇,為情志不舒,氣機(jī)不暢,始發(fā)于肝,出現(xiàn)情緒低落或情緒不穩(wěn)的證候群。治療多以疏肝解郁、安神開竅、調(diào)和肝脾、豁痰理氣、補(bǔ)益心脾、活血化瘀為法。舒郁抑斑方(SYYB)來源于國家級名老中醫(yī)李濟(jì)春先生臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)方,以疏肝、活血、解毒為法,主要由柴胡、川芎、丹參、穿心蓮等藥味組成,可明顯減輕As心腦血管疾病患者臨床癥狀,同時(shí)改善患者心理狀態(tài),其作用機(jī)制亟需深入研究。該文在建立慢性心理應(yīng)激促發(fā)的As模型基礎(chǔ)上,觀察SYYB對As病變形成、進(jìn)展過程及其炎癥反應(yīng)的影響,并從神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌紊亂角度探討SYYB作用機(jī)制。
1 材料
1.1 動(dòng)物
雄性Wistar大鼠,體重180~200 g,由北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司提供,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào)SCXK(京)2012-0001;每籠5只,自由攝食、飲水,飼養(yǎng)室溫度為20~25 ℃,相對濕度40%~70%。
1.2 藥品與試劑
維生素D3注射液(上海通用藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批號(hào) 20130910)。舒郁抑斑方(SYYB):采用水提醇沉法制備,濃縮至生藥4 g·mL-1,高壓滅菌保存,由中國中醫(yī)科學(xué)院中藥研究所提供,批號(hào)20140930;阿托伐他丁鈣片(美國輝瑞公司,批號(hào)029012K);鹽酸帕羅西汀片(中美天津史克有限公司,批號(hào)H10950043);大鼠高脂飼料(SPF級,北京科澳協(xié)力飼料有限公司,批號(hào)20141024)。
2 方法
2.1 造模
用高脂飼料(3%膽固醇,10%豬油,0.2%丙基硫氧嘧啶、0.5%膽酸鈉,5%白糖)飼養(yǎng)大鼠,適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,單次以30 mg·kg-1的劑量腹腔注射維生素D3(vitamin D3,VD3)。在高脂造模4周后,采用不可預(yù)知的慢性應(yīng)激模型[6-7](chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)通過心理應(yīng)激刺激加重As損傷。CUMS主要的方法是施以28 d長期應(yīng)激刺激,刺激類型包括:夾尾(2 min)、禁水(24 h)、潮濕墊料(將200 mL水加入有鋸末的籠底,24 h)、晝夜顛倒(24 h)、水平震蕩(15 min),每天隨機(jī)給予1種刺激,共進(jìn)行28 d,制備慢性心理應(yīng)激下的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化早期病變模型。
2.2 動(dòng)物分組及處理情況
將高脂+VD3建立的As模型大鼠隨機(jī)分成As模型組(As)、As模型+應(yīng)激刺激組(As+CUMS)、SYYB分為低劑量組(6.6 mg·kg-1)、中劑量組(13.2 mg·kg-1)、高劑量組(26.4 mg·kg-1)、陽性藥組(AT+PL,各 2 mg·kg-1),每組10只,各組喂食高脂飼料滿8周。另取10只Wistar大鼠作為空白組(Control),并給予8周普通飼料。喂食高脂飼料4周后除空白組和As模型組外,其他各組大鼠給予不間斷28 d不可預(yù)知的慢性應(yīng)激。造模結(jié)束后開始灌胃給藥,除空白組大鼠喂食8周普通飼料外,其他組大鼠持續(xù)喂食8周高脂飼料。
2.3 檢測指標(biāo)
8周后,采用懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn),記錄大鼠倒置體位不動(dòng)時(shí)間,每只大鼠觀察5 min[8-9]。采用新奇實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,將大鼠在禁食36 h后,放入一個(gè)新的未接觸過的新環(huán)境中,測試并記錄動(dòng)物自放入籠中至首次攝食的時(shí)間[10-11]。取血,放免方法檢測應(yīng)激激素促腎上腺素(ACTH)、皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)的含量,用ELISA方法檢測去甲腎上腺素(NE)含量,取出胸腺和雙側(cè)腎上腺,稱量質(zhì)量,計(jì)算胸腺指數(shù)、腎上腺指數(shù),胸腺指數(shù)(腎上腺指數(shù))=胸腺質(zhì)量(腎上腺質(zhì)量)/大鼠體重,綜合反映動(dòng)物的慢性心理應(yīng)激的程度。
取血檢測總膽固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量,采用全自動(dòng)生化檢測儀進(jìn)行檢測,并計(jì)算動(dòng)脈硬化指數(shù)(AI)。ELISA法檢測高敏c反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)及白介素-1(IL-1β),白介素-6(IL-6)。主動(dòng)脈弓取材,蘇木素-伊紅(HE)染色處理后,觀察其病理變化。
