梁秋實(shí),胡 宜(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院:超聲科,神經(jīng)外科,遼寧 沈陽0004)
CRM197對(duì)人乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制作用及機(jī)制
梁秋實(shí)1,胡 宜2(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院:1超聲科,2神經(jīng)外科,遼寧 沈陽110004)
目的:研究CRM197對(duì)人乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移能力以及對(duì)基質(zhì)金屬鐵蛋白酶?2、9活性和磷酸化Akt表達(dá)的影響.方法:將濃度為10 μg/mL的CRM197孵育MDA?MB?231人乳腺癌細(xì)胞24 h.利用Transwell小室建立體外遷移及侵襲模型,觀察CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞遷移及侵襲能力的影響.利用明膠酶譜分析方法檢測CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的基質(zhì)金屬鐵蛋白酶?2、9活性改變情況.最后利用West?ern blot方法分析CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的磷酸化Akt表達(dá)水平的影響.結(jié)果:在10 μg/mL的 CRM197處理下,MDA?MB?231人乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力明顯降低,同時(shí)基質(zhì)金屬鐵蛋白酶?2、9活性以及磷酸化Akt的表達(dá)水平受到顯著抑制.結(jié)論:CRM197能夠通過抑制基質(zhì)金屬鐵蛋白酶?2和9的活性而減弱人乳腺癌細(xì)胞的體外侵襲及遷移特性,并且在這一過程中PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮作用.
CRM197;乳腺癌;侵襲;遷移;基質(zhì)金屬鐵蛋白酶;Akt
乳腺癌是嚴(yán)重威脅女性健康的常見惡性腫瘤,是第二位導(dǎo)致死亡的婦科惡性腫瘤[1].傳統(tǒng)治療方法是手術(shù)切除.但因乳腺癌具有侵襲及浸潤的生長方式,往往具有衛(wèi)星病灶及亞臨床病灶,并且存在早期轉(zhuǎn)移的特性,手術(shù)全切困難,并且極易復(fù)發(fā).乳腺癌的重要生物學(xué)特性是侵襲及遷移,是該惡性腫瘤浸潤生長并容易發(fā)生早期轉(zhuǎn)移的重要原因[2].目前手術(shù)后輔助放化療已成為常規(guī),但對(duì)乳腺癌的作用有限,并且往往具有較嚴(yán)重的全身并發(fā)癥[3].因此在乳腺癌的治療中,開發(fā)效果更好、副作用更少的新型治療藥物十分重要.
交叉反應(yīng)物質(zhì)?197(cross?reactive materials 197,CRM197)是一種失活、無毒性的白喉毒素變異體,能與細(xì)胞膜上特定的白喉毒素受體(diphtheria toxin receptor,DTR)結(jié)合而發(fā)揮疫苗載體的作用[4].研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CRM197能夠抑制肝癌、胃癌等多種惡性腫瘤[5-7].然而,CRM197在乳腺癌中的治療作用及機(jī)制仍不明確.
在本研究中,首先觀察CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231人乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲及遷移兩種特性的影響,并通過調(diào)查其對(duì)金屬鐵蛋白酶?2(MMP?2)、金屬鐵蛋白酶?9(MMP?9)及下游磷酸化Akt(p?Akt)的作用初步探討CRM197對(duì)人乳腺癌惡性生物學(xué)行為的作用以及機(jī)制.
1.1 MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞株的體外培養(yǎng)乳腺癌MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞株購自中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中心.在含有10%胎牛血清(FBS)(天津?yàn)笊锛夹g(shù)有限公司)的DMEM?F12培養(yǎng)基(Hyclone,USA)中培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)環(huán)境為37℃、含5%CO2的恒溫培養(yǎng)箱.
1.2 體外遷移模型的建立體外遷移模型的建立方法將具有聚碳酸酯膜的孔徑為8 μm的Transwell小室(購自Coning Costar公司)放置在24孔板的孔中.首先利用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化處于80%融合的MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞,以無血清DNEM?F12培養(yǎng)基重懸胰酶消化的細(xì)胞,倒置顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù),將細(xì)胞密度為4×104/mL的細(xì)胞懸液200 μL接種于Transwell上室中,24孔板孔內(nèi)置600 μL含10%FBS的DMEM?F12培養(yǎng)基.根據(jù)文獻(xiàn),CRM197在研究中的常用濃度為1~100 μg/mL[8].在之前針對(duì)腦惡性腫瘤的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),10 μg/mL的CRM197能夠明顯抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞[9].因此在本研究中,采用10 μg/mL作為CRM197的實(shí)驗(yàn)劑量.培養(yǎng)4 h,待細(xì)胞貼壁后實(shí)驗(yàn)組加入CRM197(10 μg/mL).對(duì)照組的24孔板小孔內(nèi)Transwell小室放置同樣細(xì)胞密度及體積懸液,但不加入CRM197.培養(yǎng)24 h后,將Transwell小室取出,以無菌棉棒輕柔的去除半透膜上表面殘留的MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞,磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffer solution:PBS)洗3次,然后利用甲醇和冰乙酸混合液(3∶1比例)固定30 min,根據(jù)Giemsa法染色15 min.輕輕甩掉染液,蒸餾水沖洗3次,在倒置顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù)遷移到半透膜下表面的MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞數(shù)量.每組6孔,每孔隨機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)6個(gè)200×視野內(nèi)的細(xì)胞數(shù),最后進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析.
