關(guān)于二氧化碳與溫室效應(yīng)的不同觀點(diǎn)

李昌浩，閻路，周正一

(中國(guó)華電科工集團(tuán)有限公司，北京 100160)

關(guān)于二氧化碳與溫室效應(yīng)的不同觀點(diǎn)

李昌浩，閻路，周正一

(中國(guó)華電科工集團(tuán)有限公司，北京 100160)

政府間氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(IPCC)自從發(fā)布了第1份《氣候變化評(píng)估報(bào)告》以來(lái)，學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)全球變暖以及CO2是否是導(dǎo)致氣候變暖的主要原因一直爭(zhēng)論不斷。介紹了非政府間國(guó)際氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(NIPCC)提出的觀點(diǎn)：IPCC做出的全球氣候模型(GCMs)存在不足、CO2的影響作用被夸大、IPCC沒(méi)有考慮輻射強(qiáng)迫與反饋?zhàn)饔玫?，認(rèn)為是自然原因而不是人類活動(dòng)造成了全球變暖。

CO2；IPCC；NIPCC；全球氣候模型；溫室效應(yīng)

0 引言

1896年，瑞典科學(xué)家Svante Ahrrenius警告說(shuō)，二氧化碳(CO2)排放量可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致全球變暖。1988年，聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境規(guī)劃署和世界氣象組織成立了政府間氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(IPCC)，隨后， IPCC發(fā)布的《氣候變化評(píng)估報(bào)告》稱：全球氣候正在變暖，其中CO2是導(dǎo)致全球變暖的最主要因素，如果不采取控制措施，全球氣候變暖將會(huì)造成生態(tài)環(huán)境大災(zāi)難。自從IPCC報(bào)告發(fā)布以來(lái)，關(guān)于全球氣候變暖以及CO2是否是導(dǎo)致氣候變暖的主要原因，在學(xué)術(shù)界存在的很大的爭(zhēng)議。

1 IPCC主導(dǎo)下的溫室效應(yīng)與CO2

氣候現(xiàn)象的主要能量來(lái)自于太陽(yáng)的輻射，太陽(yáng)輻射主要是短波輻射，而地面輻射和大氣輻射則是長(zhǎng)波輻射。大氣對(duì)長(zhǎng)波輻射的吸收力較強(qiáng)，對(duì)短波輻射的吸收力較弱。大氣在吸收地面長(zhǎng)波輻射的同時(shí)，自己也向外輻射波長(zhǎng)更長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)波(因?yàn)榇髿獾臏囟缺鹊孛娓?，其中向下到達(dá)地面的部分稱為逆輻射，地面接受逆輻射后就會(huì)升溫，或者說(shuō)大氣對(duì)地面起到了保溫作用，這就是大氣溫室效應(yīng)的原理。

大氣中起溫室作用的氣體被稱為溫室氣體，目前主要的溫室氣體有9種：二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、臭氧(O3)、水蒸氣(H2O)、氧化亞氮(N2O)、氯氟烴(CFCs)、高氟碳化合物(PFCs)、氫氟碳化合物(HFCs)、六氟化硫(SF6)。CO2被認(rèn)為是主要的溫室氣體，其全球變暖影響比例為60%?，F(xiàn)階段認(rèn)為，大氣中CO2增加，主要是人類長(zhǎng)期使用化石燃料(如煤、石油、天然氣等)所造成的[1]。

全球大氣本底基準(zhǔn)觀象臺(tái)觀測(cè)大氣中CO2月平均體積分?jǐn)?shù)的變化：CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)平均值由1990年的0.035 2%左右增長(zhǎng)至2014年的0.039 6%左右，增長(zhǎng)值達(dá)到0.004 4百分點(diǎn)[2]。

IPCC根據(jù)氣候輻射強(qiáng)度與反饋機(jī)制做出全球氣候模型(GCMs)并認(rèn)為：大氣中CO2的體積分?jǐn)?shù)增加1倍，將會(huì)導(dǎo)致6.0 ℃的溫升；與人類活動(dòng)相關(guān)的CO2排放在過(guò)去15年內(nèi)至少造成了0.3 ℃的溫升；熱帶區(qū)域?qū)α鲗拥纳郎厝栽诔掷m(xù)；在20世紀(jì)，兩極的溫升明顯高于地球上其他地區(qū)[1]。

