劉洋 劉修恒 王磊
[摘要] 目的 探討芹黃素聯(lián)合缺血后處理對大鼠腎缺血再灌注損傷的影響。 方法 將50只大鼠隨機分為5組:假手術(shù)組(sham組)、缺血再灌注組(I/R組)、芹黃素組(api組)、缺血后處理組(IPO組)、芹黃素+缺血后處理組(api+IPO組)。建立大鼠腎缺血再灌注損傷模型,處死動物取腎組織石蠟包埋切片,觀察腎組織病理學(xué)變化,免疫組化檢測Fas、Caspase-3和Bcl-2表達(dá),Real-time PCR檢測Fas、Caspase-3、PARP-1和Bcl-2表達(dá)水平,Western blot檢測Caspase-3、Bax和Bcl-2表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 與sham組相比,I/R組病理組織顯示腎小管損傷嚴(yán)重;免疫組化示Fas、Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)增強,Bcl-2表達(dá)降低(P < 0.01);Real-time PCR示Fas、Caspase-3和PARP-1 mRNA表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)(P < 0.01);Western blot示Caspase-3和Bax表達(dá)水平明顯升高,Bcl-2表達(dá)水平明顯降低,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。與I/R組相比,api組、IPO組和api+IPO組病理組織顯示腎小管損傷顯著改善;免疫組化示Fas、Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),Bcl-2表達(dá)上調(diào)(P < 0.05);Real-time PCR示Fas、Caspase-3和PARP-1 mRNA表達(dá)明顯降低,Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)明顯增高(P < 0.05);Western blot示Caspase-3和Bax表達(dá)水平明顯下降,Bcl-2表達(dá)水平明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 芹黃素和缺血后處理均能減輕腎臟缺血再灌注損傷,其機制可能與其上調(diào)Bcl-2基因和下調(diào)Bax、Caspase-3等基因表達(dá)有關(guān),從而抑制腎缺血再灌注損傷后所造成的細(xì)胞凋亡。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 缺血再灌注;芹黃素;缺血后處理;凋亡
[中圖分類號] R364.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)05(c)-0022-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of apigenin combined with ischemic postconditioning on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Methods Fifty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham-operated group (sham group), ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R group), apigenin group (api group), ischemic postconditioning group (IPO group) and api+IPO group. The rat model with renal ischemia/reperfusion injury was established, then the animals were sacrificed and nephridial tissue was taken to make paraffin-embedded sections. The pathologic changes of nephridial tissue were observed, the expression of Fas, Caspase-3, Bax were detected by immunohistochemistry, the expression of Fas, Caspase-3, PARP-1 and Bcl-2 were detected by real-time PCR, the expression of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the sham group, in I/R group, the pathological tissue showed that kidney tubules were damaged seriously; the immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Fas and Caspase-3 were enhanced, the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased (P < 0.01); Real-time PCR showed that the expression of Fas, Caspase-3 and PARP-1 mRNA were up-regulated significantly, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated significantly (P < 0.01); Western blot showed that the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax were increased significantly, the expression of Bcl-2 was reduced significantly, the differences were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). Compared with I/R group, in api+I/R group, IPO group and api+IPO group, the pathological tissue showed that kidney tubules were alleviated; the immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Fas and Caspase-3 were reduced, the expression of Bcl-2 was increased (P < 0.05); Real-time PCR showed that the expression