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      ISO/TC 8與IMO要求的關(guān)系及其國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-1

      2017-04-22 08:04:19林德輝
      船舶 2017年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)河國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)造船

      林德輝

      (中國(guó)船舶及海洋工程設(shè)計(jì)研究院 上海200011)

      ISO/TC 8與IMO要求的關(guān)系及其國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-1

      林德輝

      (中國(guó)船舶及海洋工程設(shè)計(jì)研究院 上海200011)

      國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(International Organization for Standardization,ISO)成立于1947年,是目前世界上最大的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)。ISO是聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)社理事會(huì)的甲級(jí)咨詢(xún)組織。ISO的宗旨是“在全世界范圍內(nèi)促進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作的發(fā)展,以便于國(guó)際物資交流和服務(wù),并擴(kuò)大在知識(shí)、科學(xué)、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的合作”。其主要活動(dòng)是制定國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),協(xié)調(diào)世界范圍的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作,組織各成員國(guó)和技術(shù)委員會(huì)進(jìn)行情報(bào)交流,以及與其他國(guó)際組織進(jìn)行合作,共同研究有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化問(wèn)題。ISO的總部設(shè)在日內(nèi)瓦。1978年9月1日,我國(guó)以中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(huì)(CAS)的名義重新進(jìn)入ISO,1988年起,改為以國(guó)家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局(CSBTS)的名義參加ISO的工作。現(xiàn)“國(guó)家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局”更名為“國(guó)家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局”(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局”),并具體地以“國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局”下屬的中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì)(Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China,SAC)的名義參加ISO的工作。

      雖然就廣義而言,國(guó)際公約、規(guī)則和規(guī)范等都可歸類(lèi)于“國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但從狹義上說(shuō),國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要包括ISO 和IEC的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]。ISO是一個(gè)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織,其成員由來(lái)自世界上100多個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化團(tuán)體組成,ISO與國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)(IEC)有密切的聯(lián)系,ISO和IEC有約1 000個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)委員會(huì)和分委員會(huì),各會(huì)員國(guó)以國(guó)家為單位參加這些技術(shù)委員會(huì)和分委員會(huì)的活動(dòng)。ISO和IEC還有約3 000個(gè)工作組,ISO、IEC每年制訂和修訂約1 000個(gè)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。ISO各技術(shù)委員會(huì)中,與船舶行業(yè)關(guān)系最密切的是ISO/TC 8“船舶與海上技術(shù)”和ISO/TC 188 “小艇”[2]。

      ISO/TC8“船舶與海上技術(shù)”(Ships and marine technology)的工作范圍是造船和船舶營(yíng)運(yùn),包括遠(yuǎn)洋船、內(nèi)河航行船、近海結(jié)構(gòu)、船對(duì)岸接口和IMO要求涉及的所有其他海上結(jié)構(gòu)所采用的設(shè)計(jì)、建造、結(jié)構(gòu)部件、舾裝件、設(shè)備、方法和工藝,以及海上環(huán)境事項(xiàng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化[3](Standardization of design, construction,structural elements, outfitting parts, equipment, methods and technology, and marine environmental matters,used in shipbuilding and the operation of ships, comprising sea-going ships, vessels for inland navigation, offshore structures, ship-to-shore interface and all other marine structures subject to IMO requirements.)。

      它不包括:

      ——船舶與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物上的電氣與電子設(shè)備(electrical and electronic equipment on board ships and marine structures),這些屬于IEC / TC 18[4]和IEC / TC 80的工作范圍;

      ——內(nèi)燃機(jī)(internal combustion engines),這些屬于ISO / TC 70的工作范圍;

      ——石油和天然氣工業(yè)的近海結(jié)構(gòu)物(offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries),包括對(duì)用于石油和天然氣工業(yè)的移動(dòng)式近海鉆井和起居裝置的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)特定適用性進(jìn)行評(píng)估的程序(including procedures for assessment of the site specific application of mobile offshore drilling and accommodation units for the petroleum and natural gas industry),這些屬于ISO / TC 67 / SC 7的工作范圍;

      ——鋼和鋁結(jié)構(gòu)(steel and aluminium structures),這些屬于ISO / TC 167的工作范圍;

