谷成剛，朱夢榮, 2，劉暢, 2，提清清, 2，何歡，孫成, #，蔣新, *

1. 中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所，土壤環(huán)境與污染修復(fù)重點實驗室，南京 2100082. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)，北京 1000493. 南京大學(xué)環(huán)境學(xué)院，污染控制與資源化研究國家重點實驗室，南京 210023

多環(huán)芳烴典型電子性質(zhì)與其大型蚤光致毒性的構(gòu)效關(guān)系研究

谷成剛1，朱夢榮1, 2，劉暢1, 2，提清清1, 2，何歡3，孫成3, #，蔣新1, *

1. 中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所，土壤環(huán)境與污染修復(fù)重點實驗室，南京 2100082. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)，北京 1000493. 南京大學(xué)環(huán)境學(xué)院，污染控制與資源化研究國家重點實驗室，南京 210023

多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)是環(huán)境中廣泛分布的持久性有毒有機污染物，備受研究者關(guān)注?；诿芏确汉碚?DFT)先期計算PAHs前線分子軌道能隙可能與其光致毒性誘發(fā)所需吸收光照輻射能有一致性，本研究選取非取代PAHs對大型蚤(Daphnia magna)光致毒性實驗數(shù)據(jù)，通過DFT計算典型電子性質(zhì)，由偏最小二乘(PLS)分析方法優(yōu)化發(fā)展了定量構(gòu)效關(guān)系模型，經(jīng)與前人結(jié)果比較和驗證其擬合優(yōu)度、穩(wěn)定性和內(nèi)外部預(yù)測性能均有顯著提升，可在應(yīng)用域(AD)范圍內(nèi)準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測PAHs光致毒性而滿足風(fēng)險評估需求。構(gòu)效關(guān)系分析結(jié)果表明，PAHs光致毒性與分子前線軌道能隙緊密相關(guān)，除苯并[k]熒蒽和屈可能具有不同的光致毒性作用機制之外，多數(shù)PAHs若具有較低的前線軌道能隙、較小分子穩(wěn)定性和較大分子變形性，均將有利于促進其光致毒性作用的發(fā)生；結(jié)合PAHs光致毒性與分子前線軌道能隙間的相關(guān)關(guān)系，可推測DFT計算前線軌道能隙寬度在2.740～4.208 eV之間和對應(yīng)光照輻射波段約為295 nm～450 nm時，PAHs污染暴露將可能誘發(fā)較高的光致毒性效應(yīng)。這為太陽光照射下PAHs光致毒性作用機制闡釋和風(fēng)險評價提供了數(shù)據(jù)支持與理論依據(jù)。

多環(huán)芳烴；大型蚤；光致毒性；密度泛函理論方法；電子性質(zhì)；構(gòu)效關(guān)系

Received3 January 2017accepted8 March 2017

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pertain to the category list of persistent toxic substances which are ubiquitously detected in the environment and thereby arouse much concerns of scientific community. Based on the possible coherence of solar irradiation with the energy gap of molecular frontier orbitals by preliminary computation of density functional theory (DFT), in this study the experimental phototoxicity of PAHs to Daphnia magna was selected in priori, and the corresponding quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) between the typically DFT-calculated electronic properties and phototoxicity was carefully developed by partial least square (PLS) analyses. After critical validation and comparison with previous studies, the goodness of fitting, robustness and internal or external predictability was clearly enhanced to a certain degree. Thus, within the decided applicability domain (AD) the QSAR was suggested to serve as precise prediction tool to meet the demand of risk assessment. QSAR analysis indicated the tight correlation relationship of phototoxicity with energy gap of molecular frontier orbitals. And with the exception of benzo[k]fluoranthene and chrysene for different photoinduced toxicological mechanism, it is suitable for the great majority of PAHs that the lower energy gap of molecular frontier orbitals, the less molecular stability and higher deformability shall favor the occurrence of phototoxicity. In virtue of the correlation between energy gap of frontier orbitals and phototoxicity, the span of energy gap 2.740-4.208 eV by DFT and the predicted corresponding wave spectrum of solar irradiation within about 295 nm-450 nm was proposed as the necessity of PAHs exposure to induce the higher phototoxicity. The study could be anticipated for providing data framework and theoretical guideline for phototoxicological mechanism illumination and risk assessment of PAHs under solar irradiation.Keywords: PAHs; Daphnia magna; phototoxicity; density functional theory; electronic properties; QSARs

