By+Blake+Morrison
Does it help writers to drink? Certainly Jack Kerouac, Dylan Thomas, John Cheever, Ernest Hemingway and F Scott Fitzgerald thought so.1
“The excitement of alcohol and the excitement of fantasy2 are very similar,” John Cheever said. You can trace the idea back to ancient Greece, where poems would be recited at drinking parties or symposia3. The idea is common to other cultures, too, including the Chinese, where in the third century AD the seven sages of the Bamboo Grove retired to the country to drink wine and compose verse: “Once drunk, a cup of wine can bring 100 stanzas,”4 a poet claimed. The drunker the bard, the more the words flowed.5
Does it help writers to drink? Alcohol not only makes you less self-critical, it reduces fear. And a large glass can supply“that final burst of energy at the end of the day”.
Its true that modern American literature is strewn with examples of alcoholic excess: Poe, Hemingway, Faulkner(“I usually write at night. I always keep my whiskey within reach”), Hart Crane, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Dorothy Parker (“Id rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy”), Raymond Chandler, O Henry, Jack London, Delmore Schwartz, F Scott Fitzgerald, (“Too much champagne is just right”), John Berryman, Jack Kerouac, Charles Bukowski, Anne Sexton, Patricia Highsmith—the list is long.6
In a new book, The Trip to Echo Spring, Olivia Laing looks at six American writer-alcoholics (Hemingway, Williams, Carver, Cheever, Berryman and Fitzgerald) who lived, wrote and drank.7 She takes her title from a line in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 8.
Embarrassment is a common consequence of drink. The fallout from constant heavy drinking is worse than mere social embarrassment: illness, insomnia, squalor,9 violence, misery for oneself and others. But a bohemian chic is still associated with boozy writers,10 especially dead American male novelists. There are websites that give you the recipes for their trademark drinks: Faulkners mint julep, Hemingways mojito, Chandlers gimlet, Kerouacs margarita, Fitzgeralds gin rickey.11
Literature abounds with paeans to the hard stuff.12 Sometimes its a matter of national pride, with ale, stout, vodka, absinthe, Chianti or, in Burnss case, the peaty goodness of Scotch whisky being celebrated for their miraculous powers (“O whisky, soul o plays an pranks, / Accept a bardies gratefu thanks”).13 More often, as with Byron, the spirit is one of carpe diem—drink now because who knows what tomorrow will bring:
… for the future—(Having got drunk exceedingly today,
So that I seem to stand upon the ceiling)
I say—the future is a serious matter—
And so—for Gods sake—hock and
soda water!14
The positive spin put on alcohol in the Bible and in classical legend (with Dionysus the god of ecstasy and wine) is something that John Cheever puzzled over.15 Why is drunkenness not among the deadly sins16, he wondered? Why in early religious myths and legends is alcohol presented as one of the gifts of the gods? “The belief that to be drunk is to be blessed is very deep. To die of drink is sometimes thought a graceful and natural death.”17
Genes may lie behind a predisposition to alcohol.18 Childhood trauma, too: suicidal dads (Berryman and Hemingway had fathers who killed themselves with shotguns) and unmaternal mums (Cheever called Gilbeys gin “mothers milk”).19 But only Tennessee Williams speaks with candour and conviction:20 “Why does a man drink? Theres two reasons, separate or together. 1. Hes scared shitless21 of something. 2. He cant face the truth.”