      ——艇長(zhǎng)小于或等于24 m的游艇和采用類(lèi)似設(shè)備的其他小艇的設(shè)備和結(jié)構(gòu)(不包括救生艇和救生設(shè)備),這些屬于ISO / TC 188的工作范圍;

      ——海底采礦(sea bed mining);

      ——并非特定用于船舶與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物上的設(shè)備(例如管子、鋼纜等),以及已列入其他特定的ISO技術(shù)委員會(huì)工作范圍的項(xiàng)目,其必須保持常規(guī)的相互聯(lián)系(equipment which is not specific for use on board ships and marine structures (e.g. pipes, steel wire ropes, etc.) and falling within the scope of particular ISO technical committees with which a regular mutual liaison must be maintained)。

      ISO/TC 8與IMO的關(guān)系相當(dāng)密切,例如:當(dāng)IMO以海上安全委員會(huì)(MSC)決議發(fā)布保護(hù)涂層性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(見(jiàn)表1)后,ISO/TC 8隨即頒發(fā)相應(yīng)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(見(jiàn)表2);當(dāng)IMO再發(fā)布《2009年香港國(guó)際安全與環(huán)境無(wú)害化拆船公約》(Hong Kong International Convention on the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships,2009)后,ISO/TC 8又隨即頒發(fā)了一系列與拆船相關(guān)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(見(jiàn)表3)。

      表1 IMO發(fā)布的與保護(hù)涂層和防腐蝕相關(guān)的決議

      表2 ISO/TC 8頒發(fā)的與保護(hù)涂層相關(guān)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      續(xù)表2

      表3 ISO/TC 8頒發(fā)的與拆船相關(guān)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      除了以上2個(gè)例子外,還有許多ISO/TC 8的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是配合IMO要求而制定和修訂的,ISO/TC 8的相當(dāng)大一部分國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是IMO公約、規(guī)則和決議之要求的進(jìn)一步細(xì)化和具體化??梢哉f(shuō),如果沒(méi)有ISO/ TC 8的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則IMO的要求將無(wú)法具體實(shí)施。

      截至2017年3月9日,ISO/TC 8下設(shè)10個(gè)分委員會(huì)、8個(gè)工作組和1個(gè)ISO/TC 8主席的咨詢(xún)小組(Chairman's Advisory Group),ISO/TC 8各分委員會(huì)及其頒布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)見(jiàn)表4。

      截至2017年3月9日,由ISO/TC 8頒布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為305 項(xiàng)[5],其中由ISO/TC 8秘書(shū)處直接負(fù)責(zé)(under the direct responsibility of ISO/TC8Secretariat )的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為17項(xiàng),由ISO/TC 8的各分委員會(huì)(SC)秘書(shū)處直接負(fù)責(zé)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為288項(xiàng)(詳見(jiàn)下頁(yè)表4)。

      為了采用現(xiàn)行有效的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),必須及時(shí)了解最新的ISO/TC 8國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄,以免因誤用過(guò)時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而造成重大損失。現(xiàn)將2017年3月9日由ISO/TC 8頒布的305 項(xiàng)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依照其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號(hào)分列如下:

      表4 ISO/TC 8下設(shè)的分委員會(huì)及其頒布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)

      ISO 21 : 1985 造船—內(nèi)河航行—有檔環(huán)錨鏈輪(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Cable-lifters for studlink anchor chains)

      ISO 484-1 : 2015 造船—船用螺旋槳—制造公差—第1部分:直徑大于2.5 m的螺旋槳(Shipbuilding— Ship screw propellers—Manufacturing tolerances—Part 1: Propellers of diameter greater than 2.50 m)

      ISO 484-2 : 2015 造船—船用螺旋槳—制造公差—第2部分:直徑為0.8 m~2.5 m的螺旋槳 (Shipbuilding—Ship screw propellers—Manufacturing tolerances—Part 2: Propellers of diameter between 0.80 and 2.50 m inclusive)

      ISO 614 : 2012 船舶與海上技術(shù)—矩形窗和舷窗的鋼化玻璃—非破壞性強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)的沖壓法(Ships and marine technology—Toughened safety glass panes for rectangular windows and side scuttles—Punch method of non-destructive strength testing)

      ISO 799 : 2004 船舶與海上技術(shù)—領(lǐng)航員梯(Ships and marine technology—Pilot ladders )

