何江偉,哈木拉提·吐送,王玉杰,王文光
腎透明細胞癌患者血清miR-214的表達及臨床意義
何江偉,哈木拉提·吐送,王玉杰,王文光
目的 探討血清miR-214在腎透明細胞癌患者中的表達及在診斷、治療及預(yù)后判斷方面的臨床意義。方法 選擇我院確診的腎透明細胞癌30例(腎癌組),選取同期在我院體檢健康的30例(對照組)。對照組隨機檢測血清miR-214水平,腎癌組于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1個月檢測血清miR-214變化,比較組間的表達差異及其與臨床參數(shù)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 腎癌組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周與對照組血清miRNA-214相對表達量比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后1周與術(shù)后1個月之間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1個月與對照組之間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.318,P=0.383)。利用受試者工作特征曲線做鑒別檢驗,獲得曲線下面積(AUC)=0.858[95%CI(0.756,0.960),P<0.05],根據(jù)Youden指數(shù)找出最佳診斷點為2.91,敏感度為80.0%,特異度為90.0%。結(jié)論 血清miR-214與腎透明細胞癌有明顯相關(guān)性,可作為該病的潛在生物標(biāo)記物。
微小RNAs;腎透明細胞癌;腫瘤標(biāo)記,生物學(xué)
2012年全球新發(fā)癌癥病例超過1410萬,死亡人數(shù)超過820萬,其中男性腎癌患者超過20萬[1],死亡率大于50%[2]。腎細胞癌是常見的腎臟惡性腫瘤,來源于腎小管上皮,其中腎透明細胞癌約占腎細胞癌的75%~80%,是腎細胞癌最常見的亞型。由于腎腫瘤早期常無任何臨床癥狀,故早期診斷較困難。影像學(xué)檢查等方法在早期診斷方面靈敏度不高,限制了其在早期診斷中的應(yīng)用。隨著人們對健康的需求及生活水平的提高,臨床迫切需要一種用于早期診斷、治療和判斷預(yù)后的方法。大量研究證明miRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),可作為一種潛在的生物標(biāo)志物。Mitchell等[3]研究報道,血清特異性miRNAs來源于腫瘤組織,與其表達水平一致。多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214參與了腫瘤細胞的分化、生存和凋亡[4-6]。本文探討miR-214在腎透明細胞癌患者手術(shù)前后及健康志愿者血清中的表達差異,旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)其與腎透明細胞癌的關(guān)系,為進一步的研究及臨床應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 材料 選擇我院2013年7月—2016年4月確診的腎透明細胞癌30例(腎癌組),其中男、女各15例;年齡(53±12)歲,分別于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1個月采集血液樣本。選擇同期在我院體檢健康的30例(對照組),其中男14例,女16例;年齡(54±10)歲,隨機采集血液樣本。兩組均清晨空腹采集靜脈血3~5 ml,放置2 h,待血液充分凝固后,在溫度4℃、轉(zhuǎn)速3000 r/min的情況下離心10 min,收集上清液,保存于-80℃冰箱中備用。本研究經(jīng)過我院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),所有研究對象均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 試劑及儀器 β-巰基乙醇、無水乙醇等常規(guī)試劑、分光光度計Nanodrop ND-1000(Thermo)、普通多聚酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(PCR)儀、Real-time PCR儀(ABI 7500)、離心機、-80℃超低溫冰箱、制冰機等均由我院實驗室提供。mirVanaTMPARISTM試劑盒(Ambion)、revertAid First strand cDNA synthesis kit(Thermo)、Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix(2X)(Thermo)、相關(guān)引物(由life公司合成)等均由我院提供。
1.3 方法 嚴(yán)格按照mirVanaTMPARISTMKit說明書提取血清中總RNA,完成后用分光光度計Nanodrop ND-1000檢測,若A260/A280在1.9~2.1之間,則符合要求。根據(jù)revertAid First strand cDNA synthesis kit說明書進行反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)。根據(jù)Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mis說明書進行實時熒光定量PCR。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理。對表示倍數(shù)關(guān)系的數(shù)據(jù)進行正態(tài)方差分析和方差齊性檢驗,對不服從正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù),多樣本比較采用非參數(shù) Kruskkal-Wallis H秩和檢驗,組間比較采用 Wilcoxon 秩和檢驗。以α=0.05為檢驗水準(zhǔn)。
腎癌組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1個月血清miR-214相對表達量中位數(shù)(四分位間距)分別為6.321(4.867,7.911)、4.959(2.884,9.567)、1.214(0.685,3.171),對照組血清miR-214相對表達量為1.045(0.444,1.451)。
腎癌組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周與對照組血清miR-214相對表達量比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后1周與術(shù)后1個月之間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1個月與對照組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.318,P=0.383),見圖1。
圖1 腎透明細胞癌組與健康對照組血清miR-214相對表達量的比較
