趙 騰,高 文,梁 軍,李 欣,林巖松
1.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730;
2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科,北京 100038;
3.青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,山東 青島 266003;
4.北京大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,北京 100142
pN1a甲狀腺乳頭狀癌中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的關(guān)系
趙 騰1,2,高 文3,梁 軍4,李 欣1,林巖松1
1.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730;
2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科,北京 100038;
3.青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,山東 青島 266003;
4.北京大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,北京 100142
背景與目的:甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)常發(fā)生頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,多見于頸部中央?yún)^(qū)。該研究旨在探討轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與131I“清甲”治療后臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的關(guān)系。方法:回顧性分析2012年2月—2014年12月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院收治的167例經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實存在1~5枚淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的pN1aPTC患者的臨床資料,均行全甲狀腺切除或近全甲狀腺切除聯(lián)合中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。經(jīng)過131I“清甲”治療后中位隨訪26個月,將患者的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸根據(jù)美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(American Thyroid Association,ATA)2015年發(fā)布的《成人甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)與分化型甲狀腺癌診治指南》分為:滿意(excellent response,ER)、不確切(indeterminate response,IDR)、血清學(xué)反應(yīng)欠佳(biochemical incomplete response,BIR)和影像學(xué)反應(yīng)欠佳(structural incomplete response,SIR)。計算不同淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)對應(yīng)的累計ER率(以ERn表示,n為淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù),ERn為清掃數(shù)小于等于n枚淋巴結(jié)后達(dá)到ER的患者數(shù)占清掃數(shù)小于等于n枚淋巴結(jié)的總?cè)藬?shù)的百分比),分析中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與ERn的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:隨著中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)增多,ERn總體呈上升趨勢,ER1、ER5、ER10和ER30分別為25.0%、66.7%、74.7%和79.1%,且n由1至10時ERn升高明顯。n大于等于10的患者的滿意率高于n小于10的患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(85.7% vs 73.3%,P=0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于10枚(OR=2.720,95%CI:1.052~7.033,P=0.039)、131I治療前刺激性甲狀腺球蛋白(stimulated thyroglobulin,sTg)水平(OR=0.955,95%CI:0.926~0.984,P=0.003)是影響ER的獨立預(yù)后因素。結(jié)論:隨著中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)的增多,pN1aPTC患者131I“清甲”治療后更易達(dá)到ER;對于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者,中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于10枚有助于其131I“清甲”治療后達(dá)到ER。
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù);臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是最常見的甲狀腺惡性腫瘤,盡管其生長緩慢且較少發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,但20%~60%的患者確診時即伴有頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[1-3],且多見于頸部中央?yún)^(qū)。有研究顯示,伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的PTC患者復(fù)發(fā)率高于不伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者[4]。隨著體檢及篩查意識的普及,許多PTC患者雖伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,但術(shù)后病理證實轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)較少(小于等于5枚)且僅局限于中央?yún)^(qū)(pN1a)。對于此類患者,中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃可使其有相對明確的獲益。目前,關(guān)于淋巴結(jié)的研究主要側(cè)重于位置、大小、數(shù)量和結(jié)外侵犯與疾病復(fù)發(fā)和無病生存期的關(guān)系[5-10],本課題組近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率(轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)/清掃淋巴結(jié)總數(shù))大于52.3%的患者131I“清甲”治療后更易出現(xiàn)較差的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸[11],該指標(biāo)納入了淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍即“清掃數(shù)”這一變量,并通過分析轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與131I“清甲”治療后臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的關(guān)系,探討此類患者的合適淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)。
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2012年2月—2014年12月于北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院行手術(shù)及131I“清甲”治療的167例pN1aPTC患者的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):① 手術(shù)方式為全甲狀腺切除或近全甲狀腺切除+中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),術(shù)后行131I治療及促甲狀腺激素(thyrotropin,TSH)抑制治療;② 術(shù)后病理證實為PTC,且僅存在1~5枚中央?yún)^(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié);③ 手術(shù)及131I“清甲”治療時無頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的證據(jù)。在167例伴有1~5個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的pN1aPTC患者中,男性42例,女性125例,平均年齡(40.9±10.5)歲,其中63.5%為甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC),即病灶直徑小于等于1 cm。
1.2 131I“清甲”治療
131I治療準(zhǔn)備和方案制定均參照美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(American Thyroid Association,ATA)2015年發(fā)布的《成人甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)與分化型甲狀腺癌診治指南》(簡稱《2015版指南》)[12],131I治療前常規(guī)檢測術(shù)后未服或停服甲狀腺激素致TSH升高(大于30 mU/L)狀態(tài)下的血清刺激性甲狀腺球蛋白(stimulated thyroglobulin,sTg)及相應(yīng)甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(thyroglobulin antibody,TgAb)水平。131I治療劑量為1.1~5.5 GBq (30~150 mCi)。治療后規(guī)律隨訪。
1.3 臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸分析方法