of Fas, Caspase-3 and PARP-1 mRNA were down-regulated significantly, the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated significantly (P < 0.05); Western blot showed that the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax were reduced significantly, the expression of Bcl-2 was increased significantly, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Both apigenin and ischemic postconditioning can reduce the renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, the mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulating the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, so as to inhibit the cell apoptosis caused by renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
[Key words] Ischemia/reperfusion; Apigenin; Ischemic postconditioning; Apoptosis
腎缺血再灌注損傷是指腎組織缺血時和重獲血流灌注或氧供應(yīng)后,器官和組織發(fā)生損傷甚至功能衰竭[1]。腎缺血再灌注損傷常常發(fā)生在嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷、急性失血、中毒性休克和腎移植術(shù)后,極易引發(fā)急性腎衰竭[2]。缺血后處理是指組織或器官在長期缺血后再重獲多次血流灌注或氧供應(yīng)的過程,過程中缺血組織和器官的內(nèi)源性保護(hù)機制被啟動,緩解組織和器官的缺血再灌注損傷[3]。缺血后處理能抑制腎缺血再灌注損傷誘發(fā)的腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡,但機制尚不十分清楚[4-5]。芹黃素是一種天然多酚類化合物,它以黃色素的形式廣泛存在于多種植物中,能產(chǎn)生明顯的抗氧化作用,可清除體內(nèi)過多的自由基,穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)[6-7]。本研究旨在探討芹黃素聯(lián)合缺血后處理方案對腎缺血再灌注損傷的相關(guān)保護(hù)作用機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實驗動物 3月齡左右健康雄性SD大鼠50只,體重為220~300 g,購于湖北省疾病預(yù)防控制中心(合格證號:42000600014826),飼養(yǎng)于武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院實驗動物中心清潔級動物室。
1.1.2 實驗材料 芹黃素,純度為98%,購于上海阿拉丁試劑有限公司(貨號A106676)。考馬斯亮藍(lán)蛋白測定試劑盒、Fas、Caspase-3、PARP、Bcl-2抗體均購于SantaCruz公司,BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒購于碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 模型的建立與分組 所有的動物實驗操作均依照武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院實驗動物委員會規(guī)定的協(xié)議及相關(guān)推薦進(jìn)行。大鼠被隨機分為以下5組:①假手術(shù)組(sham組)(n = 10):以1%濃度的戊巴比妥鈉溶液按照50 mg/kg的劑量行腹腔注射麻醉,暴露兩側(cè)腎臟后,分離腎包膜及腎動靜脈,切除右腎后縫合腹壁;②缺血再灌注組(I/R組)(n = 10):暴露兩側(cè)腎臟后,分離腎包膜及腎動靜脈,切除右腎后使用無損傷血管夾夾閉左腎腎動脈和腎靜脈,待腎臟顏色變?yōu)榘导t色即可確定左腎血流被阻斷,45 min后松開動脈夾,腎臟表面顏色恢復(fù)為鮮紅色,可認(rèn)為血流恢復(fù)正常,逐層關(guān)閉腹腔;③芹黃素組(api組)(n = 10):手術(shù)方法與I/R組保持一致,但在術(shù)前30 min腹腔注射10 mg/kg的芹黃素;④缺血后處理組(IPO組)(n = 10):暴露兩側(cè)腎臟后,分離腎包膜及腎動靜脈,切除右腎后使用無損傷血管夾夾閉左腎腎動脈和腎靜脈,在阻斷左腎動脈血流45 min后,給予反復(fù)3次的恢復(fù)血流10 s,阻斷血流10 s的處理,然后再完全恢復(fù)血流供應(yīng),逐層關(guān)閉腹腔;⑤芹黃素+缺血后處理組(api+IPO組)(n = 10):手術(shù)方法與IPO組一致,但在術(shù)前30 min腹腔注射10 mg/kg的芹黃素。
1.2.2 腎組織病理學(xué)檢查 石蠟切片行HE染色,置于日本Olympus顯微鏡下觀察其病理改變并拍攝。
1.2.3 免疫組織化學(xué)檢測 腎組織石蠟切片,厚4 μm,按SP法免疫組化試劑盒進(jìn)行操作,加入Fas、Caspase-3和Bcl-2(1∶100)抗體及相應(yīng)二抗,DAB顯色5 min后封片。細(xì)胞漿或細(xì)胞核有棕黃色表達(dá)者為陽性細(xì)胞。
1.2.4 Real-time PCR檢測 用Trizol提取總RNA,瓊脂糖電泳檢測RNA完整性,分光光度計檢測RNA濃度和純度。取總RNA 1 μg,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄生成cDNA。以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,分析基因的相對表達(dá)量。
1.2.5 Western blot檢測蛋白表達(dá) 腎組織剪碎勻漿加入裂解液提取蛋白,冰上放置40 min,離心取上清,采用BCA試劑盒檢測蛋白濃度。取20 μg蛋白樣品上樣,于10%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠上進(jìn)行電泳,電泳結(jié)束后100 V電轉(zhuǎn)印至PVDF膜上。50 g/L脫脂牛奶封閉2 h,稀釋一抗4℃孵育過夜。之后將辣根過氧化物酶(HRP)標(biāo)記的二抗1∶2000稀釋后加入孵育,洗膜后ECL法顯色并照相。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。計量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組比較采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用q檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 組織病理學(xué)結(jié)果