同時(shí)，IPCC認(rèn)為，山區(qū)冰層、北冰洋海冰、極地冰層的不正常融化，全球海平面加速上漲，淹沒(méi)熱帶地區(qū)的珊瑚環(huán)礁，旱澇、季風(fēng)變化強(qiáng)度和頻率一直在增加等因全球變暖而引起的各種極端天氣及自然災(zāi)害，更加證實(shí)了全球正在呈現(xiàn)變暖的趨勢(shì)。

2 NIPCC及其觀點(diǎn)

2007年2月，美國(guó)伊利諾伊州芝加哥哈特蘭德研究所(Hartland Institute)科學(xué)與環(huán)境政策計(jì)劃(SEPP)組建了“B支隊(duì)”，目的是對(duì)氣候變暖的科學(xué)證據(jù)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立于IPCC的評(píng)估[3]。2007年4月，該組織在維也納國(guó)際氣候工作會(huì)上正式成立，更名為非政府間國(guó)際氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(NIPCC)。NIPCC的科學(xué)家們不輕信氣候變化是由于人類活動(dòng)下的溫室氣體排放造成的，至今NIPCC針對(duì)氣候變化的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)出版了8份報(bào)告。

2.1IPCC氣候模型的不足

對(duì)于IPCC做出的氣候模型，NIPCC認(rèn)為存在以下不足。

(1)氣候模型假設(shè)CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為工業(yè)革命前的2倍，但氣象觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)反應(yīng)敏感度僅為1 ℃或者更少，遠(yuǎn)小于模型的3 ℃；同時(shí)，模型低估了地球表面蒸發(fā)和全球降水的影響。

(2)氣候模型沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)確反映氣溶膠在紅外線反射中的變化，研究表明，不同的氣溶膠可以造成不同的紅外線反射強(qiáng)度，其值為7～25 W/m2。

(3)氣候模型分析的準(zhǔn)確性受限于計(jì)算能力；同時(shí)，模式校準(zhǔn)存在偏差，如假設(shè)溫升是工業(yè)革命后人為排放CO2造成的，而實(shí)際上主要的人為排放是從20世紀(jì)中葉開(kāi)始的。

(4)非線性的氣候模型會(huì)造成一個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)不同的趨勢(shì)值。

(5)氣候模型沒(méi)有對(duì)歷史記載的氣候波動(dòng)進(jìn)行模擬；同時(shí)，氣候模型也沒(méi)有考慮太陽(yáng)磁場(chǎng)的變化和宇宙射線的作用。

NIPCC認(rèn)為IPCC的主張、假設(shè)、旁證缺少合適的科學(xué)方法。全球氣候模型在完全了解全球氣候運(yùn)作的情況下才能得出有意義的結(jié)論，當(dāng)前許多氣候科學(xué)家認(rèn)為還沒(méi)有掌握氣候變化的規(guī)律；同時(shí)，氣候模型并不是用于預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)氣候的變化，而是用于測(cè)算多種可能的未來(lái)趨勢(shì)變化。

2.2被夸大影響作用的CO2

地球上的氣候始終處于變化之中，根據(jù)地球氣候?qū)W的研究，自然因素始終都是影響地球氣候變化的主要因素，而人為活動(dòng)對(duì)氣候變化有一定的影響，但不是主要的。

溫度變化與CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)變化相關(guān)不好。1940—1975年氣候變冷，但CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)上升很快。2001年之后衛(wèi)星觀測(cè)的溫度沒(méi)有上升趨勢(shì)，但CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)上升也很快。另外，地面溫度觀測(cè)并不可靠：首先，城市熱島效應(yīng)很難排除；其次，海面溫度觀測(cè)技術(shù)混亂，有浮標(biāo)、衛(wèi)星、船舶觀測(cè)；再次，全球范圍內(nèi)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)從1 200個(gè)格點(diǎn)減為600個(gè)格點(diǎn)，覆蓋面由46%下降到23%：因此，溫度的觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)有明顯偏差[4]。