In Russian literature, the drink that steals away mens brains is vodka. Tolstoy, repenting his youthful follies (“l(fā)ying, thieving, promiscuity of all kinds, drunkenness, violence, murder”), founded a temperance society called the Union Against Drunkenness, and designed a label—a skull and crossbones,22 accompanied by the word “Poison”—to go on all vodka bottles.Chekhov was more ambivalent.23 As Geoffrey Elborn shows in his new cultural history, The Dedalus Book of Vodka, he was torn between his knowledge as a doctor and his understanding of human nature.24 Two of his brothers were alcoholic, and he denounced vodka companies as “Satans blood peddlers”.25 But he sympathised with the Russian peasantry, for whom vodka was nectar.26
Attitudes to alcohol are an index of character; the capacity for it too.27 One of Hemingways complaints against Fitzgerald was that he got drunk too easily; whereas to him, Hem, downing the hard stuff was healthy and normal and “a great giver of happiness and well-being and delight” (and even helped his shooting), to Fitzgerald it was poison.28
Why do writers drink? Why does anyone drink? From boredom, loneliness, habit, hedonism, lack of self-confidence; as stress relief or a short-cut to euphoria; to bury the past, obliterate the present or escape the future.29 If people fail to come up with a simple answer, thats because there isnt one. “Drank like a fish, wrote like an angel,”would make a pleasing epitaph30. But in fact,“Drank like a fish, wrote like a fish” is more likely.
1. 此句中提到的作家依次為杰克·凱魯亞克(美國作家,代表作《在路上》)、狄蘭·托馬斯(英國作家、詩人,代表作《死亡與出場》)、約翰·契弗(美國現(xiàn)代小說家,代表作《華普肖一家》)、歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威(美國作家和記者,憑借《老人與?!帆@得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎)和弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(美國作家,代表作《了不起的蓋茨比》)。
2. fantasy: 幻想,白日夢。
3. symposia: 座談會,(古代希臘的)酒會。
4. the seven sages of the Bamboo Grove: 竹林七賢,指的是魏末晉初的七位名士:嵇康、阮籍、山濤、向秀、劉伶、王戎及阮咸,因常在當時的山陽縣竹林之下飲酒縱歌,肆意酣暢,故得此名;retire to the country: 歸隱鄉(xiāng)間;compose: 創(chuàng)作;verse: 詩篇;stanza:詩的一節(jié)。
5. 詩人醉意愈濃,文思愈是泉涌。bard: 吟游詩人。
6. strewn: 散布的,撒滿的;alcoholic excess:過度飲酒;frontal lobotomy: 額葉切除手術(shù);champagne: 香檳。此句中提到的人物依次為美國作家愛倫·坡、歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威、威廉·??思{、哈特·克萊恩、田納西·威廉斯、杜魯門·卡波特、多蘿西·帕克、雷蒙德·錢德勒、歐·亨利、杰克·倫敦、戴爾莫·施瓦茨、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德、約翰·貝里曼、杰克·凱魯亞克、查爾斯·布可夫斯基、安妮·塞克斯頓和派翠西亞·海史密斯。
