張雷
托??谡Z考試的目的在于測試那些母語為非英語、想在英語國家或者地區(qū)留學的學生的口頭表達英語的熟練程度。在這一部分,考生需要基于個人經(jīng)歷、校園環(huán)境和學術性材料提出的各種話題用英語表達自己的觀點??谡Z部分共有六道題。前兩道題是獨立口語任務,考生完全依據(jù)自己的觀點、見解或者經(jīng)歷來回答問題。另外四道題是綜合任務,考生需要先聽一則對話或節(jié)選的講座片段,或者先讀一篇文章然后聽一個簡短的討論或者講座節(jié)選,最后根據(jù)要求答題。
托??谡Z獨立任務的兩道題要求考生談及的都是與自己學習和生活息息相關的各類話題,該題有15秒鐘的準備時間,有45秒鐘進行錄音回答。這兩道題對于確保口語考試的穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮以及取得口語考試高分兩方面都起著至關重要的作用。從確??荚囘^程穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮的角度來看,由于獨立任務是口語考試開頭的前兩道題,這兩道題發(fā)揮的好壞會影響考生接下來的作答情緒和狀態(tài)。從口語考試分數(shù)來看,對于聽力有待提高、受聽力影響而完成綜合任務比較吃力的考生來說,獨立任務是提高口語分數(shù)的關鍵點,因為其只單獨考查口語能力,而且可以通過大量已考過的真題機經(jīng)進行充分準備和練習。
不過,不管是在備考還是考試的過程中,很多考生在面對獨立任務的話題時常常束手無策。其中一類有問題的考生,筆者稱之為“委屈派”。這部分考生的英語口語表達水平尚可,但是答題時卻沒有很好的作答思路,說得語無倫次。筆者在北京新東方學校教授托??谡Z課程時,經(jīng)常會有學員委屈地向我訴苦:“老師,對于獨立任務的回答,真的不是我的英文不行啊,中文我都不知道怎么講下去啊。”所以,筆者在此與大家分享托??谡Z考試獨立任務部分思路展開的方法,希望對大家的托??谡Z備考有幫助。
筆者重點要介紹的方法就是巧用拆分法化解你的作答思路困境。先來看看如下幾道近年考過的獨立任務真題,在筆者給大家分享方法前,考生們可以自己先試試,看看自己說得怎樣。
1. Which of the following do you think benefits students the most: going on field trips, tutoring or doing class presentations?
2. Which of the following activities do you think benefits young people the most: doing team sports, talking to old people in the community or traveling?
3. Which of the following three do you think is the most important aspect of life: wealth, education or reputation?
下面筆者以這三道獨立任務真題來引出思路展開的方法。考生在獨立任務作答時遇到思路展不開時,可以對自己所選擇的論點進行拆分。所謂拆分,指的是針對題干當中某個關鍵詞或者考生大腦中的某個簡單思路,進行分類討論、分層展開的方法。拆分的思路通常有如下三種:一是拆分成不同的場景;二是拆分成不同的人群;三是拆分成不同的受益方/受損方。下面通過例題來具體學習這一方法的應用。
例:Which of the following do you think benefit students more: going on field trips, tutoring or doing class presentations?
對于這道題,考生可以采用拆分法的第一種思路——分為不同的場景去討論。
假設考生選擇第一項going on field trips,也就是要論述學生參加校外考察是最有用的。這時,筆者相信考生的第一反應至少能想到going on field trips一定是有收獲的,但是至于“是什么收獲”,可能很多考生大腦里一時想不出清晰的思路,此時就可以采用分場景的方式去討論。題干中的field trips可以拆分為不同的場景,比如走進大自然,或者去博物館。走進大自然的好處是什么呢?考生可以很容易地想出很多好處,比如提高學生的環(huán)保意識(raise their awareness of environmental protection),或者暫時脫離壓力繁重的學習,得到放松減壓(it takes students minds off stressful studying and allows them take a relaxing break for a while)。所以,考生可以就“走進大自然”這個場景寫出以下內容:
I believe that going on field trips will benefit students the most because they can learn a lot of useful things. [開始拆分] Sometimes, field trips allow students to get closer to nature. They can see a lot of beautiful things, like rivers and towering mountains, and encounter wild animals. I believe that these beautiful things will help raise their awareness of environmental protection.
在這里,考生需要意識到英文口語當中有一個很重要的邏輯關系,筆者在課堂上常常把它叫做“敘事+效果”的因果邏輯。邏輯關系能幫助考生展開內容,說得更有邏輯。考生看上面這段話,其實它所談的“敘事”就是一句話——see a lot of beautiful things,而它的“效果”也只是一句話——raise their awareness of environment protection。那其他內容是什么呢?是細節(jié)??忌闹杏小皵⑹?效果”的邏輯關系后要組織答題思路就不難了:考生可以在“敘事”部分加細節(jié)讓內容飽滿,也可以在“效果”后面再繼續(xù)闡述與效果相關的細節(jié)。而且考生建立了邏輯關系之后,在答題時間和答題內容上可自如地控制。比如,如果時間充足,考生想多說一點,還可以在raise their awareness of environmental protection后面加效果的細節(jié),比如:“These things will help to raise their awareness of environmental protection and allow them to become more passionate about nature [加效果一], and enjoy the beauty of our world [加效果二].”
