刁華杰馮京海刁新平
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,北京 100193;2.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學動物科技學院,哈爾濱 150030)
高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化的影響
刁華杰1,2馮京海1?刁新平2
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,北京 100193;2.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學動物科技學院,哈爾濱 150030)
高溫環(huán)境是影響家禽生產(chǎn)的一個重要因素,高溫環(huán)境下家禽采食量降低,肉雞生長速度減慢,蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋率、蛋重及體重下降。高溫環(huán)境影響家禽生產(chǎn)性能并非全部由于采食量下降引起的,即使在相同采食量的條件下,高溫環(huán)境仍顯著降低家禽的生產(chǎn)性能。本文針對高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化代謝以及消化酶活性、腸道結構、飼糧排空速度等方面的影響進行歸納總結,為進一步了解高溫環(huán)境對家禽消化吸收功能的影響及其營養(yǎng)調(diào)控提供科學依據(jù)。
高溫環(huán)境;家禽;消化率;代謝能
高溫環(huán)境是影響家禽生產(chǎn)性能的一個重要因素。大量研究表明,高溫環(huán)境降低家禽采食量,進而導致肉雞長速度下降[1-6]以及蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋量、蛋重降低[7-20]。高溫環(huán)境影響家禽的生產(chǎn)性能并非全部由于采食量下降造成的,在相同采食量的條件下,高溫環(huán)境仍然顯著降低家禽的生產(chǎn)性能[1,5,21-23]。 Dale等[1]推測高溫環(huán)境降低肉雞的增重,其中63%可能是由于采食量下降引起的,另外37%可能是高溫環(huán)境的直接影響。高溫環(huán)境的直接影響可能與降低畜禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化代謝有關。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高溫環(huán)境影響家禽的飼料轉化效率[3-5,21,24],也表明高溫環(huán)境直接影響飼料營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化、吸收和代謝。本文針對高溫環(huán)境影響家禽生產(chǎn)性能及消化代謝的研究進行總結歸納,并從小腸消化酶活性、飼糧排空速度、胃腸結構等方面探討高溫環(huán)境影響家禽消化的機制,以期引起生產(chǎn)以及研究人員對于夏季高溫的重視。
1.1 高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率的影響
高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)表觀消化率影響較小。Wallis等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)31℃高溫顯著降低了肉雞回腸末端蘇氨酸、丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、異亮氨酸和亮氨酸的表觀消化率1.0%~4.8%,對其他氨基酸的表觀消化率影響不顯著。Balnave等[26]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),30℃持續(xù)高溫對大部分氨基酸的表觀消化率影響不顯著,僅顯著降低了纈氨酸、異亮氨酸和精氨酸的表觀消化率0.5%~1.9%。高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)真消化率影響較大。Zuprizal等[27]測定了32℃持續(xù)高溫對肉雞2種飼料原料真消化率的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)菜籽粕和豆粕蛋白質(zhì)真消化率和氨基酸真消化率顯著降低了12%和5%。楊琳等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著環(huán)境溫度的升高,30~35℃與5~15℃相比,干物質(zhì)的真代謝率顯著降低顯著下降了11.5%。這說明,高溫環(huán)境不僅影響營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化和吸收,還影響內(nèi)源營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的利用。
高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼料消化率的影響可能與采食量有關。Bonnet等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),在自由采食條件下,32℃持續(xù)高溫顯著降低了肉雞飼糧干物質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)的表觀消化率1.1%和2.5%,對脂質(zhì)和淀粉的表觀消化率無顯著影響;而與采食配對組相比,在相同采食量下,持續(xù)高溫導致肉雞干物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)和淀粉消化率顯著降低了4.0%~5.2%。高溫環(huán)境降低家禽采食量,當采食量降低時,家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率顯著提高[21]。這可能是高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)表觀消化率影響較小的原因之一。高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼料消化率的影響還與飼料類型有關。Bonnet等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)高溫顯著降低了肉雞夏季專用飼糧(含有小麥、菜籽粕、蠶豆粉及脂肪)中干物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪和淀粉的消化率,但對玉米-豆粕型飼糧脂肪和淀粉消化率的影響不顯著,僅有干物質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)的消化率顯著降低。Zuprizal等[27]的研究結果表明,持續(xù)高溫導致菜籽粕蛋白質(zhì)真消化率降低了12%,而豆粕蛋白質(zhì)真消化率僅降低了5%。這表明高溫環(huán)境對消化率較高的優(yōu)質(zhì)原料的影響較小,而對品質(zhì)較差的原料影響較大。因此Bonnet等[21]建議夏季高溫季節(jié)應該飼喂高品質(zhì)飼糧。另外,高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼料消化率的影響還可能與性別有關。Wallis等[25]、Balnave等[26]和 Zuprizal等[27]均發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)高溫環(huán)境顯著降低了母雞氨基酸的消化率,而對公雞的影響不大。