大氣中的CO2是一種溫和的溫室氣體，隨著CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)的增加，所體現(xiàn)出的增溫效應(yīng)呈逐漸縮小的趨勢(shì)；同時(shí)，高體積分?jǐn)?shù)的CO2對(duì)植物及生物有利，不會(huì)造成更加頻繁的極端天氣事件。盡管現(xiàn)在CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到了0.040 0%，我們還是生活在一個(gè)CO2極少的世界。從寒武紀(jì)(大約5.5億年前)起至今，大氣層中CO2的體積分?jǐn)?shù)大約增長(zhǎng)了15倍，但并未出現(xiàn)大家設(shè)定的不良反應(yīng)[5]。

大氣中CO2的體積分?jǐn)?shù)大約是工業(yè)革命以前的2倍，在不計(jì)其他因素引起的輻射強(qiáng)度及反饋?zhàn)饔玫那闆r下，極可能引起0.3～1.1 ℃的溫升，至少一半值的溫升已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生[5]。

根據(jù)IPCC從1990年開(kāi)始做出的報(bào)告，到2100年，CO2的體積分?jǐn)?shù)翻倍會(huì)造成6 ℃的溫升，然而在20世紀(jì)末，全球氣候變暖基本停止，并且從1997年起16年內(nèi)維持在一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的溫度，但在這期間CO2的體積分?jǐn)?shù)上升了8%[5]。

造成全球溫度變化的原因至今仍不確定，但是以十年為尺度和以百年為尺度的變化來(lái)看，氣候特征與太陽(yáng)的活動(dòng)有著明顯的相關(guān)性。在未來(lái)幾十年內(nèi)，根據(jù)太陽(yáng)的周期性循環(huán)預(yù)測(cè)，全球?qū)?huì)是溫度下降而不是變暖，盡管期間CO2仍在持續(xù)排放。

2.3輻射強(qiáng)迫與反饋?zhàn)饔?/p>

IPCC沒(méi)有考慮輻射強(qiáng)迫與反饋?zhàn)饔?，即由于大氣水分的增加、海洋中二甲基硫醚的排放，自然和工業(yè)氣溶膠的冷卻效果導(dǎo)致低層云增加[5]。

NIPCC通過(guò)對(duì)輻射強(qiáng)迫及反饋?zhàn)饔玫难芯康贸鲆韵陆Y(jié)論。

(1)自工業(yè)革命以來(lái)，體積分?jǐn)?shù)已經(jīng)翻倍的CO2(從0.028 0%增至0.056 0%)可能會(huì)造成近地表溫度強(qiáng)迫因子值為3.7 W/m2，預(yù)計(jì)溫升為1 ℃[5]。

(2)IPCC模型強(qiáng)調(diào)，增加的水蒸氣的正反饋?zhàn)饔每梢?.0～6.0 ℃的溫升，但經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，溫升的作用僅有0.3～1.0 ℃[5]。

(3)在冰芯樣本中，幾百年內(nèi)溫度的變化先于同期大氣層中CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)的變化；同時(shí)，在歷史和地質(zhì)記錄中，溫度與CO2的變化并不呈現(xiàn)耦合的關(guān)系：因而，CO2并非造成溫室效應(yīng)的元兇[5]。

(4)在過(guò)去的20年中，大氣中CO2的體積分?jǐn)?shù)已經(jīng)低于IPCC在報(bào)告中假設(shè)條件下的預(yù)估值，IPCC的溫度預(yù)測(cè)應(yīng)當(dāng)包含甲烷的膨脹預(yù)測(cè)并做出模型及參數(shù)的相應(yīng)調(diào)整[5]。

(5)永凍土層和海底可燃冰的融化并非一定釋放大量的甲烷而影響現(xiàn)在的溫升[5]。

(6)伴隨著CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)和溫度的上升，作為溫度負(fù)反饋的氮氧化物的質(zhì)量濃度應(yīng)該下降。

3 結(jié)束語(yǔ)