多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)是由2個及2個以上的苯環(huán)以稠環(huán)方式相連接的化合物，主要來自于石油、煤炭等人類工業(yè)活動所需材料的不完全燃燒和火山噴發(fā)、森林火災(zāi)以及高等植物的合成釋放等天然因素，在生物與非生物環(huán)境介質(zhì)中均有分布[1-4]。由于PAHs具有典型的致癌、致畸、致突變“三致”效應(yīng)、生殖毒性和環(huán)境持久性[5-8]，已成為威脅生態(tài)系統(tǒng)安全和人體健康的重要有機污染物，其早在20世紀(jì)80年代就被美國環(huán)境保護署(EPA)同等列為優(yōu)先控制污染物中的一類[9]，一直以來備受各國研究者的普遍關(guān)注。

PAHs因其稠環(huán)電子結(jié)構(gòu)形成共軛大Π鍵，能夠在光照作用下吸收可見或紫外光波段而引發(fā)一系列的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)，如通過光修飾作用轉(zhuǎn)化為毒性更大的產(chǎn)物，或通過生成自由基、單線態(tài)氧而造成對各種生物大分子(如核酸、脂質(zhì)或蛋白質(zhì)等)的損傷，整體表現(xiàn)出光致毒性。于20世紀(jì)中期，就有研究指出PAHs對哺乳動物、水生生物等都能表現(xiàn)出光致毒性效應(yīng)[10]，而后續(xù)的研究也逐漸深入廣泛，開展了以大型蚤(Daphnia magna)[11-14]、發(fā)光菌(Vibrio fischeri)[15-16]和綠藻(Scenedesmus vacuolatus)[17]等為指示生物的實驗研究，提出了相應(yīng)的光致毒性作用機制，為PAHs的生物效應(yīng)和風(fēng)險評估提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。研究表明，在120 μW·cm-2的UV-A(320 nm～400 nm)和25 μW·cm-2的UV-B(290 nm～320 nm)紫外輻射作用下，PAHs，如蒽能夠與DNA大分子共價結(jié)合而誘發(fā)對典型水生生物-大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的光致毒性效應(yīng)[11, 18]。為進一步揭示光致毒性作用機制，前人已從PAHs電子結(jié)構(gòu)和分子光譜特征等參數(shù)化表征出發(fā)，發(fā)展了與其光致毒性之間的定量構(gòu)效關(guān)系(QSARs)，并在光敏化和光修飾因子的基礎(chǔ)上提出了雙向作用機制[19-22]。Newsted等[11]基于雜原子取代和非取代PAHs對大型蚤的光致急性毒性，以最低單重激發(fā)態(tài)和三重激發(fā)態(tài)能量發(fā)展了非線性構(gòu)效關(guān)系。兼顧PAHs對光的吸收效率、水溶液中穩(wěn)定性、輻射源能量與光照密度等因素間的競爭關(guān)系，Mekenyan等[23]在半經(jīng)驗分子軌道計算方法AM1和PM3結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化的基礎(chǔ)上，探討了分子前線軌道能隙(EGAP)與大型蚤光致毒性間的相關(guān)關(guān)系，繼而修正了非線性構(gòu)效關(guān)系，并預(yù)測PAHs分子前線軌道能隙在7.2±0.4 eV時，可誘發(fā)對大型蚤的光致毒性。由于PAHs分子前線軌道能隙寬時，能量足夠大的光子才有可能激發(fā)前線分子軌道的電子發(fā)生躍遷、引發(fā)光化學(xué)反應(yīng)而表現(xiàn)出光致毒性，然而(模擬)太陽光照的紫外短波段可能無法接觸環(huán)境界面，實際引發(fā)PAHs的光致毒性并不顯著；相比之下，PAHs分子前線軌道能隙窄時，分子穩(wěn)定性差、易降解，實際引發(fā)PAHs的光致毒性也較小。為此，F(xiàn)erreira[24]建立了PAHs分子前線軌道能隙與其光致毒性的Gaussian型函數(shù)關(guān)系，并在后來將分子前線軌道能隙寬度由7.2±0.4 eV擴大到7.2±0.7 eV用于預(yù)測大型蚤光致毒性[25]。分子前線軌道能隙是外層電子發(fā)生躍遷和轉(zhuǎn)移的屏障，是分子穩(wěn)定性和反應(yīng)性的電子結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。然而，比較不同PAHs光致毒性效應(yīng)所對應(yīng)的光照輻射波長(小于5.0 eV)和半經(jīng)驗分子軌道計算方法AM1計算的前線軌道能隙，可發(fā)現(xiàn)AM1計算前線軌道能隙接近光照輻射能量的2倍，如表1，這可能源于電子相關(guān)處理的缺失。相對而言，密度泛函理論方法(DFT)能夠以泛函形式考量電子相關(guān)問題，先期計算結(jié)果表明，DFT計算PAHs分子前線軌道能隙和光致毒性效應(yīng)所對應(yīng)的光照輻射能量是相近的(見表1)。因此，基于DFT對PAHs電子結(jié)構(gòu)和能量計算表征，減少半經(jīng)驗分子軌道計算方法帶來的誤差，可能有助于提高PAHs光致毒性構(gòu)效關(guān)系及其預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確性。