      ISO 1069 : 1973 航海磁羅經(jīng)和羅經(jīng)柜—術(shù)語(yǔ)(Magnetic compasses and binnacles for sea navigation—Vocabulary)

      ISO 1704 : 2008 船舶與海上技術(shù)—有擋錨鏈 (Ships and marine technology—Stud-link anchor chains)

      ISO 1751 : 2012 船舶與海上技術(shù)—舷窗 (Ships and marine technology —Ships' side scuttles)

      ISO 1964 : 1987 造船—船舶總體布置圖中元件表示法 (Shipbuilding—Indication of details on the general arrangement plans of ships)

      ISO 2412 : 1982 造船—指示燈的顏色(Shipbuilding—Colours of indicator lights)

      ISO 3078 : 2016 造船—起貨絞車(chē) (Shipbuilding—Cargo winches)

      ISO 3434 : 2012 船舶與海上技術(shù)—船舶矩形窗加熱玻璃 (Shipbuilding and marine structures—Heated glass panes for ships' rectangular windows)

      ISO 3652 : 1975 造船—內(nèi)河船—繩索卷車(chē) (Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Rope reels)

      ISO 3674 : 1976 造船—內(nèi)河船—甲板欄桿 (Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Deck rail)

      ISO 3715-1 : 2002 船舶與海上技術(shù)—船舶推進(jìn)裝置—第1部分:螺旋槳幾何形狀的術(shù)語(yǔ) (Ships and marine technology—Propulsion plants for ships—Part 1: Vocabulary for geometry of propellers)

      ISO 3715-2 : 2001 船舶與海上技術(shù)—船舶推進(jìn)裝置—第2部分:可調(diào)螺距螺旋槳裝置的術(shù)語(yǔ) (Ships and marine technology—Propulsion plants for ships—Part 2: Vocabulary for controllable-pitch propeller plants)

      ISO 3730 : 2012 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—系纜絞車(chē) (Shipbuilding and marine structures—Mooring winches)

      ISO 3786 : 1975 造船—內(nèi)河航行拖鉤—牽引力等級(jí) (Shipbuilding—Inland navigation towing hooks—Scale of tractive efforts)

      ISO 3796 : 1999 船舶與海上技術(shù)—外部單扇門(mén)凈開(kāi)口 (Ships and marine technology—Clear openings for external single-leaf doors)

      ISO 3797 : 1976 造船—直立鋼梯 (Shipbuilding—Vertical steel ladders)

      ISO 3828 : 2008 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—甲板機(jī)械—詞匯和符號(hào)(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Deck machinery—Vocabulary and symbols)

      ISO 3876 : 1986 造船—內(nèi)河船—手孔 (Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Hand-holes)

      ISO 3902 : 1990 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—矩形窗和舷窗的襯墊 (Shipbuilding and marine structures—Gaskets for rectangular windows and side scuttles)

      ISO 3903 : 2012 船舶與海上技術(shù)—船舶普通矩形窗 (Ships and marine technology—Ships' ordinary rectangular windows)

      ISO 3904 : 1990 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—旋轉(zhuǎn)視窗(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Clear-view screen)

      ISO 3926 : 1980 造船—內(nèi)河航行—滑油和燃料輸入管接頭—配合尺寸(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Couplings for oil and fuel reception—Mating dimensions)

      ISO 3935 : 1977 造船—內(nèi)河航行—消防水系統(tǒng)—壓力(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Fire-fighting water system—Pressures)

      ISO 3948 : 1977 造船—內(nèi)河船—壓縮空氣系統(tǒng)—壓力等級(jí)(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Compressedair systems—Pressure ranges)

      ISO 3969 : 1979 造船—內(nèi)河船—完工文件(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Operational documentation)

      ISO 4001 : 1977 造船—內(nèi)河航行—筏類(lèi)型救生設(shè)備(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Raft-type lifesaving apparatus)

      ISO 4050 : 1977 造船—內(nèi)河船—“萊茵”和“霍爾”無(wú)桿錨(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—“Rhine”and Hall's stockless anchors)

      ISO 4051 : 1977 造船—內(nèi)河船—操舵裝置—扭矩值(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Steering gear—Values of torques)