當(dāng)前氣候是有變暖的跡象，但并沒(méi)有像宣傳的那樣危言聳聽(tīng)。溫室效應(yīng)不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)程，變暖的原因多種多樣，比較復(fù)雜，當(dāng)今在學(xué)術(shù)界仍存在很大爭(zhēng)議，CO2排放量的增加是否會(huì)引起當(dāng)前環(huán)境變化仍需進(jìn)一步研究。當(dāng)前階段，不能簡(jiǎn)單地將溫室效應(yīng)與CO2聯(lián)系在一起，單方面從控制CO2的排放來(lái)消除或控制溫室效應(yīng)，而是應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行綜合系統(tǒng)分析，從根本上解決全球氣候問(wèn)題。

[1]IPCC.Climate change：The IPCC scientific assessment[R].Geneva:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，1991.

[2]世界氣象組織.溫室氣體公報(bào)[R].維也納：世界氣象組織，2015.

[3]楊新興.二氧化碳不是氣候變化的罪魁禍?zhǔn)譡J].前沿科學(xué)，2016，10(1):29-39.

[4]王紹武，羅勇，趙宗慈.關(guān)于非政府間國(guó)際氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(NIPCC)報(bào)告[J].氣候變化研究進(jìn)展，2010,6(2)：89-94.

[5]NIPCC.Why scientists disagree about global warming：The NIPCC report on scientific consensus[R].Vienna:Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change，2015.

(本文責(zé)編：劉芳)

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XUEMingjun1,2,WANGYuting1,2,CHENFufeng1,2,ZOULei1,2,ZHANGXiang1,2,CHENShi1,2(1.Guodian Nanjing Automation Company Limited, Nanjing 210003, China; 2.Nanjing Guodian Nanzi Automation Company Limited, Nanjing 211153, China)

Abstract:Utilizing installed series capacitor double circuits on the same tower grounding failure zero sequence network, the influence of the zero-sequence power direction element and zero sequence differential protection on the two sides protection installation is analyzed in the case of high resistance failure at the outlet of the string and the failure of the MOV. Analysis indicated that series compensation capacitor may lead to far away from the side of series compensation protection of zero sequence power direction relay from action, as a protection of high resistance earth fault zero-sequence differential protection sensitivity and the lower even refused to move. The simulation test verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis and puts forward the principle of the main protection.

Keywords:series capacitor compensation; double circuits on the same tower; zero sequence power direction; zero-sequence differential protection; high resistance fault

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Abstract:Full-field strain was measured by non-contact strain measuring system in homemade uniform strength beams device. The result was compared and analyzed with calculated value. And the result proved that non-contact strain measuring system accurately measured strain of uniform strength beams.

Keywords:non-contact strain measuring system; uniform strength beams; strain

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Abstract:To solve the problem of existing power plant dust removal equipment has difficulty on removing micrometer and sub-micrometer particulate matter, acoustic agglomeration dust removal on-line test device was developed based on acoustic agglomeration theory and flow field transformation simultaneous separation. Primary test and research used power plant desulfurized flue gas. The influence of acoustic agglomeration on PM10grain size distribution and demister outlet total dust mass density was analyzed. This provided test evidence for application of acoustic agglomeration in industrial area.

Keywords:coal-fired power plant; acoustic agglomeration; dust removal; desulfurized flue gas

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Keywords:primary frequency modulation performance; control logic optimum; frequency modulation removal counter logic; fixed sliding pressure curve；feedforward coefficient of correction

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Abstract:To effectively evaluate transformer insulation aging, the evaluation model based on fuzzy mathematics and D-S evidence theory was indicated. By the method of no power failure detecting transformer insulation status, four parameters were measured. These four parameters were fuzzed through membership function into four independent evidence bodies. And diag-nostic result was calculated by the powerful uncertain information process ability of D-S evidence theory. Multiple allocations proved the effectiveness of this model.