本文利用DFT三參數(shù)混合泛函理論方法對PAHs電子結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化計算，并在基態(tài)電子結(jié)構(gòu)與能級參數(shù)Gaussian型函數(shù)關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)化的基礎(chǔ)上，由偏最小二乘分析(PLS)方法[26-27]優(yōu)化發(fā)展PAHs對大型蚤(Daphnia magna)[23]光致毒性效應(yīng)的定量構(gòu)效關(guān)系，以期在相關(guān)模型內(nèi)外部預(yù)測性能得以顯著提升的前提下，在相似結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用域(AD)內(nèi)用于準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測PAHs光致毒性效應(yīng)并闡釋相關(guān)分子作用機制。相關(guān)工作開展，將為PAHs水生生態(tài)光致毒性效應(yīng)評價提供數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)和科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法(Materials and methods)

1.1 PAHs電子結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化計算

(1)

表1 PAHs光吸收能量與不同前線軌道能隙的比較Table 1 Comparison between the absorbed solar energy and the calculated energy gap of frontier orbitals of PAHs by AM1 and DFT respectively

注：PAHs對大型蚤光致毒性的實測吸收波長和AM1計算PAHs的EGAP分別來自文獻(xiàn)[11, 25]；所采納DFT計算方法為B3LYP/6-311G**。

Note: Data of wave length absorbed for PAHs phototoxicity to Daphnia magna, and EGAPcomputed by AM1 referenced from [11, 25]; DFT method was employed as B3LYP/6-311G**.

η=(ELUMO-EHOMO)/2=EGAP/2

(2)

絕對硬度(η)表示分子體系的穩(wěn)定性和反應(yīng)進行的難易程度：η越大，分子越“硬”，電子從最高占有軌道向最低未占軌道的躍遷和電子轉(zhuǎn)移越不容易發(fā)生；反之，分子體系越“軟”，電子躍遷越容易發(fā)生[35]。有研究表明，絕對硬度與分子極化率具有一定相關(guān)性，反映了分子在外加電場下外層電子云的變形性[37-38]。PAHs在光照輻射或與生物受體分子作用時，電子轉(zhuǎn)移的潛勢可由電子轉(zhuǎn)移量予以表征，因此分子體系能量下降最大化情況下的電子轉(zhuǎn)移量，即最大電子轉(zhuǎn)移量(ΔNmax)可由式(3)計算求得。

ΔNmax=(ELUMO+EHOMO)/(EHOMO-ELUMO)

(3)

考慮PAHs電子性質(zhì)參數(shù)在后續(xù)構(gòu)效關(guān)系中的統(tǒng)計學(xué)顯著性，主要將電子軌道能級和絕對硬度及其相關(guān)參數(shù)列于表2。

1.2 數(shù)據(jù)來源與模型建立方法

為對比研究PAHs對大型蚤光致毒性的分子前線軌道能隙預(yù)測寬度，本文選取17種非取代PAHs對水生生物-大型蚤(Daphnia magna)光致毒性實驗數(shù)據(jù)(Exp.)[23]，以調(diào)整半數(shù)致死時間ALT50(S)為毒理學(xué)指標(biāo)，表示為對數(shù)形式-logALT50(pALT50)。pALT50越大，PAHs對大型蚤的光致毒性效應(yīng)越顯著。相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)見表2。

表2 PAHs電子性質(zhì)參數(shù)及其光致毒性實測、預(yù)測值和相關(guān)殘差Table 2 PAHs electronic properties, and the experimental, predicted and residuals of corresponding phototoxicity

注：*標(biāo)示為PAHs光致毒性構(gòu)效關(guān)系的測試集；PAHs電子性質(zhì)參數(shù)單位：eV。

Note: Test set labeled by asterisks for QSAR of PAHs phototoxicity; Electronic properties of PAHs in eV.

