周琴飛+張亞林
[摘要]目的 通過(guò)調(diào)查腎移植術(shù)后患者焦慮、抑郁等心理狀態(tài)及心理整合情況,分析腎移植術(shù)后患者的心理體驗(yàn)。方法 納入2012年5~9月在中南大學(xué)三所附屬醫(yī)院就診的303例腎移植術(shù)后患者,采用定式問(wèn)卷,包括基本情況表、焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)、抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)和心理整合情況表,調(diào)查腎移植患者的心理整合情況現(xiàn)狀及與心理狀態(tài)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 腎移植患者的SAS得分為(40.99±10.08)分,SDS得分為(44.84±11.93)分,均高于常模[(37.23±12.59)、(41.88±10.57)分](P=0.000);絕大部分(84.2%)腎移植患者認(rèn)為移植的腎臟已成為自己身體的一部分,而仍有患者不確定(11.5%),甚至有些患者(21.8%)認(rèn)為移植的腎臟是體內(nèi)異物。將心理整合情況進(jìn)行因子分析,提取出兩個(gè)因子——器官整合及與供者關(guān)系。相關(guān)性分析顯示,器官整合、與供者關(guān)系均與SAS、SDS得分顯著相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 大多數(shù)腎移植患者的心理整合情況良好,但仍有一部分患者心理整合過(guò)程持續(xù)存在異常,臨床上應(yīng)早期鑒別心理整合出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的患者,及時(shí)介入干預(yù),以改善患者的心理狀態(tài),提高其生存質(zhì)量。
[關(guān)鍵詞]腎移植;心理整合;焦慮;抑郁
[中圖分類號(hào)] R318.16 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2016)12(a)-0007-04
Clinical investigation of psychological integration in patients with kidney transplantation
ZHOU Qin-fei1 ZHANG Ya-lin2
1.Department of General Medicine,Zhejiang Cancer Hospital,Hangzhou 310022,China;2.Department of Mental Health,the Second Hospital of Xiangya in Central South University of Hunan Province,Changsha 410011,China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the anxiety and depression of psychological state and so on and psychological integration status of patients after kidney transplantation,and analyze the psychological experience of patients after kidney transplantation.Methods 303 cases after kidney transplantation treated by three affiliated hospitals of Central South University from May to September 2012 were included.Formulary questionnaire including basic information table,self-rating anxiety scale (SAS),self-rating depression scale (SDS) and psychological integration scale were used to investigate the psychological integration of patients after kidney transplantation and the correlation between psychological integration and psychological state.Results SAS score of patients with kidney transplantation was (40.99±10.08) points,SDS score was (44.84±11.93) points,and SAS and SDS score were higher than those of the norm [(37.23±12.59) points,(41.88±10.57) points] (P=0.000).The vast majority (84.2%) of patients with kidney transplant believed that the transplanted kidney had become a part of the body,but still a small part of the patients (11.5%) were not sure even some patients (21.8%) thought that the kidney transplanted were still a foreign body.Factor analysis of psychological integration was conducted and two factors extracted—organ integration and the relationship with donor.Correlation analysis showed that organ integration and the relationship with donor were significantly correlated with SAS and SDS score (P<0.05).Conclusion Most of patients with kidney transplant have good psychological integration,but there is still a part of patients with persistent abnormal psychological integration process,early identification of psychological integration problems of patients and timely intervention can improve the psychological status and quality of life of patients with kidney transplantation.
[Key words]Kidney transplantation;Psychological integration;Anxiety;Depression
終末期腎病指各種慢性腎臟疾病的終末階段,而腎移植已經(jīng)成為終末期腎病治療的最佳選擇。國(guó)外眾多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)移植患者對(duì)自身疾病及移植器官的感知可能影響患者的軀體康復(fù)[1-3],因此,對(duì)于腎移植患者而言,除了術(shù)后生理功能的恢復(fù)外,對(duì)新器官的認(rèn)知及心理體驗(yàn)也同樣重要[2,4]。
心理整合概念早在1971年由Muslin[5]提出,定義為移植的器官被機(jī)體接納、同化成為自身一部分的過(guò)程,同時(shí)提出了漸進(jìn)性內(nèi)化假說(shuō):初始階段為異體階段,患者將移植器官認(rèn)為是陌生的“異物”,出現(xiàn)“自我”排斥;第二階段為部分一體化階段,患者對(duì)新器官的關(guān)注度降低,移植器官為過(guò)渡對(duì)象,此時(shí)既是“異物”,也是“自我的一部分”;最后為完全一體化階段,移植器官變成“自我的一部分”,不再有意地被患者所感知。心理整合被認(rèn)為是長(zhǎng)期的漸進(jìn)過(guò)程,由于個(gè)體存在差異,這一過(guò)程有可能出現(xiàn)各種問(wèn)題,比如后期會(huì)重新產(chǎn)生“異物”感或強(qiáng)烈的敵視心理等[6]。
