趙亞寧,薛冰華,秦亞茹,吳祖澤,,段海峰
(1.天津大學(xué)制藥工程系,天津 300350;2.北京放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所,北京 100850)
黑素瘤是迄今為止惡性程度最高且高度耐藥的皮膚性腫瘤之一,起源于神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生黑色素,常見于皮膚、眼、黏膜上皮細(xì)胞、大腦和脊髓的腦脊膜[1]。近年來,腫瘤的免疫療法成為研究熱點(diǎn)之一[2],特別是靶向腫瘤微環(huán)境的腫瘤免疫療法目前備受關(guān)注,研制出針對腫瘤微環(huán)境的腫瘤靶點(diǎn)抑制劑,如程序性死亡受體1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)抗體、細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4抗體[3]和抗血管生成藥物[4]等。Zelenay等[5]聯(lián)合使用阿司匹林(aspirin,Asp)和PD-1抗體治療人黑素瘤取得了良好的療效。
丹參酮Ⅰ(tanshinone Ⅰ,Tan Ⅰ)是從丹參中提取的具有抑菌作用的脂溶性菲醌化合物[6]。據(jù)報(bào)道,Tan Ⅰ可治療多種腫瘤,在體外可通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡抑制白血?。?]、肺癌[8]和乳腺癌[6]細(xì)胞生長。鹽酸二甲雙胍(metformin hydrochloride,Met)主要應(yīng)用于治療2型糖尿病。最近研究表明,Met具有抗腫瘤作用[9-11],單用能有效抑制成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤的腫瘤干細(xì)胞[12]、乳腺癌細(xì)胞[13]和卵巢癌細(xì)胞[14],與其他化療藥物聯(lián)用能增強(qiáng)化療藥物的抗腫瘤效果[13]。Asp是一種非甾體解熱鎮(zhèn)痛和抗炎藥。已有研究表明,Asp對肺癌[15]、結(jié)直腸癌[16]和乳腺癌[17]等具有輔助抗腫瘤作用。但上述3種藥物對黑素瘤的作用尚未見報(bào)道。因此,本研究采用Tan Ⅰ,Met和Asp聯(lián)合用藥的方案,探究3藥聯(lián)用對黑素瘤的抑瘤作用,并初步探討其可能的作用機(jī)制。
SPF級C57BL/6小鼠80只,雌性,6~8周齡,體質(zhì)量18~20 g,購于軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心,生產(chǎn)許可證:SCXK(軍)2012-0004,飼養(yǎng)于軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心動物房,室溫21~25℃,相對濕度45%~65%。所有動物實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與操作均符合動物福利倫理委員會要求。B16F10細(xì)胞購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(北京協(xié)和細(xì)胞庫),使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,在5%CO2,37℃和飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。Tan Ⅰ(S90059)和Me(tD9351)均購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;Asp(A6810)購自美國Sigma公司;吐溫-80購自國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司;生理鹽水購自石家莊四藥有限公司;胎牛血清購自杭州四季青生物有限公司;DMEM購自美國Gibco公司;胰蛋白酶購自美國Invitrogen公司;FITC-抗小鼠CD3(-561798)、PE-抗小鼠CD4-(557308)、APC-抗 小鼠 CD25-(561048)和APC-抗小鼠CD8-(561093)抗體均購自美國BD公司;白細(xì)胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β,EMC001b)、腫瘤壞死因子 α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α,EMC102a)和IL-6(EMC004)ELISA試劑盒均購自欣博盛生物科技有限公司;腫瘤浸潤組織淋巴細(xì)胞分離試劑盒(LTS1092Z)購自天津?yàn)笊锟萍加邢薰?。?shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺購自桂林精密量具量儀有限責(zé)任公司;流式細(xì)胞儀購自美國BD公司;Varioskan Flash酶標(biāo)儀和低溫離心機(jī)購自美國Thermo公司。
將培養(yǎng)的B16F10細(xì)胞用0.05%胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化,生理鹽水洗3次,錐蟲藍(lán)染色,計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞存活率>95%,用生理鹽水重懸細(xì)胞至2.8×109L-1,小鼠右前腋下sc接種,每只0.1 mL。
