Murphy, KR; Stedmon, CA; Waite, TD; et al.
Highly stable organic polymer field-effect transistor sensor for selective detection in the marine environment
Knopfmacher, O; Hammock, ML; Appleton, AL; et al.
Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for highresolution reconstruction of topography:The structure from motion approach on coastal environments
Mancini, F; Dubbini, M; Gattelli, M; et al.
Mapping the diatom redox-sensitive proteome provides insight into response to nitrogen stress in the marine environment
Rosenwasser, S; van Creveld, SG; Schatz, D; et al.
我國海洋環(huán)境污染的現(xiàn)狀、成因與治理
王淼,胡本強,辛萬光,戚麗
中國赤潮的發(fā)生趨勢和研究進展
周名江,朱明遠,張經
海洋環(huán)境保護
·編者按·
海洋是人類生存所不可缺少的物質和能量的源泉,也是許多廢棄物的歸宿。海洋環(huán)境(Marine Environment)是一個非常復雜的系統(tǒng),包括海水、海洋中的各種物質、海底沉積物和海洋生物。隨著人類活動的加劇,海洋資源開發(fā)的規(guī)模越來越大,海洋環(huán)境問題也日趨突顯。
我國擁有超過1.8×104km的大陸海岸線,6500多個島嶼,管轄了超過3×106km2的海域。隨著對海洋資源的不斷開發(fā),海洋生態(tài)及環(huán)境的保護也面臨著日益嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。海洋污染的來源一般為陸源污染、不合理的海洋開發(fā)和海洋工程興建、海洋石油勘探開發(fā)污染、傾倒廢物污染、船舶排放污染等。我國目前實施陸源污染物總量減排工程、開展海洋垃圾污染控制工程等方式控制海洋環(huán)境污染。同時在政策、法律、資金、產業(yè)、技術以及制度建設等方面采取相應的措施。
本專題得到曹西華研究員(中國科學院海洋研究所)、陳新軍教授(上海海洋大學)、劉冬艷研究員(中國科學院煙臺海岸帶研究所)的大力支持。
·熱點數(shù)據(jù)排行·
截至2017年9月12日,中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和Web of Science(WoS)的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示,以“海洋環(huán)境保護”等為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為7340與3278條,本專題將相關數(shù)據(jù)按照:研究機構發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進行排行,結果如下。
研究機構發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)
研究機構發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WoS)
作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)
作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WoS)
作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)(續(xù)表)
作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WoS)(續(xù)表)
期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)
期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WoS)
根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)數(shù)據(jù)報告,以“海洋環(huán)境保護”等為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下。
根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),以“海洋環(huán)境保護”等為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下。
國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行
·經典文獻推薦·
基于Web of Science檢索結果,利用Histcite軟件選取LCS(Local Citation Score,本地引用次數(shù))TOP 30文獻作為節(jié)點進行分析,得到本領域推薦的經典文獻如下。
本領域經典文獻
marine debris; plastic debris; thermoplastics;persistent organic pollutants; micro-plastic pollution;xenoestrogens
來源出版物:Environmental Research, 2008, 108(2):131-139
Distinguishing between terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter sources in marine environments using fluorescence spectroscopy
Murphy, KR; Stedmon, CA; Waite, TD; et al.
Abstract:The optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are frequently used as tracers of water masses in bays and estuaries but present unique challenges in the ocean due to the small quantities of organic matter present and the similarities between spectra from coastal and offshore environments. Samples collected on trans-oceanic cruises in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans were used to investigate the optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in waters with limited freshwater influence (salinity > 30). Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) of fluorescence spectra revealed that coastal and oceanic dissolved organic matter (DOM)fluorescence could be separated into at least eight separate components: 4–5 humic-like and 3–5 protein-like signals.Two of the humic components were identified as representing terrestrial organic matter and their signals could be traced in the open ocean (Pacific and Atlantic) at levels of approximately 1.5% of riverine concentrations.An additional humic component, traditionally identified as the “marine” or “M” peak, was found to be both sourced from land and produced in the ocean. These results demonstrate that the supply, mixing and removal of terrestrial organic matter in oceanic waters can be observed with relatively simple measurement techniques,suggesting that fluorescence spectroscopy could play a useful role in future studies of the origin and fate of DOM in oceanic environments.