目前,在國(guó)內(nèi)器官移植領(lǐng)域,精神心理相關(guān)的研究相對(duì)較少,而有關(guān)心理整合的研究更是有限,人們對(duì)這一過(guò)程尚缺乏深入的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)。本研究意在調(diào)查腎移植患者的心理整合情況以及相關(guān)的心理狀態(tài),探討我國(guó)文化背景下腎移植患者的心理體驗(yàn),以尋找可能的臨床干預(yù)切入點(diǎn)。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
本研究共納入303例腎移植術(shù)后患者,均為2012年5~9月在中南大學(xué)三所附屬醫(yī)院住院治療或門診復(fù)查的患者。男性218例,女性85例,年齡16~66歲,平均(38.12±10.43)歲。所有患者意識(shí)清楚,閱讀和理解能力滿足研究條件,排除重性精神病及認(rèn)知功能障礙患者。
1.2研究方法
對(duì)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的腎移植術(shù)后患者,采用定式問(wèn)卷,統(tǒng)一的指導(dǎo)語(yǔ),以保證數(shù)據(jù)的客觀性和準(zhǔn)確性,問(wèn)卷包括基本情況表、焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)及抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)、心理整合情況表。心理整合情況表來(lái)自Goetzmann等[7]的研究,翻譯為中文,共計(jì)5個(gè)條目:①我感覺(jué)移植的腎臟是體內(nèi)的異物;②移植腎臟已成為我身體的一部分;③有時(shí)感覺(jué)自己的性格有點(diǎn)像供腎者;④我經(jīng)常想到供腎者;⑤腎移植對(duì)我現(xiàn)在的生活無(wú)明顯影響。每個(gè)條目有5個(gè)選項(xiàng),分別為完全正確、正確、不確定、錯(cuò)誤、完全錯(cuò)誤。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
將問(wèn)卷和量表的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理、錄入和編碼,建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),相關(guān)分析采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析,心理整合情況分析采用因子分析,以 P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1腎移植患者的心理狀態(tài)分析
303例患者完成了SAS和SDS調(diào)查,基本情況見(jiàn)表1、表2。由表2可見(jiàn),腎移植患者的SAS、SDS得分均高于常模,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2腎移植患者心理整合情況
303例腎移植術(shù)后患者完成了心理整合情況表,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。
進(jìn)一步對(duì)腎移植患者的心理整合情況進(jìn)行因子分析,共歸納成兩個(gè)因子。條目1、2組成器官整合因子,條目3、4、5組成第2因子——與供者關(guān)系。腎移植患者心理整合情況的因子分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4、圖1。
2.3腎移植患者心理狀態(tài)與心理整合情況的相關(guān)性分析
將腎移植術(shù)后患者焦慮抑郁等心理狀態(tài)與患者的心理整合情況進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)因子1(器官整合)、因子2(與供者關(guān)系)與SAS得分、SDS得分均相關(guān)(P<0.05)(表5)。
3討論
通過(guò)本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),絕大部分腎移植術(shù)后患者擁有良好的心理整合過(guò)程,但仍有患者不確定(11.5%)或認(rèn)為(21.8%)移植腎是自己體內(nèi)的異物。有相當(dāng)一部分腎移植患者認(rèn)為(19.8%)或不確定(29.4%)自己的性格像供腎者,而將近一半的患者經(jīng)常想到供者。近1/3的患者認(rèn)為腎移植對(duì)自己產(chǎn)生了持續(xù)的影響。值得注意的是,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)移植事件產(chǎn)生的影響與術(shù)后時(shí)間無(wú)關(guān),也就是說(shuō)移植事件扮演著一個(gè)持續(xù)且非常重要的角色。
通過(guò)因子分析,本研究判斷腎移植患者的心理整合分為器官整合和與供者關(guān)系兩個(gè)部分,每個(gè)部分出現(xiàn)異常都可能影響心理整合進(jìn)程。器官整合情況較差的患者,可能始終將移植腎看作是一種異物,甚至認(rèn)為自己的身體不完整,或者擔(dān)心移植腎隨時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,直接摧毀自己的健康,從而終日關(guān)注自己的軀體感受,將不適感過(guò)度夸大。與供者關(guān)系緊密的患者,經(jīng)常認(rèn)為供者可能由此帶來(lái)很大的健康隱患,有時(shí)將供者的任何疾病都?xì)w咎于自己身上,容易遭受到壓力和內(nèi)疚感等,甚至深陷其中無(wú)法自拔,因此容易出現(xiàn)各種心理問(wèn)題。本研究通過(guò)相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)腎移植患者的焦慮、抑郁等心理問(wèn)題確實(shí)與心理整合情況顯著相關(guān),這與國(guó)外研究一致[8-9]。
移植后,患者的身體狀態(tài)短時(shí)間內(nèi)出現(xiàn)巨大的改變,這可能引發(fā)一個(gè)“心理危機(jī)”,而此危機(jī)的解決則是一個(gè)自我表征及器官整合的復(fù)雜過(guò)程。很多研究證實(shí)患者腎移植術(shù)后患者將經(jīng)歷一系列正性及負(fù)性情緒,例如內(nèi)疚、感恩、害怕等[8],可能出現(xiàn)體象及自我表征脆弱性問(wèn)題[9];同時(shí),移植腎作為一個(gè)“異物”可能喚起內(nèi)心信仰,從而引發(fā)對(duì)新器官的心理沖突并阻礙對(duì)移植的接受性[10-12]。而對(duì)于新器官的心理沖突可能導(dǎo)致情緒問(wèn)題及降低依從性等,間接預(yù)測(cè)移植失敗的可能[13-14],由此可見(jiàn)腎移植術(shù)后會(huì)經(jīng)歷復(fù)雜的新器官接納過(guò)程,這些過(guò)程中心理免疫機(jī)制的相互作用是非常復(fù)雜的。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),絕大多數(shù)腎移植術(shù)后患者心理整合情況良好,但是仍有一部分患者心理整合過(guò)程持續(xù)存在異常,因此臨床上應(yīng)重視鑒別腎移植患者的心理整合情況,以便于早期鑒別心理整合出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的患者,及時(shí)介入干預(yù),以改善患者的心理狀態(tài)及依從性等,提高患者的生存質(zhì)量,并進(jìn)一步影響患者的臨床預(yù)后等,今后應(yīng)更致力于探索影響腎移植患者心理整合的相關(guān)因素,研究改善心理整合過(guò)程的干預(yù)途徑,改善腎移植患者的心理狀態(tài)及提高其生存質(zhì)量[15]。
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