再回到拆分的話題,考生說完第一個場景“走進大自然”,可以轉而進入第二個拆分的場景中,即“去博物館”。按照上文介紹的“敘事+效果”的邏輯思路,考生腦海里首先想到最簡單的關系:學生去參觀博物館,可以增長見識。其中,“參觀博物館”是敘事,“增長見識”是效果??忌鞔饡r,可以結合作答剩余的時間靈活調整內容。時間多的話,考生可以在敘事或者效果兩方面多加細節(jié);時間少的話,考生只要說清楚因果關系即可??忌梢跃汀皡⒂^博物館”的場景寫出下面的內容:
Sometimes museums are also a great place for field trips. Once I visited a science museum where I saw a lot of advanced technology, including laundry robots. I really think it was a great place to broaden my horizons.
這里visit a science museum是敘事,接下來的一句話是這一敘事的細節(jié)。如果考生還想多說一點,可以繼續(xù)談細節(jié),比如“The super computer there was astoundingly amazing!”如果作答時間還有剩余,考生可以在效果句broaden my horizons后面繼續(xù)陳述效果的細節(jié),比如:“I really think it was a great place to broaden my horizons, and it helped raise my interest in science and technology.”
例:Which of the following activities do you think benefit young people the most: doing team sports, talking to old people in the community or traveling?
假設考生選擇第二項talking to old people in the community,那就要論述“與社區(qū)的老年人交流有何益處”??忌梢宰プld people這個關鍵詞,將其拆分為不同人群去討論。比如,第一類人可以是社區(qū)里退休的工程師等,年輕人和他們交流,一定能夠得到很多的職場建議;第二類人可以是社區(qū)里身體健康的長者,年輕人和他們交流,能夠得到很多有關健康的寶貴建議。所以,考生可以這樣作答:
To my mind, talking to old people in the community will benefit young people the most because they can gain much advice which can help them enormously. If they talk to former engineers or company directors, they may receive useful work suggestions, such as how to get along well with co-workers, how to deal with conflicts among team members, or even how to get a quick promotion. I believe these suggestions will be super beneficial for young peoples future careers by helping them make progress at work. Sometimes they may even be able to talk to senior citizens who live a very healthy lifestyle. Perhaps these people can offer some useful tips, such as the importance of eating more fruit and vegetables and keeping away from junk foods like hot dogs and hamburgers. In interacting with the older generation, young people are giving themselves the opportunity to access an abundance of wisdom.
此回答表達的內容遠遠超出了獨立任務45秒鐘中所表達的內容(注:通常情況下,結合大量高分學員的實踐,每秒兩詞是比較自然的語速,故獨立任務45秒鐘作答的字數(shù)最好為90~110詞)。筆者之所以寫出更多的內容,目的主要是為了通過這道題讓各位考生掌握拆分法以及“敘事+效果”的邏輯關系??忌鷷l(fā)現(xiàn)上面這么多內容,其實主要講的是兩個拆分層次,其“敘事+效果”的邏輯關系分別如下:①敘事為“Young people may receive useful work suggestions”,效果為“These suggestions will be super beneficial for young peoples future careers”。②敘事為“Perhaps these people can offer some useful tips about health”,效果為“giving themselves the opportunity to access an abundance of wisdom.”其他內容就是對敘事加細節(jié),或是對效果加細節(jié)。
例:Which of the following three do you think is the most important aspect of life: wealth, education or reputation?
假設這道題考生選擇第二項education,作答的內容就是“為什么教育是人生最重要的方面”?考生可以采用拆分法中“找不同的受益方”的方法??忌苋菀紫氲剑粋€人接受教育,至少有三個受益方:第一是自己,第二是自己的下一代,第三是社會。相關思路如下: ①it is good for you,具體的敘事細節(jié)可以是much easier to land a job、to see things in a wider perspective、to be smart enough to address problems、to gain others respect等;②it is also good for your future children,比如可以這樣闡述敘事細節(jié):“Well-educated parents will not criticize or belittle their children when their children fail or experience difficulties. They will inspire them to work hard, have faith and care deeply about what they believe in instead.”③it is good for society,比如可以這樣表達:“If everyone is well-educated, everyone will behave well. This will nip violence in its bud in society.”
以上就是拆分法在托??谡Z獨立任務中的應用。考生可以使用拆分法思考下面這道題目,看看自己學會這種方法了嗎?
Do you agree or disagree with the statement that cell phones have changed our lives greatly? Give details and examples in your response.