關鍵詞:dissolved organic matter; tracer techniques;fluorescence spectroscopy; Parallel Factor Analysis(PARAFAC)
來源出版物:Marine Chemistry, 2008, 108(1): 40-58
Highly stable organic polymer field-effect transistor sensor for selective detection in the marine environment
Knopfmacher, O; Hammock, ML; Appleton, AL; et al.
Abstract:In recent decades, the susceptibility to degradation in both ambient and aqueous environments has prevented organic electronics from gaining rapid traction for sensing applications. Here we report an organic field-effect transistor sensor that overcomes this barrier using a solution-processable isoindigo-based polymer semiconductor. More importantly, these organic field-effect transistor sensors are stable in both freshwater and seawater environments over extended periods of time.The organic field-effect transistor sensors are further capable of selectively sensing heavy-metal ions in seawater. This discovery has potential for inexpensive,ink-jet printed, and large-scale environmental monitoring devices that can be deployed in areas once thought of as beyond the scope of organic materials.
來源出版物:Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 2954
Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for highresolution reconstruction of topography:The structure from motion approach on coastal environments
Mancini, F; Dubbini, M; Gattelli, M; et al.
Abstract:The availability of high-resolution Digital Surface Models of coastal environments is of increasing interest for scientists involved in the study of the coastal system processes. Among the range of terrestrial and aerial methods available to produce such a dataset, this study tests the utility of the Structure from Motion (SfM)approach to low-altitude aerial imageries collected by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The SfM image-based approach was selected whilst searching for a rapid,inexpensive, and highly automated method, able to produce 3D information from unstructured aerial images.In particular, it was used to generate a dense point cloud and successively a high-resolution Digital Surface Models(DSM) of a beach dune system in Marina di Ravenna(Italy). The quality of the elevation dataset produced by the UAV-SfM was initially evaluated by comparison with point cloud generated by a Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS) surveys. Such a comparison served to highlight an average difference in the vertical values of 0.05 m (RMS =0.19 m). However, although the points cloud comparison is the best approach to investigate the absolute or relative correspondence between UAV and TLS methods, the assessment of geomorphic features is usually based on multi-temporal surfaces analysis, where an interpolation process is required. DSMs were therefore generated from UAV and TLS points clouds and vertical absolute accuracies assessed by comparison with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) survey. The vertical comparison of UAV and TLS DSMs with respect to GNSS measurements pointed out an average distance at cm-level(RMS= 0.011 m). The successive point by point direct comparison between UAV and TLS elevations show a very small average distance, 0.015 m, withRMS= 0.220 m.Larger values are encountered in areas where sudden changes in topography are present. The UAV-based approach was demonstrated to be a straightforward one and accuracy of the vertical dataset was comparable with results obtained by TLS technology.
關鍵詞:UAV; structure from motion; terrestrial laser scanning; digital surface model; beach dunes system
來源出版物:Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(12): 6880-6898
Mapping the diatom redox-sensitive proteome provides insight into response to nitrogen stress in the marine environment
Rosenwasser, S; van Creveld, SG; Schatz, D; et al.
Abstract:Diatoms are ubiquitous marine photosynthetic eukaryotes responsible for approximately 20% of global photosynthesis. Little is known about the redox-based mechanisms that mediate diatom sensing and acclimation to environmental stress. Here we used a quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach to elucidate the redoxsensitive signaling network (redoxome) mediating the response of diatoms to oxidative stress. We quantified the degree of oxidation of 3845 cysteines in thePhaeodactylum tricornutumproteome and identified approximately 300 redox-sensitive proteins. Intriguingly, we found redoxsensitive thiols in numerous enzymes composing the nitrogen assimilation pathway and the recently discovered diatom urea cycle. In agreement with this finding, the flux from nitrate into glutamine and glutamate, measured by the incorporation of15N, was strongly inhibited under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, by targeting the redox-sensitive GFP sensor to various subcellular localizations, we mapped organelle-specific oxidation patterns in response to variations in nitrogen quota and quality. We propose that redox regulation of nitrogen metabolism allows rapid metabolic plasticity to ensure cellular homeostasis, and thus is essential for the ecological success of diatoms in the marine ecosystem.