7. The Trip to Echo Spring: 《回聲泉之旅》,英國記者、作家奧利維亞·萊恩(Olivia Laing)的作品,講述了美國六位嗜酒的著名作家與美酒的愛恨情仇;Carver: 雷蒙德·卡佛(Raymond Carver),美國小說家、詩人,代表作《大教堂》,有“海明威之后美國最具影響力的短篇小說作家”之譽。
8. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof: 《熱鐵皮屋頂上的貓》,田納西·威廉斯憑此作獲得普利策戲劇獎。
9. fallout:(尤指意料不到的)不良影響,結(jié)果;insomnia: 失眠癥;squalor:(環(huán)境)邋遢,骯臟。
10. bohemian chic: 波西米亞風格;boozy: 嗜酒的,暴飲的。
11. recipe: 配方;trademark: 商標,標志;mint julep: 薄荷朱利酒;mojito: 莫吉托;gimlet:吉姆雷特,又名螺絲錐子;margarita: 瑪格麗特;gin rickey: 金利克酒(gin是金酒,又名杜松子酒)。這幾種都是有名的雞尾酒。
12. 關(guān)于烈性酒的贊美歌在文學(xué)作品中比比皆是。paean: 贊美歌,歡樂歌;hard stuff:烈性酒,如威士忌(Whisky)、白蘭地(Brandy)和伏特加(Vodka)等。
13. ale: 麥芽酒;stout: 黑啤酒;absinthe: 苦艾酒;Chianti:(意大利)基安蒂紅葡萄酒;Burns: 羅伯特·彭斯(Robert Burns),蘇格蘭農(nóng)民詩人,代表作《友誼地久天長》;peaty: 泥煤似的,這里指飲用蘇格蘭威士忌時濃烈的嗆味和灼燒感;celebrate:贊頌;miraculous: 神奇的,不可思議的;prank: 惡作劇,戲謔;bardie: 對bard(詩人)的親昵稱謂。括號中的詩句出自彭斯的詩歌“Scotch Drink”。
14. Byron: 拜倫,英國19世紀初偉大的浪漫主義詩人;carpe diem: 拉丁語,意為“及時行樂”;ceiling: 頂蓋,天花板;hock: 霍克酒(一種德國產(chǎn)的白葡萄酒)。此處詩句節(jié)選自拜倫著名的長篇詩體小說《唐璜》(Don Juan)。
15. spin: 美化,粉飾;Dionysus: 狄奧尼索斯,希臘神話中的酒神;ecstasy: 狂喜;puzzle over: 苦思冥想。
16. deadly sin: 死罪,致命的罪行。
17. 人們深信醉酒是一種福佑,因酒而死有時還被看作是自然體面的死法。graceful:優(yōu)雅的,體面的。
18. 嗜酒也許是遺傳使然。gene: 基因,遺傳因子;predisposition: 傾向,意向。
19. trauma: 痛苦經(jīng)歷,精神創(chuàng)傷;unmaternal:母性缺失的,不盡母親義務(wù)的;Gilbeys gin: 杰彼斯 (鉆石)金酒,是英式金酒。
20. candour: 坦率,直言不諱;conviction: 確信,深信。
21. shitless: 極度,非常。
22. Tolstoy: 列夫·托爾斯泰(1828—1910),俄國批判現(xiàn)實主義作家、思想家,代表作有《戰(zhàn)爭與和平》、《安娜·卡列尼娜》和《復(fù)活》等;repent: 后悔,懊悔;folly: 蠢事,荒唐事;promiscuity:濫交;temperance society: 戒酒協(xié)會;crossbones: 交叉腿骨的圖形(常畫在骷髏下,象征死亡)。
23. Chekhov: 契訶夫(1860—1904),俄國短篇小說巨匠、批判現(xiàn)實主義藝術(shù)大師,代表作《套中人》、《變色龍》;ambivalent: 矛盾的。
24. 正如喬弗里·厄爾本在他新出版的文化歷史作品《伏特加的迪達勒斯之書》中表述的那樣,他作為醫(yī)生所掌握的醫(yī)學(xué)知識和他對人性的了解時常讓他感到兩難。Dedalus: 是一家出版社的名字,本句中提到的作品出自其系列叢書Dedalus Concept Books;torn: 感到兩難的。
25. denounce: 譴責,公然抨擊;Satan: 撒旦,魔鬼;peddler:小販。
26. sympathise: 同情,體諒;peasantry: 農(nóng)民(總稱);nectar:花蜜,甘露。
27. 酒癮體現(xiàn)出不同作家的不同特點,酒量也是。index:(用于判斷和量度水平的)標志,指標。
28. 海明威常抱怨菲茨杰拉德太容易喝醉,畢竟對于海明威而言,痛飲烈酒是一件健康且尋常的事,能帶來極大的幸福、舒適和愉悅(當然也是他開槍自殺的助力),但對于菲茨杰拉爾德來說,烈酒則是毒藥。
29. 人們飲酒,有時是因為生活無趣、內(nèi)心寂寞、習慣使然、追求享樂或是缺乏自信,有時是為緩解壓力,馬上興奮起來,有時則是為了塵封過去,忘卻現(xiàn)在,逃避未來。hedonism: 享樂主義;short-cut: 捷徑;euphoria: 精神歡快;obliterate: 忘卻,抹去。
30. epitaph: 墓志銘。