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      定語從句中關(guān)系詞的選擇

      2017-09-01 14:41:33董晨
      廣東教育·高中 2017年8期
      關(guān)鍵詞:指人中作先行

      董晨

      定語從句是用來修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。它一般都跟在所修飾的名詞或代詞的后面,被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。

      關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于先行詞在從句中所作的成分,若先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語或定語,則選擇關(guān)系代詞;若先行詞在從句中作狀語,則選擇關(guān)系副詞。

      一、關(guān)系代詞的選擇

      1. Tom is a boy who (that) studies hard.

      指人,作主語

      2. Jane is a girl whom (that) you can trust.

      指人,作trust的賓語

      3. Bob is the boy whose father is a pilot.

      指人,作定語

      4. A plane is a machine which (that) can fly.

      指物,作主語

      5. Is this the book which (that) you bought yesterday?

      指物,作賓語

      6. My uncle bought a house, whose roof (=the roof of which) was green. 指物,作定語

      注意:

      1. 若先行詞在從句中作賓語時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可以省略。如例2和例5兩句中的關(guān)系代詞都可以省略。

      2. 一般說來,無論先行詞是指人還是指物,也不論代表先行詞的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語還是作賓語,都可以用that,但需注意的是,that還有“六用,三不用”原則。

      六用

      (1)當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的anything, everything, nothing, none, all, few, little, much等不定代詞,或先行詞被any, every, no, all, few, little, much修飾的事物名詞時(shí),多用that。如:

      I cannot learn anything that does not interest me.

      Ive read all the books that were borrowed from the library.

      (2)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right/just, one of等修飾時(shí),多用that。如:

      This is the very book that I am looking for.

      This is the only watch that I have.

      (3)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),宜用that。如:

      They talked about the persons and the things that they remembered in the school.

      (4)當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞或先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),多用that。如:

      It was the first skyscraper that was designed by our own engineers.

      (5)當(dāng)先行詞為形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),多用that。如:

      Shakespeare is the greatest English writer that ever lived.

      (6)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí),為避免重復(fù),多用that。如:

      Who is the lady that is talking to our teacher?

      Which is the house that caught fire last night?

      注意:一個(gè)句子中含有兩個(gè)定語從句,一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞用that,另一個(gè)用which。如:

      Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

      三不用

      (1)先行詞是指人的one, anyone, everyone, those, people, he等,或指人的先行詞位于there be之后時(shí),用who 或whom,不用that。如:

      He who laughs last laughs best.

      God helps those who help themselves.

      One who has travelled far and wide will probably have a broad outlook.

      We should forgive people who hurt us.

      Is there anybody else who should be invited?

      (2)直接位于介詞之后, 用which或whom,不能用that。如:

      Here is the car about which I told you.

      Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?

      (3)在非限制性定語從句中,用who, whom, which,不能用that。如:

      I have lost my pen, which I like very much.

      二、關(guān)系副詞的選擇

      1. 當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,且在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語時(shí),用when。如:

      October 1st,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.

      注意:有時(shí)雖然先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,但如果定語從句中缺少的是主語或賓語,此時(shí)應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代詞。請(qǐng)比較:

      I will never forget the days when I worked in the city.

      先行詞 作時(shí)間狀語

      I will never forget the days (that /which) I spent in the city.

      先行詞 作賓語

      2. 當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,且在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí),用where。如:

      Everyone wants to visit the place where Lu Xun once lived.

      注意:where 和when 一樣,在定語從句中只能充當(dāng)狀語;否則,必須用關(guān)系代詞。請(qǐng)比較:

      This is the factory where my father worked last year.

      先行詞 作地點(diǎn)狀語

      This is the factory (that /which) my father visited last year.

      先行詞 作賓語

      3. 當(dāng)先行詞為reason,且在定語從句中作原因狀語時(shí),用why。如:

      The reason why she told a lie is unknown.

      注意:當(dāng)在句中不是作狀語,而是作主語或賓語時(shí),用that。請(qǐng)比較:

      The reason why he was late for class is that he got up late.

      先行詞 作原因狀語

      The reason that/which he gave us was hard to accept.

      先行詞 作賓語

      即學(xué)即練:

      1. This is the school __________we visited yesterday.

      2. This is the school ____________ my father works.

      3. The boy ______ parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.

      4. Can you see the house of______ the window face the south?

      5. This is the very thing _______ I am looking for.

      6. Who is the man _______ spoke to you at the gate?

      7. I believe the reason ___________he likes traveling.

      8. I believe the reason ___________he gave me for his decision.

      9. The way _______ he explained to us was very simple.

      10. The way _______ he explained the sentence to us was very simple.

      參考答案:1. that / which 2. where / in which 3. whose 4. which 5. that 6. that 7. why / for which 8. that / which 9. that / which 10. that /in which

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