HE病理染色結(jié)果示,sham組腎小管排列整齊,腎小管未見明顯的形態(tài)學(xué)改變。I/R組腎小管上皮細(xì)胞腫脹,部分細(xì)胞明顯變性壞死,腎小管明顯擴張,管腔內(nèi)可見細(xì)胞管型。與I/R組相比,api+IPO組、api組和IPO組腎小管損傷程度明顯減輕,有少量腎小管上皮細(xì)胞輕度水腫,管型少見,有少量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤。見圖1。
2.2 Fas、Caspase-3和Bcl-2免疫組織化學(xué)法結(jié)果
免疫組織化學(xué)法結(jié)果示,sham組Fas、Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)較低,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)較高;I/R組Fas、Caspase-3表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)。然而經(jīng)api或IPO處理后Fas和Caspase-3表達(dá)量顯著降低,Bcl-2表達(dá)量明顯增高(P < 0.05)。見圖2(封三)。
2.3 Fas、Caspase-3、PARP-1和Bcl-2 mRNA水平比較
Real-time PCR結(jié)果顯示,sham組大鼠腎組織中Fas、Caspase-3和PARP-1 mRNA表達(dá)較低,Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)較高。經(jīng)過I/R后,腎組織中Fas、Caspase-3和PARP-1 mRNA表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)(P < 0.01),Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)(P < 0.01)。與I/R組比較,api+IPO組、api組和IPO組Fas、Caspase-3和PARP-1 mRNA表達(dá)顯著下降(P < 0.05),Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)顯著升高(P < 0.05),其中api+IPO組表現(xiàn)更為明顯,而IPO組和api組的mRNA表達(dá)水平差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖3。
2.4 各組大鼠Western blot結(jié)果
Western blot結(jié)果示,sham組Caspase-3和Bax表達(dá)水平較低,Bcl-2表達(dá)水平較高。I/R組Caspase-3和Bax表達(dá)水平明顯升高,而Bcl-2表達(dá)水平明顯降低(P < 0.01)。此外,api+IPO組、api組和IPO組的Caspase-3和Bax的表達(dá)水平相對I/R顯著下調(diào),Bcl-2表達(dá)水平顯著上調(diào)(P < 0.05)。其中api+IPO組的趨勢更為明顯(P < 0.05)。見圖4。
3 討論
急性腎功能衰竭是臨床上常見的危重疾病之一,腎缺血再灌注損傷是其中最主要的病因[8]。腎缺血再灌注損傷的機制研究早已成為熱點,但尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的治療方法。Fas是TNF家族成員之一,在心臟、腎臟和肝臟中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)[9]。FasL是細(xì)胞表面的一種Ⅱ型膜蛋白,多表達(dá)于NK細(xì)胞和被激活的T淋巴細(xì)胞表面[10]。Fas和FasL結(jié)合過程中生成三聚體結(jié)構(gòu),并募集相關(guān)的凋亡蛋白,結(jié)合成死亡起始信號復(fù)合體,激活Caspase-3執(zhí)行細(xì)胞死亡程序?;罨腃aspase-3能夠破壞細(xì)胞內(nèi)的某些結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白和聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞骨架解體,從而引起細(xì)胞凋亡[11-12]。本研究結(jié)果表明,芹黃素和缺血后處理均能下調(diào)腎缺血再灌注后Fas和Caspase-3的表達(dá)水平,而且其下調(diào)趨勢在聯(lián)合處理方案中更為明顯。這說明芹黃素和缺血后處理都能夠有效地抑制Caspase-3的表達(dá),從而阻斷Fas/FasL介導(dǎo)的凋亡途徑。
Bcl-2基因是早年在濾泡性非霍奇金淋巴瘤細(xì)胞中分離出來的一種癌基因[13]。Bcl-2能夠減少自由基的生成,抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)Ca2+的釋放和線粒體膜的通透性,阻斷Caspase-3的激活過程,從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[14-15]。Bax是啟動細(xì)胞程序性死亡的關(guān)鍵基因,能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子缺失而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[16]。Bcl-2與Bax的比例決定了細(xì)胞對凋亡刺激的敏感性,影響細(xì)胞的存活或者凋亡狀態(tài)[13]。本研究結(jié)果證實芹黃素和缺血后處理顯著上調(diào)缺血再灌注后的大鼠腎組織中Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。
不同于以往針對腎缺血再灌注損傷的單一治療,本研究采用了芹黃素聯(lián)合缺血后處理的方案。實驗結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合方案更為有效地減輕缺血再灌注后腎臟組織的損傷,改善腎功能,增強細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力,下調(diào)Fas、Caspase-3、Bax等凋亡基因,上調(diào)Bcl-2基因,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。芹黃素聯(lián)合缺血后處理方案實施方法簡單,效果強于單一處理,更具有直接的臨床實用價值。
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(收稿日期:2017-01-21 本文編輯:張瑜杰)