來源出版物:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(7): 2740-2745
·推薦綜述·
我國海洋環(huán)境污染的現(xiàn)狀、成因與治理
王淼,胡本強,辛萬光,戚麗
1 我國近海環(huán)境污染現(xiàn)狀及評價
1.1 全海域環(huán)境質量狀況
1.1.1 我國海域海水環(huán)境質量
20世紀90年代以來,我國海洋環(huán)境污染一直比較嚴重。其中,我國近海水質劣于一類海水水質標準的面積,從1992年的10萬km2,上升到1999年的最高值20.2萬km2,平均每年以14.6%的速度增長。1999年以后,我國的海洋環(huán)保工作初顯成效,總體污染狀況得到改善,污染加重的勢頭得到遏制,全海域未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積由1999年的20.2萬km2,逐年下降到2004年的16.9萬km2,減少了16.3%,環(huán)境污染狀況得到了初步的改善。但2004年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全海域未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積約16.9萬km2,比2003年增加約2.7萬km2,我國近岸中度和嚴重污染海域范圍增加。
對于渤海、黃海、東海、南海四海區(qū)的2001—2004年海水環(huán)境污染狀況研究表明:在渤海、黃海、東海和南海四個海區(qū)中,渤海和東海海水污染程度較重。渤海未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積約2.4萬km2,約占渤??偯娣e的1/3,受污染程度較為嚴重;黃海未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積中大部分為較清潔和輕度污染,受污染程度相對較低;東海主要污染區(qū)域相對集中且污染程度較重,主要集中在長江口和杭州灣海域,未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積中嚴重污染和中度污染比重相對較大;南??傮w污染程度較低,未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積中大部分為較清潔和輕度污染,中度污染和嚴重污染海域主要集中在珠江口、汕頭和湛江港近岸局部水域。
1.1.2 主要入??诤S蛭廴緺顩r
20世紀末以來,由于江河攜帶大量陸源污染物入海,我國近岸2/3的重點海域受到營養(yǎng)鹽污染。其中,遼河口、大連灣、膠州灣、長江口、杭州灣、象山灣、三門灣、樂清灣、閩江口、珠江口等海域污染較重,且污染范圍不斷擴大,大部分河口、海灣以及大中城市鄰近海域污染日趨嚴重。對我國主要入??诤S蛭廴緺顩r研究表明:入海口海域獨特的地理位置決定著其直接承受沿海、沿江居民排放的城市生活污水、食品工業(yè)廢水及殘渣、人畜糞便、造紙工業(yè)廢物等富含有機物質及其他污染物,是污染物最為集中,密度最高的區(qū)域。在我國受污染海域中,主要入??诤S蛭廴境潭认鄬乐?,主要污染物質是無機氮、磷酸鹽、油類以及有機物和重金屬。
1.1.3 海洋生物質量狀況
海洋生物是海水環(huán)境和沉積環(huán)境污染的直接受害對象,并且海洋環(huán)境中的污染物對海洋生物質量的影響具有累積作用,其體內的污染物含量反映了其生存環(huán)境的質量,可食用底棲生物質量的好壞對人體健康更是有著直接的影響。目前,我國海洋生物質量狀況并不樂觀,主要表現(xiàn)為:海洋生物結構失衡,珍稀瀕危物種減少;主要經濟生物體內有害物質殘留量偏高;沿岸經濟貝類衛(wèi)生狀況欠佳。
1.1.4 近海沉積物環(huán)境質量現(xiàn)狀
從1999到2004年海洋沉積物質量監(jiān)測結果表明,我國近海和遠海海域的海洋沉積物質量總體上保持良好,沉積物污染的綜合潛在生態(tài)風險較低,但部分近岸海域沉積物受到污染比較嚴重,尤其是一些河口、海灣的沉積物污染較重。在我國近岸、近海和遠海海域中,海洋沉積物主要污染物為汞、銅、鎘、鉛、砷、滴滴涕、多氯聯(lián)苯、石油類、硫化物、有機質等。其中,大連灣、錦州灣和珠江口海域沉積物五年來污染持續(xù)加重。部分區(qū)域貝類體內殘留的鉛、鎘、砷、六六六、滴滴涕及糞大腸菌群等有毒物質含量數(shù)年居高不下。