2.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示。運(yùn)用SPSS 16.0軟件,采用方差分析(ANOVA)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理,2組間比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05作為差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的界限。
3 結(jié)果
3.1 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的影響
3.1.1 對As+CUMS大鼠行為學(xué)的影響 與As組相比,As+CUMS組大鼠攝食時(shí)間明顯延長(P<0.01),懸尾靜止時(shí)間有延長趨勢。與As+CUMS組相比,SYYB低、中、高劑量組大鼠攝食時(shí)間均顯著縮短(P<0.05),見圖1。
3.1.2 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠血清應(yīng)激激素ACTH,Cor,NE含量的影響 與As組相比,血清中ACTH,Cor的含量顯著升高(P<0.05),NE的含量無明顯變化。與As+CUMS組相比,SYYB低、中、高劑量組血清中ACTH,Cor,NE的含量有不同程度的改善作用,其中高劑量組作用顯著(P<0.05或P<0.01),見圖2。
3.1.3 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠臟器指數(shù)影響 與As組相比,As+CUMS組大鼠的腎上腺指數(shù)顯著升高(P<0.05),胸腺指數(shù)無明顯變化。與As+CUMS組相比,SYYB低、中、高劑量組大鼠的腎上腺指數(shù)顯著降低(P<0.05),見圖3。
3.2 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠As病變的影響
3.2.1 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠血脂變化的影響 與As組相比,As+CUMS組大鼠血清中TC,TG的含量明顯升高(P<0.01),HDL-C的含量明顯降低(P<0.05)。與As+CUMS組相比,SYYB低、中、高劑量組及陽性藥組大鼠血清中TC,TG的含量明顯降低(P<0.05),HDL-C的含量有升高趨勢。與As+CUMS組相比,SYYB低、中、高劑量組及陽性藥組大鼠的動(dòng)脈硬化指數(shù)(AI)明顯降低(P<0.05),見圖4。表明SYYB可改善脂質(zhì)代謝,對As形成有一定的作用。
3.2.2 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠血管病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變的影響 空白組動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜表面光滑完整,無炎性細(xì)胞浸潤及鈣化灶。As模型組主動(dòng)脈增厚,可見脂紋。As+CUMS組血管內(nèi)膜增厚,粗糙,管壁鈣化明顯,可見脂紋、水腫及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤。SYYB低劑量與As+CUMS組無明顯變化,但中劑量組、高劑量組的內(nèi)膜完整,斑塊形成程度與As+CUMS組比有明顯減輕,炎性細(xì)胞較少,見圖5。
3.2.3 SYYB對As+CUMS大鼠血清炎癥因子的影響 與As組相比,As+CUMS組大鼠的血清中hsCRP,IL-1β和IL-6含量明顯升高(均P<0.01);與As+CUMS組相比,SYYB低、中、高劑量組大鼠的血清中IL-1β和IL-6的含量顯著下降(P<0.05),hsCRP含量有降低趨勢,差別無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖6。表明SYYB可以有效降低血清中As相關(guān)的炎性標(biāo)志物,從而影響斑塊穩(wěn)定性。
4 討論
現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)由過去單純生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式向生物-心理-社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)模式轉(zhuǎn)變,世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)對“健康”的認(rèn)識(shí)不僅僅是停留在沒有疾病,而是身體-心理-社會(huì)適應(yīng)的一種良好的狀態(tài)[12-13]。與之相應(yīng),我國明代的中醫(yī)古籍《景岳全書》中既已明確提出了“因病而郁”和“因郁而病”理論。近年來隨著生活水平的不斷提高以及社會(huì)競爭的日益激烈,心理因素促發(fā)的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康,有心理應(yīng)激傾向人群罹患心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)性增加2~4倍[14],心理應(yīng)激成為冠心病發(fā)生的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素[15-16]。
作者的前期研究顯示中藥SYYB既可改善冠心病癥狀又可效緩解患者緊張情緒。本課題在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化經(jīng)典模型的基礎(chǔ)上給予不可預(yù)知的慢性應(yīng)激(CUMS),從干預(yù)心理應(yīng)激角度探索SYYB干預(yù)As的作用機(jī)制。