Keywords:power transformer; D-S evidence theory; fuzzy mathematics; insulation aging

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HUBing1,2,GUOXiao1,2,CHENFufeng1,2,LIYuping1,2,XINGWu1,2,WANGZhe1,2(1.Guodian Nanjing Automation Company Limited, Nanjing 210003,China; 2.Nanjing Guodian Nanzi Automation Company Limited, Nanjing 211153, China)

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Keywords:intelligent substation; transformer; protection device; full master type; distributed type; localized; communication mechanism; human-machine management

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YANGGuanglei,ZHANGBangbin(China Huadian Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100160, China)

Abstract:Based on the research and study on a few foreign power plants, different kinds of wiring methods of auxiliary power system were analyzed. The application of common segment and necessity of special standby was discussed. After comparing the economical efficiency of two solutions, anappropriate wiring method for power plants in southeast Asia region was indicated. This wiring method was approved feasible by simulation in simulink.

Keywords:auxiliary power; hand in hand; simulink; special standby

2017-09-31Newandexistingdistributedcontrolsystemreplacementdiscuss

XIAOSheng1,GUOBochun2(1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Company Limited，Xi’an 710054，China；2.Sichuan Guang’an Power Generation Company Limited，Guang’an 638000，China)

Abstract:Distributed control system (DCS) reformation proposal shall fundamentally better than existing system. Different suppliers will increase the complexity. Hardware distribution, software configuration and cable wiring design was analyzed and studied. This could be referred for reformation of similar type DCS.

Keywords:distributed control system (DCS); reformation; different supplier; hardware; software; cable

2017-09-34Directaircoolingsystemfanfrequencyconvertergroupwatercoolingsystemstudy

CUIChao(China Datang Technology and Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100097, China)

Abstract:Direct air cooling system frequency converter usually aligned concentratedly, and often caused over temperature alarm in summer. After cause analysis, the plan that adds water cooling system was introduced. Actual operation proved that this plan is effective and able to save energy and prolong converter life-span.

Keywords:direct air cooling system; fan; frequency converter group; heat dissipation; water cooling system

2017-09-36Fangearboxlubricantcleanlinesscontrolstrategy

ZHANGLifeng(China Datang Technology and Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100097, China)

Abstract:Gearbox is one of the core components of fan. Lubricant filter system will help maintaining lubricant cleanliness, and extend fan gearbox lifetime, increase transmission efficiency. Gearbox lubricant impurity and harm was analyzed. By lubricant quality test, effectiveness of on-line filer system and off-line fine filter system was indicated. Method to control lubricant cleanliness was summarized.

Keywords:fan; gearbox; lubricant; filter system; cleanliness

2017-09-39ApplicationofcomputingtypepHanalysismeterinnuclearpowerplant

GAOWei1,XINGJiehua1,ZENGMingmin2(1.Nanjing Huatian Science and Technology Development Company Limited, Nanjing 210019, China; 2.Nanjing College of Information Technology, Nanjing 210023, China)

Abstract:An interference factor of traditional pH analysis meter analyzing pure water was introduced. Difficulties of nuclear power plant low conductivity water pH value measuring were analyzed. Based on the special requirement of pH analysis meter of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant, it was indicated that computing type pH analysis meter was able to satisfy the position of chemical supervision in pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. The application situation and application future of pH analysis meter in pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant was summarized.

Keywords:computing type pH analysis meter; nuclear power plant; interference factor; chemical supervision

2017-09-42Coal-firedpowerplantinVietnamsoftclaylayerfoundationpre-treatmentplantandconstructionstudy

HUANGChengbin,ZHOUZhengyi,LIJinfeng(China Huadian Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100160, China)

Abstract:The site of a power plant in Vietnam was selected on southwestern coastal alluvial plain, based on the geological exploration report, there was 10.75 to 22.00 m clay and silt clay exists in site shallow subgrade. This layer of clay is widespread, low intensity and high deformation, which seriously threatened the structural safety of power plant. During the construction plan discussion phase, soft clay foundation pre-treatment plan was discussed based on the different bearing capacity requirements and different construction progress. This paper introduced the pre-treatment plan and its discussion progress. Which could be referred for similar problem.