根據(jù)ATA《2015版指南》,將131I“清甲”治療后患者的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸依據(jù)血清學(xué)證據(jù)(Tg、TgAb)和影像學(xué)證據(jù)(頸部超聲、131I全身顯像、胸部CT、必要時加做全身骨顯像及PET/CT等檢查)分為:滿意(excellent response,ER)、不確切(indeterminate response,IDR)、血清學(xué)反應(yīng)欠佳(biochemical incomplete response,BIR)和影像學(xué)反應(yīng)欠佳(structural incomplete response,SIR) 4類[12]。分別針對不同頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)計算累計ER率以ERn表示,其中n為淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù),公式為:ERn=清掃≤n枚淋巴結(jié)后達(dá)到ER的患者人數(shù)/清掃≤n枚淋巴結(jié)的患者總數(shù)。觀察n與ERn的關(guān)系。根據(jù)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)以5、10和15為界進(jìn)行分組,比較小于5組與大于等于5組、小于10組與大于等于10組、小于15組與大于等于15組3種分組形式中ER率的差異。進(jìn)一步分析ER與年齡、性別、T分期、中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)、中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)、131I治療前sTg及131I治療劑量之間的關(guān)系。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。不同組間ER率比較采用χ2檢驗,采用Logistic回歸模型進(jìn)行ER影響因素的多因素分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
167例轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者均手術(shù)順利,未發(fā)生永久性甲狀旁腺損傷或喉返神經(jīng)損傷。131I“清甲”治療后中位隨訪26個月(14~40個月),臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸達(dá)到ER、IDR、 BIR和SIR者分別占79.0%、13.8%、3.6%和3.6%。
2.1 中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的關(guān)系
隨著中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)的不斷增多,ERn總體呈上升趨勢,ER1、ER5、ER10和ER30分別為25.0%(1/4)、66.7%(32/48)、74.7%(74/99)和79.1%(129/163),其中以n由1提高至10時上升趨勢更顯著(圖1)。
分別以5、10、15為界按中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)將患者各分為2組,即小于5組與大于等于5組、小于10組與大于等于10組、小于15組與大于等于15組,其中大于等于5組ER率高于小于5組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(83.6% vs 60.6%,χ2=8.44,P=0.004);大于等于10組ER率高于小于10組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(85.7% vs 73.3%,χ2=3.84,P=0.05);而大于等于15組ER率僅略高于小于15組,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(82.9% vs 78.0%,χ2=0.39,P=0.533)。
圖 1 pN1aPTC中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與累計ER率的關(guān)系Fig. 1 The relationship between the number of dissected central lymph nodes and the accumulative ER rate in pN1aPTC
2.2 臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸滿意率影響因素分析
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,T分期pT1、pT3或pT4、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于10枚、131I治療前sTg水平小于5 ng/mL及接受低劑量131I治療者ER率更高(表1)。多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,僅中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于10枚和131I治療前sTg水平是ER的獨立預(yù)后因素(表2)。
表 1 PTC臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸滿意的相關(guān)臨床病理特征單因素分析結(jié)果Tab. 1 Univariate analysis for the clinicopathologic characteristics associated with excellent response in patients with PTC
表 2 PTC臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸滿意的相關(guān)臨床病理特征多因素分析結(jié)果Tab. 2 Multivariate analysis for the clinicopathologic characteristics associated with excellent response in patients with PTC
PTC常伴有頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,由于中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)易受累及,ATA發(fā)布的《2015版指南》建議對伴有臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)的中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,臨床頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性(cN0)的T3-4期患者,以及伴有臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)的頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,均應(yīng)考慮行中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃[12],但目前尚無指南對合適的淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)作出明確推薦。在其他腫瘤治療中已有充分的證據(jù)提示淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)與患者的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸密切相關(guān),目前美國國家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)發(fā)布的指南推薦將淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)小于12枚作為Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌的高危因素;淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于15枚可使Ⅱ、Ⅲa和Ⅲb期胃癌患者存活率明顯提高[13]。目前,臨床多認(rèn)為pN1aPTC患者死亡風(fēng)險較低,ATA《2015版指南》甚至將淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1患者(最大徑小于0.2 cm)劃分為低危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險組[12]。但這一評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)未充分考慮淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍的影響。
本研究納入淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中63.5%為PTMC,提示PTMC的局部侵襲性亦不容忽視。隨訪觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),即便是對于中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者,經(jīng)過規(guī)范的手術(shù)、131I“清甲”治療后中位26個月的時間,臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸達(dá)到ER者僅占79.0%,且隨淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)由1至10,ERn可由25.0%提高至74.7%,這提示ATA《2015版指南》僅以淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚作為低危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險分層的依據(jù)尚顯不足,而更應(yīng)在考慮轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)的同時兼顧清掃范圍即“清掃數(shù)”等因素。隨著中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)從1到10不斷增加,患者更易達(dá)到ER,這說明充分的中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃在一定程度上有助于改善患者的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸。為了進(jìn)一步探索淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)的合適界值范圍,進(jìn)一步比較淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)小于5組與大于等于5組、小于10組與大于等于10組、小于15組與大于等于15組3種情況ER率的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)大于等于5組ER率顯著高于小于5組,說明僅評估1~5個中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)可能相對不足;以10為界時,大于等于10組ER率高于小于10組(P=0.05),但兩組間差異縮小,而以15為界時,兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,提示中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于10枚在判斷ER方面可能是一個較好的臨界點,清掃數(shù)大于等于10枚時因手術(shù)清掃相對更充分,更有利于對伴有少量淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的pN1a患者進(jìn)行評估;反之,中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)小于10時,可能因部分患者術(shù)后仍存在微小淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,導(dǎo)致其后續(xù)經(jīng)過131I“清甲”治療后臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸仍不滿意。