1.3 體外侵襲模型的構(gòu)建體外侵襲模型的建立方法同樣采用8 μm孔徑的Transwell小室及24孔板.與遷移模型不同的是,將Matrigel基質(zhì)膠(美國BD公司)與DMEM?F12培養(yǎng)液按1∶7的比例稀釋后,鋪于Transwell小室聚碳酸酯膜的上表面,在無菌超凈臺(tái)內(nèi)通風(fēng)干燥.按照方法1.2中敘述,消化MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞后接種在Transwell上室之中.實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及處理方法同方法1.2所述.培養(yǎng)24 h后,取出Transwell小室,輕輕擦去膜上表面的殘留細(xì)胞,Giemsa法固定染色,倒置顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù)并統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析.
1.4 Western blot法測MMP?2、MMP?9及p?Akt的蛋白表達(dá)生長狀態(tài)達(dá)到80%融合的MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組.前者在培養(yǎng)體系中以濃度為10 μg/mL的CRM197處理24 h,對(duì)照組則不加入CRM197.首先用預(yù)先冰冷的PBS洗3次,細(xì)胞收集于離心管中,用RIPA裂解液(碧云天)在冰上裂解30 min,然后超聲粉碎.在4°C溫度下以15 000 g的離心力離心10 min,將蛋白上清液收集到新離心管中.利用BCA試劑盒(碧云天),以牛血清白蛋白為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測定收集到的上清液的蛋白濃度.蛋白分離采用10%SDS?polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE)凝膠電泳,每孔內(nèi)的蛋白上樣定量為25 μg.轉(zhuǎn)膜后以兔抗人MMP?2、MMP?9多克隆抗體和小鼠抗人β?actin多克隆抗體(美國Santa Cruz公司)封閉過夜.按1∶5000比例稀釋辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔及山羊抗小鼠二抗(中山金橋生物技術(shù)公司),在室溫下孵育2 h.根據(jù)ChemiImager 5500 V2.03軟件測定并計(jì)算MMP?2、MMP?9及p?Akt與β?actin的相對(duì)積分光密度比值并進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析.
1.5 明膠酶譜分析MMP活性MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的MMP?2和MMP?9的活性變化以明膠酶譜方法檢測.分組方法及處理因素同方法1.4.根據(jù)說明書,酶譜分析利用含有0.1%明膠的 SDS?聚丙烯酰胺(Invitrogen,美國).樣品條帶放置在含有0.1%Coo?massie R?250、40%乙醇及10%乙酸的溶液中,室溫下固定30 min,然后在10%乙醇及7.5%乙酸的溶液中進(jìn)行脫色2 h.最后利用Chemi Imager 5500 V2.03軟件檢測條帶的光密度并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析.
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析.組間差異以±s表示,并經(jīng)過配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.
2.1 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞遷移能力的影響本研究中,利用Transwell體外遷移模型實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231人乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移能力的作用.與對(duì)照組相比,CRM197作用24 h后,轉(zhuǎn)移到Transwell小室半透膜下表面的MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的數(shù)量下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,圖1A),意味著遷移能力受到顯著抑制.
圖1 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移及侵襲能力的影響
2.2 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞侵襲能力的作用利用 Transwell基質(zhì)膠體外侵襲模型觀察CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞侵襲的作用.與對(duì)照組相比,加入10 μg/mL的CRM197的實(shí)驗(yàn)組中穿過Transwell基質(zhì)膠半透膜到達(dá)下表面的細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著降低,說明CRM197顯著抑制了人乳腺癌細(xì)胞的體外侵襲能力,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,圖1C).
2.3 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的MMP?2、MMP?9水解酶活性的作用MMP?2與MMP?9是在乳腺癌細(xì)胞降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)而發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中重要的兩種蛋白酶,是乳腺癌惡性生物學(xué)行為相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵酶[10-11].利用明膠酶譜分析方法進(jìn)行酶動(dòng)力性分析,結(jié)果顯示與對(duì)照組相比,在 CRM197的處理下 MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的MMP?2和MMP?9降解明膠中的底物蛋白的能力明顯減弱(圖2).上述結(jié)果表明CRM197能夠顯著的抑制人乳腺癌細(xì)胞MMP酶的表達(dá)水平與水解酶活性.
圖2 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231乳腺癌細(xì)胞MMP?2和MMP?9酶活性的影響
2.4 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞p?Akt蛋白表達(dá)將CRM197作用于MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞24 h后,以Western Blot法調(diào)查MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的磷酸化 Akt(p?Akt)的蛋白表達(dá)水平.與對(duì)照組相比,CRM197作用后MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的p?Akt蛋白表達(dá)水平受到顯著的抑制(P<0.01,圖3).