      ISO 4085 : 1979 造船—內(nèi)河航行—旋臂吊桿(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Swing derricks)

      ISO 4089 : 1979 造船—內(nèi)河航行—貨艙蓋的密封橡膠(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Sealing rubber for covers of cargo hatches)

      ISO 4127-1 : 1979 造船—內(nèi)河航行—導(dǎo)纜器—第1部分:鉗式導(dǎo)纜器(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Fairleads—Part 1: Two-lip fairleads)

      ISO 4127-2 : 1980 造船—內(nèi)河船—導(dǎo)纜器—第2部分:滾輪導(dǎo)纜器(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Fairleads—Part 2: Roller fairleads)

      ISO 4143 : 1981 造船—內(nèi)河船—開(kāi)式劃槳救生艇(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Open rowing lifeboats)

      ISO 4175 : 1979 造船—系列1船載駁—主要尺寸(Shipbuilding—Shipborne barges, series 1—Main dimensions)

      ISO 4568 : 2006 造船—海船—起錨機(jī)和起錨絞盤(pán)(Shipbuilding—Sea-going vessels—Windlasses and anchor capstans)

      ISO 5480 : 1979 造船—貨船欄桿(Shipbuilding — Guardrails for cargo ships)

      ISO 5483 : 2003 船舶與海上技術(shù)—油水艙柜的放泄設(shè)施(Ships and marine technology—Drain facilities from oil and water tanks)

      ISO 5485 : 1986 造船—內(nèi)河船—固定式鋼質(zhì)甲板梯(Shipbuilding—Inland vessels—Fixed steel deck stairs)

      ISO 5488 : 2015 船舶與海上技術(shù)—舷梯(Ships and marine technology —Accommodation ladders)

      ISO 5489 : 2008 船舶與海上技術(shù)—登船梯(Ships and marine technology—Embarkation ladders)

      ISO 5572 : 1987 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—船舶設(shè)備和結(jié)構(gòu)單元的編號(hào)(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Numbering of equipment and structural elements in ships)

      ISO 5620-1 : 1992 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—飲水艙的注水接頭—第1部分:一般要求(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Filling connection for drinking water tanks—Part 1: General requirements)

      ISO 5620-2 : 1992 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—飲水艙的注水接頭—第2部分:零部件(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Filling connection for drinking water tanks—Part 2: Components)

      ISO 5621 : 1984 造船—機(jī)器處所和軸隧的艙底水濾箱—一般設(shè)計(jì)特性(Shipbuilding— Bilge mud boxes for machinery spaces and tunnels—General design characteristics)

      ISO 5625 : 1978 造船—鋼管管路法蘭焊接通艙管件—PN 6、PN 10和PN 16 (Shipbuilding —Welded bulkhead pieces with flanges for steel pipework— PN 6, PN10and PN 16)

      ISO 5778 : 1998 船舶與海上技術(shù)—鋼質(zhì)小型風(fēng)雨密艙口(Ships and marine technology—Small weathertight steel hatches)

      ISO 5779 : 1987 造船—普通矩形窗—定位(Shipbuilding—Ordinary rectangular windows—Positioning)

      ISO 5780 : 1987 造船—舷窗—定位(Shipbuilding—Side scuttles—Positioning)

      ISO 5797 : 2004 船舶與與海上技術(shù)—耐火結(jié)構(gòu)的窗和舷窗(Ships and marine technology—Windows and side scuttles for fire-resistant constructions)

      ISO 5894 : 1999 船舶與海上技術(shù)—螺栓固定蓋的人孔(Ships and marine technology—Manholes with bolted covers)

      ISO 6042 : 1998 船舶與海上技術(shù)—鋼質(zhì)單扇風(fēng)雨密門(mén)(Ships and marine technology—Weathertight singleleaf steel doors)

      ISO 6043 : 1985 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—受拉伸作用的眼板和叉頭—主要尺寸(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Eye and fork assemblies under tension load—Main dimensions)

      ISO 6044 : 1985 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—吊桿根部叉頭—主要尺寸(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Derrick boom heel fittings—Main dimensions)

      ISO 6045 : 1987 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—吊桿座—裝置和部件(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Bearings for derrick goosenecks—Assemblies and components)