Keywords:coal-fired power plant; soft clay; foundation pre-treatment; plans compression; construction research

2017-09-45Reasonanalysisandrestoringtreatmentsoffacedestructionforacertainconcretefacerockfilldam

XUZenghui1,ZHANGChenliang2,WUJicai2(1.China Huadian Engineering Corporation Limited, Beijing 100160, China； 2.PowerChina Beijing Engineering Corporation Limited, Beijing 100036, China)

Abstract:In the first phase construction process of a certain hydropower station, structural damage and cracks appeared on the face. In this paper, the face destruction was checked and the damage reasons were analyzed firstly. After that, some face restoring treatments were proposed according to the stress features of concrete face and local actual conditions. After the restoring, the deformation of concrete face became stable and the leakage was controlled within the permissible range. At last, this paper summarized the problems that need attention in face restoring process and provided a reference for similar construction project of concrete face rockfill dam.

Keywords:concrete face rockfill dam；disengaging；crack；restore

2017-09-48Studyonpostevaluationsystemofpowertransmissionandtransformationprojectconsideringthenewsituationofpowerreform

JINBowen,WANGGuangzeng(State Grid Jinhua Power Supply Company, Jinhua 321017, China)

Abstract:For the problems of no unified post evaluation system of China’s power transmission and transformation project was established and no new requirement of power reform was reflected, this paper conducted a thorough study on post evaluation system of power transmission and transformation project considering the new situation of power reform. Firstly, it analyzed the influences of power reform on the post evaluation system of power transmission and transformation project and extracted post evaluation indexes that adapted to power reform. Secondly, combining the provisions of State Grid on post evaluation of fixed asset investment projects,it proposed a comprehensive post evaluation method of power transmission and transformation project based on post evaluation indexes, which were selected from the aspects of preliminary work, preparation stage evaluation and procedure evaluation etc. Lastly, the effectiveness of the study were verified by instance analysis.

Keywords:power reform; power transmission and transformation project; post evaluation; comprehensive evaluation

2017-09-52Techno-economicanalysisof350MWheatingunitthatusingultra-supercriticalparameters

HAOYunyan(North China Power Engineering Company Limited of China Power Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, Beijing 100120, China)

Abstract:The 350 MW supercritical steam turbine is the main type for domestic large heating unit at present, and there is a constant dispute whether its economy could be improved by increasing steam parameters to ultra-supercritical parameters. Combining the analysis conclusions of turbine plants, this paper analyzed the technical feasibility of 350 MW heating unit using ultra-supercritical parameters, the rationality of initial parameters selection and the economy of equipment investment and operation cost. And provided a reference for the reasonable ultra-supercritical parameters selection of 350 MW unit.

Keywords:350 MW unit; ultra-supercritical; economy

2017-09-54Domestic600MWsuper-criticalcoal-firedunitvariableloaddenitrationreconstructiontechnologyanalysis

SHIZhongxi,ZHANGJinzhu(Huadian Zhengzhou Mechanical Design Institute, Zhengzhou 450046, China)

Abstract:With the economic growth of China slowed down, the total generation capacity and thermal power unit utilization rate is lowered year by year. The load of thermal power generation units maintains low level for constantly, and frequently start and stop. Due to the operating condition and environmental requirements, power plant variable load denitration is imperative. By analyzing and comparing kinds of 600 MW super-critical coal-fired unit variable denitration technical approaches, the most suitable approach for coal-fired unit was recommended.

Keywords:600 MW unit; super-critical; coal-fired unit; variable load denitration reconstruction; economizer; technical approach

2017-09-58Thermalpowerplantwastewaterzero-emissiontechnologyproposal

LIUJin(Huadian Water Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100160, China)

Abstract:To realize thermal power plant waste water zero emission, technology of desulfurization waste water pre-process, desulfurization waste water concentrated treatment and tail strong brine evaporative crystallization was compared. The propitiated proposal was selected. Post-processed condensate water could be used as industrial water, and realized power plant water treatment system close-type circulating. There is not any water discharged. Waste water zero emission was realized.