小鼠sc接種B16F10細(xì)胞后根據(jù)體質(zhì)量分為8組。模型組,每天ip給予Tan Ⅰ溶劑〔吐溫-80∶生理鹽水=1.25∶8.75(V/V),Tan Ⅰ用吐溫-80 混勻,加入生理鹽水稀釋〕10 mL·kg-1;Tan Ⅰ組,每天ip給予 Tan Ⅰ20mg·kg-1[18];Asp組,給予Asp210mg·kg-1,37℃飲用水溶解后飲用(600 mg·L-1,7 mL·d-1),隔天更換含Asp的飲用水,臨用前現(xiàn)配[5];Met組,給予Met 70 mg·kg-1,飲用水溶解后飲用(200 mg·L-1,7 mL·d-1),隔天更換含 Met的飲用水,臨用前現(xiàn)配[19];Asp+Met組、Tan Ⅰ+Asp組、Tan Ⅰ+Met組和Tan Ⅰ+Asp+Met組分別按相同劑量相同途徑給藥,連續(xù)18 d。
從造模時(shí)起,小鼠隔天稱重。腫瘤長出后,每天用游標(biāo)卡尺測量腫瘤的長度和寬度,腫瘤體積=長度×寬度2/2。造模第19天,處死小鼠,立即解剖,稱量小鼠體質(zhì)量和瘤質(zhì)量,計(jì)算腫瘤生長抑制率。腫瘤生長抑制率(%)=(1-藥物治療組瘤質(zhì)量均值/模型組瘤質(zhì)量均值)×100%。
同時(shí)取小鼠肝和脾,4%多聚甲醛固定,HE染色,觀察組織病理改變。
剖取腫瘤,剪取1 cm×1 cm×1 cm的腫瘤組織,用10 mL注射器塞研磨并過400目篩網(wǎng),細(xì)胞懸液390×g離心5 min,去上清,按照腫瘤浸潤組織淋巴細(xì)胞分離試劑盒方法分離腫瘤組織淋巴細(xì)胞。
將分離得到的2×106個(gè)腫瘤組織淋巴細(xì)胞用PBS洗2次,轉(zhuǎn)入流式管中,根據(jù)CD8+T,CD4+T和Treg細(xì)胞表面抗原特征分別加入2 μL FITC-抗小鼠CD3單克隆抗體(1∶50)、5 μL PE-抗小鼠CD4單抗(1∶20)、5 μL APC-抗小鼠CD25單抗(1∶20)和5 μL APC-抗小鼠CD8抗體(1∶20),用PBS將體系調(diào)整到100 μL,室溫避光孵育30 min,孵育完成后用PBS洗2次,最后用PBS 400 μL重懸,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測CD8+T,CD4+T和Treg(CD4+/CD25+)淋巴細(xì)胞百分比。
取0.3 g黑素瘤組織,加入預(yù)冷的PBS,勻漿器充分研磨,4℃,11000 ×g離心20 min,取上清,ELISA法檢測IL-1β,TNF-α和IL-6炎癥因子,具體步驟按照ELISA試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)均以±s表示,使用GraphPad Prism5.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
藥物治療過程中,小鼠一般狀態(tài)較好,各組小鼠體質(zhì)量(包括瘤質(zhì)量)均呈上升趨勢(圖1)。HE染色結(jié)果顯示,各組小鼠肝和脾組織均未見明顯病理變化(圖略)。死亡小鼠肝和脾未檢測。
Fig.1 Effect of combination of tanshinone Ⅰ(Tan Ⅰ),aspirin(Asp)and metformin hydrochloride(Met)on body mass of mice with melanoma.C57BL/6 mice were sc given 0.1 mL B16F10 cells(2.8×109L-1)to prepare the subcutaneous transplantation tumor model.Then the mice were divided into 8 groups immediately and given Tan Ⅰ20 mg·kg-1ip once daily,Asp 210 mg·kg-1or Met 70 mg·kg-1orally in drinking water,for 18 d.±s,n=5-8.**P<0.01,compared with model group.
給藥結(jié)束后,模型組小鼠存活數(shù)為8/10;Tan Ⅰ組為8/10;Asp組為7/10;Met組為7/10;Tan Ⅰ+Asp組為8/10;Tan Ⅰ+Met組為8/10;Asp+Met組為7/10;Tan Ⅰ+Asp+Met組為5/10,說明3藥聯(lián)用副作用較大。
圖2和表1結(jié)果顯示,荷瘤小鼠經(jīng)過治療后,與模型組比較,Tan Ⅰ,Asp和Met單用及兩兩聯(lián)用組腫瘤體積和瘤質(zhì)量無明顯變化;Tan Ⅰ+Asp+Met組腫瘤體積和瘤質(zhì)量較模型組明顯降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),抑瘤率為46.2%,表明3藥聯(lián)用可有效抑制黑素瘤生長,效果優(yōu)于3藥單用或兩兩聯(lián)用。
Fig.2 Effect of combination of Tan Ⅰ,Asp and Met on tumor volume of mice with melanoma.See Fig.1 for the mouse treatment.±s,n=5-8.**P<0.01,compared with model group.
Tab.1 Inhibitory effect of combination of Tan Ⅰ,Asp and Met on tumor mass of mice with melanoma
Fig.3 Effect of combination of Tan Ⅰ,Asp and Met on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes of mice with melanoma detected by flow cytometry. See Fig.1 for the mouse treatment.