上述研究均以持續(xù)高溫為熱應激模型,有關循環(huán)高溫的影響報道極少。Laganá等[29]比較了循環(huán)高溫(25~32℃)和適溫(21~25℃)之間的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)循環(huán)高溫組的肉雞干物質(zhì)的消化率顯著降低,而粗蛋白質(zhì)消化率無顯著變化。而Koelkebeck等[24]的研究結果顯示,組氨酸和賴氨酸的消化率反而顯著提高,這可能由于其日變高溫(35、29℃各12 h)是溫度驟變的方式,與實際生產(chǎn)溫度逐漸變化不符,因此循環(huán)變化的高溫對家禽消化率的影響有待進一步研究。
1.2 高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧代謝能值的影響
高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧代謝能值的影響結果不一[30]。大部分文獻報道高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧表觀代謝能(AME)值無影響,但顯著降低家禽飼糧的真代謝能(TME)值或氮校正表觀代謝能(AMEn)值。Husseiny等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)32℃高溫對肉雞飼糧AME值無顯著影響,Wallis等[25]同樣報道,持續(xù)31℃高溫對肉雞飼糧AME值無顯著影響,Lei等[32]、Olson等[33]的研究結果與之類似。Yamazaki等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),循環(huán)高溫(25~35℃)不影響蛋雞飼糧的AME值。然而楊琳等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著環(huán)境溫度的升高,飼糧AME值有升高的趨勢,但 TME值顯著降低。Zuprizal等[27]也發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)32℃高溫環(huán)境對肉雞飼糧AME值無顯著影響,但顯著降低肉雞飼糧AMEn值,Bonnet等[21]也有類似的發(fā)現(xiàn)。導致這一現(xiàn)象的原因可能是高溫環(huán)境下生長率下降并且能量的維持需要量降低,進而引起氮平衡的變化,影響了飼糧AMEn值。但是還有部分文獻報道高溫環(huán)境提高肉雞的代謝能值,Swain等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著環(huán)境溫度增加(5~34℃)肉雞飼糧AME和AMEn值均顯著提高。Geraert等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),32℃持續(xù)高溫提高肉雞飼糧AME、TME以及AMEn值,并且對于瘦肉型品系影響更為顯著。導致這一現(xiàn)象的原因可能是由于高溫環(huán)境下內(nèi)源能量的損失減少。
高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧代謝能值的影響可能與采食量有關,有報道采食量影響代謝能值,并且總結得出隨著采食量的降低,飼糧AME值有輕微升高的趨勢[30]。Bonnet等[21]報道在相同采食量條件下,32℃持續(xù)高溫顯著降低了肉雞玉米-豆粕型飼糧的AME值,而在自由采食條件下,高溫對肉雞玉米-豆粕型飼糧AME值無顯著影響,表明高溫環(huán)境降低家禽采食量,緩解了對家禽飼糧代謝能值的影響,這可能是高溫環(huán)境對飼糧AME值影響不顯著的原因之一。高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧代謝能值的影響還可能飼糧類型有關。Bonnet等[21]報道,持續(xù)32℃高溫環(huán)境對肉雞玉米-豆粕型飼糧AME及AMEn值無顯著影響,但顯著降低小麥-菜籽粕型飼糧的AME及AMEn值;Zuprizal等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)32℃持續(xù)高溫顯著降低菜籽粕的AMEn值,而對豆粕的AMEn值無顯著影響。這表明高溫環(huán)境下,飼喂高品質(zhì)易消化的飼糧能緩解高溫對代謝能值的影響。
高溫環(huán)境可能通過影響家禽腸道消化酶活性、腸道結構以及飼糧在腸道內(nèi)的停留時間,影響家禽的消化吸收功能,導致營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率、代謝能值發(fā)生變化。
2.1 高溫環(huán)境對家禽腸道消化酶活性的影響
高溫環(huán)境影響家禽腸道消化酶的活性。林海等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),32℃高溫處理5 d,肉雞小腸液中胰蛋白酶、胰糜蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性分別顯著降低了37.3%、37.9%和24.0%。阮暉等[38]報道,34.7℃持續(xù)高溫4周,21日齡肉仔雞小腸內(nèi)容物總蛋白水解酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性分別顯著降低了27.50%、32.89%和29.32%。Osman等[39]研究了高溫環(huán)境下胰腺和小腸淀粉酶活性的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋雞在高溫應激第1天,十二指腸和空腸淀粉酶活性升高,回腸淀粉酶活性下降,同時胰腺淀粉酶活性降低,推測高溫能夠促進胰腺合成的淀粉酶進入消化道,進而引起消化道前段淀粉酶活性升高;而在高溫應激第3天,小腸淀粉酶活性降低,同時胰腺淀粉酶活性增加,推測小腸前段消化酶活性降低,負反饋促進胰腺淀粉酶的分泌;而到試驗期第15天,小腸和胰腺中淀粉酶活性恢復到正常水平,這表明蛋雞對高溫慢慢產(chǎn)生了適應性。馬愛平[40]研究了28日齡肉雞在27~33℃持續(xù)日變高溫環(huán)境下胰腺和小腸消化酶活性的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)十二指腸、空腸、回腸中淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶的活性顯著降低,而胰腺中淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性顯著升高,這與上述 Osman等[39]的研究結論一致。另外Routman等[41]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),肉雞35℃高溫急性應激4 h,胰腺淀粉酶活性顯著升高,而胰腺脂肪酶和蛋白酶的活性沒有變化。以上研究表明,持續(xù)高溫或急性高溫應激降低家禽小腸消化酶活性,但隨著應激時間的延長,家禽可能通過提高胰腺消化酶的合成,逐漸提高消化道的酶活性。
2.2 高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧排空速度的影響