圖3 CRM197對(duì)MDA?MB?231乳腺癌細(xì)胞p?Akt表達(dá)水平的影響
乳腺癌的生長方式為浸潤性生長,極容易發(fā)生局部或遠(yuǎn)隔轉(zhuǎn)移,發(fā)生早期轉(zhuǎn)移的病例約占全部患者的20%[12].其治療方法已經(jīng)由傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)切除轉(zhuǎn)向綜合治療[13-15].乳腺癌極容易發(fā)生早期轉(zhuǎn)移的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是其具有遷移和侵襲特性[16].因此能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移及侵襲能力的治療有助于控制乳腺癌的發(fā)展并改善患者的預(yù)后.CRM197是交叉反應(yīng)物質(zhì)家族中最重要的成員,能夠結(jié)合并抑制肝素結(jié)合性表皮生長因子樣生長因子(heparin?binding epidermal growth factor?like growth factor:HB?EGF)[4,17].HB?EGF能夠介導(dǎo)多種惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移[18?19].同時(shí)HB?EGF還表達(dá)于人乳腺癌細(xì)胞,參與其惡性行為的調(diào)控[20].作為HB?EGF的抑制物質(zhì),CRM197能夠發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤的作用,如CRM197能夠抑制腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌、卵巢癌、進(jìn)展期胃癌等惡性腫瘤[5,21-22].然而,CRM197對(duì)人乳腺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移及侵襲惡性的作用和機(jī)制尚不清楚.根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,10 μg/mL的CRM197能夠明顯抑制腦惡性腫瘤、人舌鱗癌細(xì)胞、肺癌細(xì)胞和肝癌細(xì)胞[9,23].因此在本研究中,利用10 μg/mL的CRM197作用于人乳腺癌細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示CRM197顯著抑制人乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移能力.以上結(jié)果顯示CRM197有望成為新的乳腺癌的治療藥物.
細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)是腫瘤外部的屏障,惡性腫瘤發(fā)生浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移必須降解ECM.基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)是降解ECM的重要蛋白酶.人乳腺癌組織高度表達(dá)MMP?2和MMP?9[10-11].研究結(jié)果顯示這兩種基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶受到抑制后,乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移能力明顯下降[24].本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CRM197能夠抑制MDA?MB?231乳腺癌細(xì)胞的MMP?2、9的表達(dá)與活性,表明降低基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活性,抑制其降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)是CRM197遏制乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的內(nèi)在機(jī)制.磷脂酰肌醇?3?激酶(phosphoinositide?3?kinase,PI3K)通路是與細(xì)胞生命活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)的重要信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路[25].阻滯該通路可抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖[26].Akt蛋白是PI3K信號(hào)通路中重要的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)蛋白,PI3K信號(hào)通路的激活依賴于Akt磷酸化[27].研究表明HB?EGF能夠誘導(dǎo)Akt的磷酸化而使其活化[28?29].因此推測CRM197的作用可能與Akt磷酸化水平改變有關(guān).本研究的結(jié)果顯示,CRM197能夠明顯下調(diào)MDA?MB?231細(xì)胞的磷酸化Akt的表達(dá).相關(guān)研究證實(shí)PI3K信號(hào)通路參與調(diào)控MMP?2及MMP?9的表達(dá)[30].匯總上述結(jié)果可以認(rèn)為CRM197是通過抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用的.
綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CRM197能夠通過抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的MMP?2和MMP?9的蛋白酶的表達(dá)與活性而明顯降低乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力,該抑制作用可能通過抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的Akt信號(hào)通路而實(shí)現(xiàn).本研究的結(jié)果揭示了CRM197在乳腺癌瘤治療中的潛在價(jià)值,并為其應(yīng)用于臨床提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù).
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Theinhibitoryeffectsand mechanism of CRM197 on the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells
LIANG Qiu?Shi1,HU Yi2
Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University:1Department of Ultrasound,2Department of Neurosurgery,Shenyang 110004,China
AIM:To investigate the effects of CRM197 on the migration,invasiveness,the activity of matrix metalloproteinase?2,9 as well as the expression of phosphorylated Akt of human glioma cells.METHODS:MDA?MB?231 human breast cancer cells were treated with 10 μg/mL CRM197 for 24 h.Cellular migration and invasiveness were assessed with Transwell assays.Zymography assay was performed to check the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase?2 and 9.Western blos assay was carried out to investigate the expression of phosphorylated Akt.RESULTS:Under the treatment of 10 μg/mL CRM197,the migration and invasion of MDA?MB?231 human breast cancer cells reduced significantly.The activity of matrix metalloproteinase?2/9 and expression of phosphorylated Akt were inhibited significantly as well.CONCLUSION:CRM197 possibly inhibite the migration and invasiveness of human glioma cells through inhibiting the activity of matrix metalloproteinase?2 and 9,and PI3K/Akt path?way may be involved in the process.
CRM197;breast cancer;invasion;migration;matrix metalloproteinase;Akt
R737.9
A
2095?6894(2017)02?26?04
2016-12-06;接受日期:2016-12-20
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81302191)
梁秋實(shí).E?mail:18940259861@163.com
胡 宜.副主任醫(yī)師,副教授.E?mail:hooyie@hotmail.com