Tab.2 Effect of combination of Tan Ⅰ,Asp and Met on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes of mice with melanoma
圖3和表2結(jié)果顯示,與模型組比較,Tan Ⅰ,Asp和Met單用及兩兩聯(lián)用組腫瘤組織中CD8+T和Treg淋巴細(xì)胞百分比無明顯變化,Met單用組CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞百分比減少(P<0.05)。Tan Ⅰ+Asp+Met組CD4+T和Treg淋巴細(xì)胞百分比無明顯變化,CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞百分比增加(P<0.05)。
由表3可以看出,Tan Ⅰ+Met組腫瘤組織中IL-6,IL-1β和TNF-α含量較模型組升高(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.05),Tan Ⅰ+Asp+Met組IL-1β和TNF-α含量無明顯變化,IL-6含量升高(P<0.01)。
Tab.3 Effect of combination of Tan Ⅰ,Asp and Met on interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-1 β and tumor necrosis factor- α(TNF- α)content in tumor tissue of mice with melanoma detected by ELISA
本研究結(jié)果顯示,Tan Ⅰ,Asp和Met單用及兩兩聯(lián)用對腫瘤體積和瘤質(zhì)量無明顯影響,3藥聯(lián)用腫瘤體積和瘤質(zhì)量明顯降低,抑瘤率達(dá)46.2%。提示3藥聯(lián)用可有效抑制黑素瘤模型小鼠移植瘤生長,作用優(yōu)于其單用或兩兩聯(lián)用。另外,實(shí)驗(yàn)期間各組小鼠體質(zhì)量(包括瘤質(zhì)量)均呈上升趨勢,只有3藥聯(lián)用組體質(zhì)量增加減慢。至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),各組存活小鼠肝和脾組織均未見明顯病理改變,但3藥聯(lián)用組小鼠存活數(shù)僅為5/10,明顯少于其他各組,提示3藥聯(lián)用副作用較大。
近年來,在傳統(tǒng)腫瘤治療方法基礎(chǔ)上,越來越多的學(xué)者探討免疫系統(tǒng)的抗腫瘤作用。免疫細(xì)胞主要包括CD8+T細(xì)胞、CD4+T細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞等,在清除腫瘤的過程中,前3種細(xì)胞發(fā)揮了較重要的作用[20]。Bronchalo-Vicente等[21]研究報(bào)道,經(jīng)過李斯特菌治療黑素瘤后,小鼠脾內(nèi)的CD8+T細(xì)胞百分比顯著增加。Du Four等[22]報(bào)道,經(jīng)阿西替尼(axitinib)治療后,黑素瘤荷瘤模型小鼠瘤體積顯著減小,脾中CD8+T細(xì)胞百分比增加。本研究結(jié)果表明,Tan Ⅰ,Asp和Met單用及兩兩聯(lián)用組腫瘤組織中CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞百分比無明顯變化,3藥聯(lián)用CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞百分比增加。提示3藥聯(lián)用可有效地提高CD8+T細(xì)胞在黑素瘤組織的浸潤,CD8+T細(xì)胞可能發(fā)揮了主要的抗腫瘤作用。
炎癥與腫瘤的關(guān)系極其復(fù)雜,炎癥可誘發(fā)細(xì)胞惡變,慢性炎癥的可塑性和多樣性可導(dǎo)致與腫瘤相關(guān)的炎癥反應(yīng),且因腫瘤類型不同而不同。炎癥的復(fù)雜性主要在于炎癥反應(yīng)中促炎和抗炎因子的含量不同。因此,調(diào)節(jié)不同炎癥因子之間的平衡,在腫瘤免疫治療過程中發(fā)揮重大作用[23]。本研究結(jié)果表明,Tan Ⅰ+Met組腫瘤組織中IL-6,IL-1β和TNF-α含量升高(抑瘤率為17.9%),3藥聯(lián)用組IL-6含量升高(抑瘤率為46.2%)。提示3藥聯(lián)用可有效抗腫瘤生長,可能與黑素瘤組織微環(huán)境中IL-6等炎癥因子的變化有關(guān),也可能與3藥聯(lián)用發(fā)揮抑瘤作用有關(guān)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),3藥聯(lián)用對黑素瘤模型小鼠有較好的抗腫瘤作用,未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯的脾和肝組織病理變化,但小鼠死亡數(shù)達(dá)1/2。Met和Asp屬于臨床上常用的西藥,而Tan Ⅰ是中藥丹參的主要成分之一。據(jù)報(bào)道,中西藥聯(lián)用不當(dāng)會產(chǎn)生毒副作用,如丹參中含有多種丹參酮類成分,與抗酸藥物配伍產(chǎn)生絡(luò)合反應(yīng)而易形成螯合物,因而不宜與抗酸藥物配伍使用,以免降低丹參的生物利用度,影響療效[24-26]。陳琳[27]報(bào)道,Asp與復(fù)方甘草片聯(lián)用,因Asp對胃黏膜有刺激,而復(fù)方甘草片含糖皮質(zhì)激素,可使胃酸分泌增多,并減少胃液分泌,降低胃腸抵抗力。另外,傅厚道[28]報(bào)道,丹參及其制劑與Asp等抗凝血藥物聯(lián)用時(shí),因具有類似藥理作用,合用可表現(xiàn)為作用增強(qiáng),但易導(dǎo)致出血。至于本研究中Tan Ⅰ,Asp和Met聯(lián)用對小鼠是否存在急性損傷或其他副作用,導(dǎo)致小鼠死亡的原因是否與給藥時(shí)間、給藥劑量或給藥途徑等有關(guān)尚需深入研究。
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