      ISO 6050 : 1987 造船—球鼻首和側(cè)推器符號(hào)(Shipbuilding—Bulbous bow and side thruster symbols)

      ISO 6115 : 1988 造船—拖網(wǎng)絞車(chē)(Shipbuilding—Trawl winches)

      ISO 6216 : 1980 造船—內(nèi)河航行—領(lǐng)航船—分類(lèi)和基本要求(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Pilot craft—Classification and basic requirements)

      ISO 6217 : 1982 造船—內(nèi)河航行—領(lǐng)航船—識(shí)別顏色和標(biāo)記(Shipbuilding—Inland navigation—Pilot craft—Identification painting and inscriptions)

      ISO 6218 : 2015 內(nèi)河航行船—頂推裝置與聯(lián)接船的手動(dòng)和動(dòng)力操作的聯(lián)接裝置— 安全要求和主要尺寸(Inland navigation vessels—Manually- and power-operated coupling devices for pushing units and coupled vessels—Safety requirements and main dimensions)

      ISO 6325 : 1987 造船—鋼纜制動(dòng)器(Shipbuilding—Cable stoppers)

      ISO 6345 : 1990 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物—窗和舷窗—詞匯(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Windows and side scuttles—Vocabulary)

      ISO 6454 : 1984 造船—(艙底水)吸入濾網(wǎng)(Shipbuilding—Strum boxes)

      ISO 6482 : 1980 造船—甲板機(jī)械—絞纜筒外形(Shipbuilding—Deck machinery—Warping end profiles)

      ISO 6555 : 1988 造船—頂索定位絞車(chē)(Shipbuilding—Topping winches)

      ISO 6764 : 1985 造船—系列l(wèi)船載駁—吊桿裝置—布置、尺寸和試驗(yàn)方法(Shipbuilding—Shipborne barges, series 1—Lifting post casting—Arrangement, dimensions and method of testing)

      ISO 6765 : 1985 造船—系列3船載駁—主尺寸(Shipbuilding—Shipborne barges, series 3—Main dimensions)

      ISO 6766 : 1984 造船—系列4船載駁—主尺寸(Shipbuilding—Shipborne barges, series 4—Main dimensions)

      ISO 6812 : 1983 滾裝船與岸的連接—岸端與帶尾/首跳板的船舶之間的連接(Roll on/Roll off ship-toshore connection—Interface between terminals and ships with straight stern/bow ramps)

      ISO 7061 : 2015 船舶與海上技術(shù)—海船用鋁質(zhì)舷梯(Ships and marine technology—Aluminium shore gangways for seagoing vessels )

      ISO 7221 : 1984 造船與海上結(jié)構(gòu)物-載駁母船上系列1船載駁-主要技術(shù)要求(Shipbuilding and marine structures—Shipborne barges, series 1, on barge carriers—Principal technical requirements)

      ISO 7222 : 1985 造船—系列2船載駁—主尺寸(Shipbuilding—Shipborne barges, series 2—Main dimensions)

      ISO 7236 : 2014 船舶與海上技術(shù)—內(nèi)河航行船舶—頂推拖船可倒信號(hào)桅桿的安裝附件(Ships and marine technology—Inland navigation vessels—Mounting attachments for demountable signal masts for push-tows)

      ISO 7255 : 1985 造船—船舶電控裝置—詞匯(Shipbuilding—Active control units of ships —Vocabulary)

      [1] 林德輝 .船舶檢驗(yàn)與規(guī)則規(guī)范分類(lèi)[J]. 船舶,2014(1):106-114.

      [1]林德輝. ISO/TC 188的由來(lái)及其國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[J].船舶,2017(1): 94-100.

      [3] International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TC8Ships and marine technology[EB/OL].2017-03-09. https://www.iso. org/committee/45776.html

      [4] 林德輝 . IEC TC 18與SOLAS的關(guān)系及其國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)近況[J]. 船舶,2016(4): 91-96.

      [5] International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TC8Standards catalogue[EB/OL].2017-03-09.https://www.iso.org/ committee/45776/x/catalogue/

      10.19423 / j.cnki.31-1561 / u.2017.02.096

      2017-03-18

      林德輝(1941-),男,研究員。研究方向:船舶電氣、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(含規(guī)則、規(guī)范)。

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