按照性別、平均年齡、腫瘤直徑及Fruhman分級[7]對腎癌組血清miR-214表達量進行比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。根據(jù)腎癌組血清miR-214表達量的差異,利用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線做鑒別檢驗,獲得曲線下面積(AUC)=0.858[95%CI(0.756,0.960),P<0.05],根據(jù)Youden指數(shù)得出最佳診斷點為2.91,敏感度為80.0%,特異度為90.0%,見圖2。
表1 腎透明細胞癌患者一般資料與血清miR-214表達水平的關(guān)系
圖2 腎透明細胞癌患者的受試者工作特征曲線
腎透明細胞癌多為局限性癌,臨床對于局限性腎細胞癌首選外科手術(shù)治療,5年生存率可達80%~90%,若出現(xiàn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)發(fā),5年生存率則低于10%[4]。目前腎透明細胞癌對放化療缺乏敏感性,在腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)發(fā)后,醫(yī)生常感到非常棘手。近年來靶向藥物治療給發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移及復(fù)發(fā)的腎透明細胞癌患者帶來了希望,如西羅莫司靶蛋白 (mammalian targeting of rapamycin, mTOR)激酶抑制劑西羅莫司和依維莫司、多靶點酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI)索拉非尼、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)單克隆抗體阿伐他汀,通過抑制腫瘤細胞的生長和血管的生成達到控制腫瘤的目的,但臨床實際效果欠佳,且費用昂貴。由此可見,早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療對腎癌患者的預(yù)后非常關(guān)鍵。
細胞周期的改變常被認為是腫瘤發(fā)生的主要原因[5]。miRNA是由22~24個堿基對組成的小片段非編碼單鏈RNA,具有高度保守性,參與細胞的分化、生長、增殖及凋亡等過程。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)組織中miRNA的差異表達與腫瘤密切相關(guān),miRNA可發(fā)揮癌基因或抑癌基因的作用[6]。Mitchell等[3]研究表明血漿及血清中miRNA來源于腫瘤細胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-141可作為前列腺癌新的潛在生物標(biāo)志物,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA對于內(nèi)源性RNA酶具有高度穩(wěn)定性,在室溫長期放置或反復(fù)冷凍解凍的情況下仍能保持穩(wěn)定。Tsujiura等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA在原發(fā)癌的組織與血漿中表達水平具有一致性?;趍iRNA的特點促使其成為腫瘤領(lǐng)域的研究熱點,有可能成為潛在的無創(chuàng)檢測且穩(wěn)定的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。
miRNA常表現(xiàn)為組織特異性,多項研究證實了循環(huán)miRNA作為相對無創(chuàng)的腫瘤標(biāo)記物的價值,如miR-195、let7a可作為乳腺癌的潛在分子標(biāo)記物[9],miR-210可作為胰腺癌的潛在分子標(biāo)記物[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214在腎透明細胞癌患者的血清中表達升高,在切除腫瘤組織后表達逐漸下降,術(shù)后1個月與對照組之間已無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,可見血清總miR-214有一部分來源于腎透明細胞癌組織,在腫瘤切除后,來源于腫瘤組織的miR-214經(jīng)代謝消除,使其表達水平逐漸降至正常。腎癌組術(shù)前及術(shù)后血清miR-214表達變化說明其與腎腫瘤組織密切相關(guān)。目前對于miRNA的代謝機制及周期仍未完全明確。本研究表明miR-214的表達量在術(shù)后1周雖降低,但與術(shù)前無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,說明其代謝周期較長。相信隨著相關(guān)機制的深入研究,臨床可明確特異性miRNA監(jiān)測腫瘤或疾病狀態(tài)的時間原則。
隨著研究的進展,發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNAs在不同腫瘤亞型及疾病狀態(tài)中存在差異,如Roth等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-10b、miR-34a和miR-155在轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者中明顯升高,可用于評估腫瘤進展;Asaga等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-21在乳腺癌進展的較早期明顯升高,可用于腫瘤的分期。因此,循環(huán)miRNA有廣泛的臨床應(yīng)用前景,可用于對有腫瘤高危因素患者的篩查、術(shù)后隨訪及評價放化療等輔助治療的效果評估。
相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214與細胞的分化、生存、凋亡等具有明顯的相關(guān)性,在人類不同腫瘤組織中的表達有顯著性差異[13-15]。Yang等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214通過靶向PTEN致其蛋白產(chǎn)物及AKt路徑活性降低,進而介導(dǎo)卵巢癌細胞系的存活及對順鉑的抵抗。通過搜索PicTar和miRBase發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN的3′-UTR (nucleotides 3257-3264, NM_000314)與has-miR-214的序列相匹配。Xu等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214靶向于p53。Bartels等[6]證實HeLa細胞系凋亡水平的降低與miR-214被抑制有關(guān)。Xiong等[17]研究表明miR-214可在胃癌患者中表達,同時驗證了其靶向目標(biāo)是PTEN。