(4)

(5)

2 結(jié)果(Results)

2.1 PAHs前線軌道能級/能隙與光致毒性的相關(guān)性

圖1 PAHs大型蚤光致毒性與前線軌道能級/能隙的相關(guān)性Fig. 1 Correlation between energy levels/energy gap of frontier molecular orbitals and phototoxicity of PAHs to Daphnia magna

pALT50= -3.291 +0.336η' +0.299E'LUMO+0.283E'HOMO

(6)

圖2 PAHs大型蚤光致毒性預(yù)測值與實測值的比較關(guān)系Fig. 2 Comparisons between the predicted and experimental phototoxicity of PAHs to Daphnia magna

構(gòu)效關(guān)系的應(yīng)用域AD表征如圖3所示。由圖可以看出，PAHs電子結(jié)構(gòu)信息的杠桿值h均小于臨界h*(1.0)，說明構(gòu)效關(guān)系模型在具有相似稠環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用域內(nèi)能夠準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測PAHs的光致毒性，且熒蒽(14#)相較而言具有較高的杠桿值，屬于高杠桿樣本點，表明其四元環(huán)分子結(jié)構(gòu)信息對構(gòu)效關(guān)系發(fā)展具有顯著影響。就預(yù)測殘差而言，95%置信區(qū)間內(nèi)所有PAHs光致毒性的預(yù)測殘差絕對值均低于2.5δ，說明構(gòu)效關(guān)系能夠給予相對準(zhǔn)確的PAHs光致毒性預(yù)測值。若究其嚴(yán)格的±2δ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化殘差區(qū)間，屈(3#)和苯并[k]熒蒽(15#)將分別界定于殘差區(qū)間之外，分別屬于被低估和高估的奇異值。然而，就PAHs光致毒性相關(guān)構(gòu)效關(guān)系的預(yù)測性能而言，在±2.5δ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化殘差區(qū)間范圍內(nèi)其準(zhǔn)確性在總體上仍可以滿足風(fēng)險評估的具體需求。

圖3 PAHs光致毒性Williams圖Fig. 3 Williams plot sketched for phototoxicity of PAHs

2.2 PAHs光致毒性構(gòu)效關(guān)系的性能比較

3 討論(Discussion)

為定量評估PAHs電子性質(zhì)參數(shù)對其光致毒性變異解釋的貢獻(xiàn)和相對大小，計算了電子性質(zhì)參數(shù)在PLS提取主成分上的相對權(quán)重(W*)及其VIPs值。本研究構(gòu)效關(guān)系引入并保留了3個性質(zhì)參數(shù)，其在第一主成分上的相對權(quán)重W*和VIPs參見柱狀圖4。與分子絕對硬度有關(guān)的η'具有最大權(quán)重(0.603)和最高VIP(1.04)，結(jié)合光致毒性與η'之間的正相關(guān)關(guān)系，即較高的η'能夠誘發(fā)較高的光致毒性，表明PAHs基態(tài)分子的前線軌道能隙和分子穩(wěn)定性對PAHs光致毒性具有重要影響，只是影響關(guān)系并非線性；盡管有較高前線軌道能隙和分子穩(wěn)定性的PAHs能夠誘發(fā)光致毒性效應(yīng)，但對于大多數(shù)PAHs化合物而言，在一定范圍內(nèi)較小的前線軌道能隙和較低的分子穩(wěn)定性，才能促使光致毒性發(fā)生，這可能是由于PAHs較小的前線軌道能隙有利于光照能量的吸收而發(fā)生光敏化反應(yīng)。由于絕對硬度與分子的極化率、分子體積具有一定相關(guān)性[37-38]，絕對硬度越小、極化率和分子體積越大，核外電子在外加或鄰近分子電場作用下的變形性越大，使得分子正、負(fù)電荷重心不斷發(fā)生瞬間相對位移并產(chǎn)生瞬間偶極，從而愈發(fā)有利于非極性或極性分子之間的瞬間偶極-瞬間偶極相互吸引作用，即色散作用。這與前人分析結(jié)果具有較好的一致性[46]。相比之下，E'LUMO和E'HOMO的權(quán)重(W*，0.568和0.560)和VIP(0.98，0.97)略??；由于ELUMO和EHOMO分別與前線分子軌道得失電子有關(guān)，其包涵的電子結(jié)構(gòu)能級排布特征信息，在一定程度上可與前線軌道能隙緊密相關(guān)。