Keywords:desulfurization waste water; zero emission; pre-process; concentrated treatment; tail strong brine evaporative crystallization

2017-09-63Civilsludgeincinerationdisposalfluegascleaningprocessstudy

ZHANGHui,KONGHua(Shenzhen Energy Environment Company Limited, Shenzhen 518048, China)

Abstract:The component of civil sludge is complicated. Besides moisture, large quantity of pathogenic bacteria, parasite, pathogenic microorganism, and arsenic, copper, chrome, mercury, and other toxic matter exist in civil sludge. Casually disposing untreated sludge will cause new pollution and waste resources. Harm-free treatment of civil sludge has been already a critical environmental project for each level government and administration. By analyzing the component of civil sludge, and studying on incineration disposal, a recommended proposal was provided.

Keywords:civil sludge; incineration disposal; glue gas cleaning; process system; desulfurization and denitration

2017-09-67Coal-firedpowerplantfluegasdenitrationcatalystharm-freetreatmentandreusetechnologystudy

WANGLele,YAOYan,WANGLipeng,YANGXiaoning,HEChuan,KONGFanhai(Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Company Limited Suzhou Branch, Suzhou 215153, China)

Abstract:With the popularization in our country, generation of flue gas denitration catalyst as solid hazard is increasing year by year. Treatment of this became a critical problem. By analyzing the generation and harmness of flue gas denitration catalyst, the treatment principle of decreasing, harm-free and resourcing was indicated. Based on this principle, this paper introduced and compared technical approaches to treat the waste catalyst after analyzation. The introduction and discussion of relevant technology could be referred for following study.

Keywords:coal-fired power plant; flue gas denitration; harm-free treatments; resource utilization

2017-09-71DifferentviewpointofCO2andglobalwarming

LIChanghao,YANLu,ZHOUZhengyi(China Huadian Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100160, China)

Abstract:Since the first climate change assessment report publicized by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), whether CO2is the main factor caused global warm became a controversy topic in academe. This paper introduced the viewpoint of Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC). They claimed that the global climate models (GCMs), built by IPCC, have defects, effect of CO2was overestimated. And IPCC ignored radiative forcing, back donation and other factors. NIPCC believe global warming is caused by natural reasons, not human activates.

Keywords:CO2; IPCC; NIPCC; global climate model; greenhouse effect

2017-09-73Real-timemonitoringsystembaseddenitrationoperationimprovementmanagement

XUJinsong,SHAOYuan(Huadian Power International Company Center for Technical Service, Jinan 250014, China)

Abstract:Based on the operation data, including selective catalyst reduction (SCR) system inlet NOxmass density, oxygen content, denitration efficiency, flue gas flow rate, ammonia injection rate and others, monitored by real-time mornitoring system, a few of calculation models were built to verify denitration operation and set alarm value. Establishment of denitration alarm system will help power plant to adjust in time.

Keywords:SCR system; real-time monitoring system; operation improvement

2017年《華電技術(shù)》雜志訂閱回執(zhí) 年 月 日

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2017-09-01Intervalintegrationdesignforinsiturelayprotectionoftransformersubstation
ZHAOQian1,2,ZOULei1,2,CHENFufeng1,2,XUEMingjun1,2,GONGShimin1,2,LIYuping1,2(1.Guodian Nanjing Automation Company Limited, Nanjing 210003, China； 2.Nanjing Guodian Nanzi Automation Company Limited, Nanjing 211153, China)

Facing the in situ integration demands of relay protection of transformer substation, this paper carried out integration and optimization design for the relay protection devices of medium and high voltage lines in transformer substation, which integrated distributed bus protection, merging units, intelligent terminals, measuring and controlling function, etc. This design scheme mainly adopted the methods of physical integration of devices and independent functional modules. Through analyzing and testing, this design scheme could improve the reliability and real-time performance of protection sampling, reduce the number of devices and cabinets, increase information processing efficiency and simplify wiring in smart substations.

transformer substation；relay protection；in situ；interval integration

X 16

：B

：1674-1951(2017)09-0071-02

2017-05-26；

:2017-08-19

李昌浩(1988—)，男，遼寧大連人，助理工程師，從事火電廠技術(shù)管理及煙氣污染治理工作(E-mail:lichanghao@chec.com.cn)。