由此可知,miR-214通過作用于不同靶向位點,起到癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同靶向位點間有密切聯(lián)系[18],且miRNA具有組織特異性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-214的表達與腎透明細胞癌間有相關(guān)性,但其作用機制是否與PTEN有關(guān),尚需進一步驗證。本研究分析了血清miR-214在區(qū)分腎透明細胞癌患者和健康人群的價值,根據(jù)其表達的差異,利用ROC曲線,計算其AUC=0.858,敏感度為80.0%,特異度為90.0%,考慮其可用于腎透明細胞癌的鑒別診斷。文獻報道m(xù)iRNA表達水平與腫瘤直徑相關(guān)[19]。本文發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214的表達與性別、年齡、腫瘤直徑、Fuhrman分級等無明顯相關(guān)性,與上述結(jié)果不符,可能與樣本量較小有關(guān)。目前對于miRNAs表達尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Kirschner等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-16和miR-451常被用作管家基因,在紅細胞中含量很高,在血液凝固后血清中的表達量有較大的差異。本研究雖使用U6作為內(nèi)參基因,但仍不是理想的管家基因,因此今后需更嚴(yán)謹?shù)拇髽颖狙芯縼肀容^、印證。
綜上,血清miR-214與腎透明細胞癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),可作為潛在的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。
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Expression and Clinical Significance of Serum miR-214 in Patients with Clear Cell Carcinoma of Kidney
HE Jiang-wei , Halmurat·Tusong, WANG Yu-jie, WANG Wen-guang
(Department of Urinary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China)
Objective To investigate expression of serum miR-214 in patients with clear cell carcinoma of kidney and its clinical significance in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis judgement. Methods A total of 30 patients with clear cell carcinoma of kidney were selected as renal cancer group, and 30 healthy people taking medical examination at the same period were chosen as control group, and miR-214 expressions were detected by randomized method in control group, and the expressions were detected before surgery, 1 week and 1 month after surgery in renal cancer group, and then expression differences and correlations with clinical indexes were compared between two groups. Results The differences of relative miR-214 expressions before and 1 week after surgery in renal cancer group and in control group were statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences of miR-214 expressions were statistically significant between before surgery and 1 month after surgery, and between 1 week after surgery and 1 month after surgery in renal cancer group (P<0.05). The differences of miR-214 expressions were not statistically significant between before and 1 week after surgery in renal cancer group, and between 1 month after surgery in renal cancer group with in control group (P=0.318,P=0.383). Diagnostic test was performed by using receiver operating curve (ROC), and area under curve (AUC) was 0.858 [95%CI (0.756, 0.960),P<0.05]. The best diagnostic point, sensitivity and specificity were 2.91, 80.0% and 90.0% respectively according to Youden index. Conclusion Expressions of serum miR-214 in patients with clear cell carcinoma of kidney have correlation with clear cell carcinoma of kidney, and therefore it can be used as a potential molecular marker.
MicroRNAs; Clear cell carcinoma of kidney; Tumor markers, biological
自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(2013211A101)
830054 烏魯木齊,新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科[何江偉(在讀研究生)]
王玉杰,E-mail:wangyj-mr@vip.sina.com
R737.11
A
1002-3429(2017)03-0084-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.03.032
2016-12-12 修回時間:2017-01-13)