圖4 PAHs電子性質(zhì)參數(shù)的相對權(quán)重與VIPs比較Fig. 4 Comparisons of relative weights and VIPs among electronic properties of PAHs

前人分別根據(jù)PAHs光致毒性的預(yù)測值與實測值，將PAHs劃分為高等、中等和低等光致毒性暴露污染物，如菲、芴和三亞苯具有相對較低的光致毒性，其調(diào)整半數(shù)致死時間pALT50遠(yuǎn)小于-2.95[23, 25]。因此，pALT50等于-2.95成為定量評估PAHs光致毒性大小的“分水嶺”，大于該值則表明PAHs能夠誘發(fā)較高或中等光致毒性。以本研究所取得構(gòu)效關(guān)系對非取代PAHs光致毒性進行預(yù)測(表2)，且將預(yù)測值與轉(zhuǎn)換絕對硬度η'進行線性擬合，得到擬合方程。由于茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(20#)電子結(jié)構(gòu)杠桿值h較大(4.557)，表明其與其他PAHs化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)信息質(zhì)點距離較遠(yuǎn)，電子結(jié)構(gòu)具有較大的差異。為此，在排除20#化合物的基礎(chǔ)上，PAHs光致毒性預(yù)測值與η'的線性相關(guān)性由原來的R2為0.956提高到0.978，如圖5所示。當(dāng)pALT50大于-2.95時，可以計算出相對高毒性PAHs所對應(yīng)的絕對硬度η區(qū)間，即1.370 eV<η<2.104 eV，對應(yīng)前線軌道能隙值區(qū)間2.740 eV

圖5 PAHs大型蚤光致毒性預(yù)測值與分子絕對硬度 間的相關(guān)關(guān)系Fig. 5 Correlation relationship between molecular hardness and predicted pALT50 of PAHs to Daphnia magna

綜上所述，基于DFT理論方法發(fā)展的PAHs對大型蚤光致毒性的構(gòu)效關(guān)系，其擬合優(yōu)度、穩(wěn)定性和內(nèi)外部預(yù)測性能均有顯著提升，可在應(yīng)用域范圍內(nèi)準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測PAHs光致毒性，從而滿足風(fēng)險評估需求。構(gòu)效關(guān)系分析結(jié)果表明，除苯并[k]熒蒽和屈可能具有不同的光致毒性作用機制之外，對于多數(shù)PAHs而言，若具有較低的前線軌道能隙、較小的分子穩(wěn)定性和較大的分子變形性，均將有利于促使光致毒性作用的發(fā)生；且DFT計算PAHs前線軌道能隙寬度在[2.740，4.208]eV之間和對應(yīng)光照輻射波段約為295 nm～450 nm時，PAHs污染暴露將可能誘發(fā)較高的光致毒性效應(yīng)。這為PAHs對大型蚤光致毒性作用機制闡釋和風(fēng)險評價提供了數(shù)據(jù)支持與理論依據(jù)。

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InvestigationofStructure-ActivityRelationshipbetweenTypicalElectronicPropertiesandPhototoxicityofPolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbonstoDaphniamagna

Gu Chenggang1, Zhu Mengrong1,2, Liu Chang1,2, Ti Qingqing1,2, He Huan3, Sun Cheng3, #, Jiang Xin1, *

1. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China3. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20170103003

2017-01-03錄用日期2017-03-08

1673-5897(2017)3-516-10

X171.5

A

蔣新(1961—), 博士,研究員, 主要研究方向為典型持久性有機污染物的土壤環(huán)境化學(xué)行為與污染控制, 發(fā)表中英和德文學(xué)術(shù)論文190余篇。

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(21377138；51578279)；國家重點基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃(2014CB441105)；中科院“一三五”計劃和領(lǐng)域前沿項目(ISSASIP1618)資助

谷成剛(1979-)，男，博士，研究方向為土壤環(huán)境化學(xué)，E-mail: cggu@issas.ac.cn

*通訊作者(Corresponding author)， E-mail: jiangxin@issas.ac.cn

#共同通訊作者(Co-corresponding author)， E-mail: envidean@nju.edu.cn

谷成剛, 朱夢榮, 劉暢, 等. 多環(huán)芳烴典型電子性質(zhì)與其大型蚤光致毒性的構(gòu)效關(guān)系研究[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報，2017, 12(3): 516-525

Gu C G, Zhu M R, Liu C, et al. Investigation of structure-activity relationship between typical electronic properties and phototoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(3): 516-525 (in Chinese)