CUMS模型的建立經(jīng)歷了多種慢性低強(qiáng)度刺激,更能表現(xiàn)心理應(yīng)激的病理生理狀態(tài)。CUMS主要的方法是接收28 d長期應(yīng)激刺激,刺激包括夾尾、禁水、潮濕墊料、晝夜顛倒、水平震蕩,每天隨機(jī)給予1種刺激,讓動(dòng)物沒有任何心里準(zhǔn)備。CUMS模型可使抑郁狀態(tài)保持較長時(shí)間,具有高度有效性,更加接近現(xiàn)實(shí)。對于CUMS模型評價(jià)該文采用懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)和新奇實(shí)驗(yàn)及血清應(yīng)激激素變化。實(shí)驗(yàn)造模過程中,動(dòng)物在接受28 d長期應(yīng)激刺激同時(shí),施以高脂餌食及VD3注射,多因素誘發(fā)As斑塊形成。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,模型組TC,TG含量顯著增高,HDL-C明顯降低,HE染色可見主動(dòng)脈弓內(nèi)膜明顯增厚,泡沫細(xì)胞聚集,炎癥細(xì)胞的浸潤,并可見明顯的鈣化灶,同時(shí)懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)和新奇實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果及血清應(yīng)激激素水平表明,模型大鼠存在明顯慢性心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),本實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蛷?fù)制成功。
心理應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)、加重的As機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,其發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與機(jī)體的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌-免疫系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)紊亂有關(guān)[17-20]。心理應(yīng)激使神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)較為敏感,藍(lán)斑-去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元/交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)軸(locus ceruleus-nore pineph-rine/sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis,LC/NE)和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system,HPA) 功能持續(xù)亢進(jìn),從而增加了促腎上腺素、皮質(zhì)醇、去甲腎上腺素的合成與分泌,且神經(jīng)或淋巴細(xì)胞衍生的細(xì)胞因子顯著增加,在應(yīng)激損傷中發(fā)揮重要作用,導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重神經(jīng)精神癥狀,并可以反饋機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)HPA軸以及靶器官。同時(shí),交感神經(jīng)節(jié)后纖維釋放的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)能夠在軟組織中彌散,與軸突附近的巨噬細(xì)胞等細(xì)胞腎上腺素能受體相互作用,也可介導(dǎo)交感神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)的細(xì)胞因子水平和炎癥反應(yīng)[21-23]。
SYYB對模型組血清中促腎上腺素和皮質(zhì)醇、NE有明顯的降低作用,同時(shí)有效降低血清中動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的炎性標(biāo)志物hs-CRP,IL-1β,IL-6升高,表明SYYB可能通過影響神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌-免疫系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)減輕心理應(yīng)激大鼠As進(jìn)程及其炎癥反應(yīng)。
本課題在建立大鼠CUMS刺激促發(fā)As模型基礎(chǔ)上,初步證實(shí)SYYB改善心理應(yīng)激促發(fā)As病變的作用與影響神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān),相關(guān)機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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[責(zé)任編輯 張寧寧]