高溫環(huán)境延長食糜通過消化道的時間。Wilson等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)高溫(29.4℃)延緩北京鴨消化道食糜的排空速度。Hai等[43]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)高溫(32.8℃)延緩肉雞消化道食糜的排空速度。Savory[44]在褐殼蛋雞飼糧中添加二氧化鈦(TiO2),記錄半數(shù)TiO2排出的時間,發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)高溫32℃下飼糧的排空時間增加了10%。Gordon等[45]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)高溫(32.8℃)環(huán)境下蛋雞飼糧的排空時間延長了將近16.6%(39 min)。Hillerman等[46]研究也表明溫度是影響飼糧排空速度的一個因素。
高溫環(huán)境下家禽食糜的排空時間延長可能與腸道蠕動減慢有關。Tur等[47]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),40℃高溫應激抑制肉仔雞消化道的蠕動。Wilson等[42]也提出高溫環(huán)境下胃腸蠕動減慢是導致食糜通過消化道的時間延長的一個原因。
2.3 高溫環(huán)境對家禽腸道結構的影響
高溫環(huán)境可能直接影響消化道黏膜結構,影響家禽的消化吸收功能。代雪立等[48]報道,高溫環(huán)境下家禽消化道黏液分泌減少,上皮細胞更新減慢。寧章勇等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)34.5℃高溫導致肉雞腸絨毛斷裂,胃腸黏膜上皮細胞脫落,腺胃、十二指腸、空腸和回腸黏膜的完整性損傷。Uni等[50]報道36℃持續(xù)高溫抑制雛雞腸上皮細胞的增殖。Mitchell等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)35℃持續(xù)2周導致小腸絨毛高度降低18.8%,這表明高溫環(huán)境直接影響消化道黏膜的結構。另外,高溫環(huán)境下家禽為提高可感散熱,外周血流量顯著增加,導致消化系統(tǒng)的血流量減少[48]。 Wolfenson等[52-54]研究直接證明高溫環(huán)境下家禽消化系統(tǒng)毛細血管血流量減少。高溫環(huán)境影響家禽消化道的結構,改變消化道的血流量,進而影響家禽對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化和吸收。研究表明,35℃高溫環(huán)境下,脂肪酸、鈣和氮吸收變化不大,但鉀、磷的吸收顯著降低。
綜上所述,高溫環(huán)境對家禽營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的表觀消化率影響不大,但顯著降低營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的真消化率;大部分文獻報道,高溫環(huán)境對家禽飼糧AME值影響不大,但顯著降低了TME或AMEn值,但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高溫環(huán)境顯著升高了家禽飼糧的AME值。高溫環(huán)境降低了家禽采食量,有助于高溫環(huán)境對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率以及代謝能值的影響,另外高溫環(huán)境對優(yōu)質(zhì)飼糧的消化率、代謝能值的影響較小。高溫環(huán)境降低家禽食糜在消化道中的排空速度,有助于提高營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收,但高溫影響消化道酶的活性,影響消化道黏膜結構和血流量,可能又降低了營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收。
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Effects of High Ambient Temperature on Nutrition Digestibility in Poultry
DIAO Huajie1,2FENG Jinghai1?DIAO Xinping2
(1.Institute of Animal Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing100193,China;2.College of Animal Science and Technology,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin150030,China)
High ambient temperature is an important factor that affects poultry production,which decreases the feed intake of poultry,induces the deleterious effect on growth rate of broilers and egg production,egg weight and body weight in laying hens.However,this negative effect of heat stress on growth rate and production is not all due to reduced feed intake,production performance still significantly reduces under the high environment temperature even in the same condition of feed intake.This paper mainly reviewed the effect of high temperature on nutrition digestibility,metabolic energy values of diet,digestive enzyme activity,feed passage rate and gut structure in poultry to provide scientific basis for understanding the effects of high temperature on digestion and absorption function of poultry and its nutritional regulation.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(2):410-415]
high temperature;poultry;digestibility;metabolic energy
S83
A
1006-267X(2017)02-0410-06
10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.02.007
(責任編輯 武海龍)
2016-08-12
國家“十二五”科技支撐課題(2012BAD39B02);中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)
刁華杰(1989—),男,河南商丘人,碩士研究生,動物營養(yǎng)與飼料科學專業(yè)。E-mail:huajie0933@163.com
?通信作者:馮京海,副研究員,碩士生導師,E-mail:fjh6289@126.com
?Corresponding author,associate professor,E-mail:fjh6289@126.com