針對pN1aPTC臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響因素分析結(jié)果顯示,中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)大于等于10個及131I治療前sTg水平均為ER的獨立預(yù)后因素。因此,對于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者,清掃大于等于10枚中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)有助于對頸部淋巴結(jié)的充分評估并改善患者預(yù)后;131I治療前sTg低水平亦有助于預(yù)測較好的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸,這與文獻(xiàn)報道的結(jié)果基本一致[14-15]。而對于這些患者,是否達(dá)到ER與具體的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)(小于等于5枚時)無相關(guān)性,提示對于中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者,相較于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)更應(yīng)關(guān)注其清掃范圍對臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響。此外,在單因素分析中,T分期pT1、pT3或pT4,接受低劑量131I治療者ER率更高,筆者認(rèn)為這與pT2病例數(shù)較少、接受高劑量131I治療者本身具備更多的與不良預(yù)后相關(guān)的臨床病理特征有關(guān)。多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,應(yīng)用低劑量131I“清甲”治療即可能達(dá)到與高劑量治療后相似的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸,這與以往研究的結(jié)果一致[16-18]。
綜上所述,隨著中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)的增加,pN1aPTC患者經(jīng)131I“清甲”治療后更易達(dá)到滿意的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸;對于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)小于等于5枚的pN1aPTC患者,常規(guī)清掃大于等于10枚中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)有助于其131I“清甲”治療后達(dá)到更好的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸。
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The relationship between the number of dissected central lymph nodes and clinical outcome in pN papillary thyroid carcinoma
1a
ZHAO Teng1,2, GAO Wen3, LIANG Jun4, LI Xin1, LIN Yansong1(1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China; 2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China; 3. Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China; 4. Department of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China)
LIN Yansong E-mail: linys@pumch.cn
Background and purpose: Neck lymph node metastasis, most of which presents in central neck compartment, is common in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the number of dissected central neck lymph nodes and clinical outcome after radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation in pN1aPTC with no more than 5 lymph nodes involvement. Methods: A total of 167 PTC patients who had1-5 proven metastatic lymph nodes according to postoperative pathological diagnosis were retrospectively analyzed, all of whom underwent total or near total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection. After a median follow-up period of 26 months, the clinical outcome of each patient was evaluated as excellent response (ER), indeterminate response (IDR), biochemical incomplete response (BIR), or structural incomplete response (SIR) according to the new American Thyroid Association guidelines. The accumulative ER rate (ERn) was calculated in patients with different numbers of dissected lymph nodes (ERnwas defined as the proportion of patients who achieved ER with the dissected lymph node number of ≤n). The relationship between the number of dissected central neck lymph nodes and ERnwere investigated.Results:As the increase in the number of dissected central neck lymph nodes,there was also an overall increase in ERn, especially when n rose from 1 to 10. The values of ER1, ER5, ER10and ER30were 25.0%, 66.7%, 74.7% and 79.1%, respectively. Besides, the proportion of patients who achieved ER was higher in those with 10 or more dissected lymph nodes than in those with less than 10 (85.7% vs 73.3%, P=0.05). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, both the dissected central lymph node number of ≥10 (OR=2.720, 95%CI: 1.052-7.033, P=0.039) and the level of preablation stimulated thyroglobulin (OR=0.955, 95%CI: 0.926-0.984, P=0.003) were shown to contribute independently to ER.Conclusion:As the increasing number of dissected central neck lymph nodes, the percentage of pN1aPTC patients that achieved ER after RAI ablation generally rises. In pN1aPTC patients with no more than 5 lymph nodes involvement, a central compartment dissection with 10 or more lymph nodes might help them achieve ER after RAI ablation.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma; Neck lymph node dissection; Clinical outcome; Lymph node metastasis
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2017.04.003
R736.1
A
1007-3639(2017)04-0256-06
2016-09-02
2016-12-30)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81571714);衛(wèi)生部行業(yè)科研專項項目(201202012)。
林巖松 E-mail: linys@pumch.cn