1.1.5 海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況
我國四大海區(qū)具有很多高生產力的海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng),如沿岸淺海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、河口生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、近岸上升流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、海藻(草)場生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、紅樹林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、珊瑚礁生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、大洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)等,其中蘊藏著各類豐富的海洋資源,成為我國沿海地帶經濟與社會發(fā)展的重要基礎。
根據(jù)對渤海、黃海、東海、南海的調查分析,從總體上看,主要海灣、河口及濱海濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)處于亞健康或不健康狀態(tài)。海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化主要表現(xiàn)在:沿岸和近海海域多數(shù)傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)質漁業(yè)資源日趨枯竭,導致海洋生物資源嚴重衰退,一些珍稀物種處于瀕危狀態(tài);富營養(yǎng)化及營養(yǎng)鹽失衡,生物群落結構異常;河口產卵場嚴重退化,部分產卵場正在逐步消失,生境喪失或改變等。除了遠海海域因離岸較遠而環(huán)境良好以外,沿岸和近海海域已有相當部分受到一定程度的污染,環(huán)境質量普遍下降。在一些重要河口、港灣水域,生態(tài)環(huán)境也嚴重惡化,生物多樣性大為降低,赤潮頻發(fā);許多典型生態(tài)系統(tǒng)面積急劇縮小,自然景觀不斷破壞。港口淤積、航道萎縮、海岸侵蝕以及風暴潮和臺風災害等問題也因生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化而日趨嚴重。
我國的一些典型海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到破壞。20世紀50年代,全國紅樹林面積約5.5萬公頃,到2002年,紅樹林面積已不足1.5萬公頃,減少了73%,廣東、海南和廣西紅樹林分布面積分別減少82%、52%和43%。石油開發(fā)和圍填海等人為活動導致我國濱海濕地喪失嚴重。據(jù)初步估算,我國累計喪失濱海濕地面積約219萬公頃,占濱海濕地總面積的50%。此外,由于大量開采珊瑚礁,近岸海域珊瑚礁生態(tài)系統(tǒng)受到嚴重破壞,珊瑚礁分布面積已經減少80%。作為淺海水域初級生產力最高的生物棲息地之一的海草床已經消失。
1.2 我國海洋環(huán)境質量評價
2004年,近岸海域污染依舊嚴重,嚴重污染海域主要分布在鴨綠江口、遼東灣、渤海灣、長江口、杭州灣、珠江口等局部水域。
全海域未達到清潔海域水質標準的面積約16.9萬km2,比2003年增加了2.7萬km2。從總體上來看,我國海域的污染狀況仍未得到緩解,特別是中度污染增加15900 km2,增幅達106.6%;嚴重污染海域面積增加7380 km2,增幅達29.9%,污染程度明顯增強。
我國海域未來幾年污染仍將以營養(yǎng)鹽為主要污染物,受污染的海域面積在短期內不會有明顯減小,在某些海域污染狀況仍將持續(xù)處于嚴重狀態(tài),赤潮的發(fā)生次數(shù)和影響面積在短期內不會得到有效控制,赤潮仍將是主要的海洋災害。海洋生態(tài)所承受的負重仍然非常沉重,需要加大對海洋環(huán)境治理的力度,以實現(xiàn)我國海洋經濟的持續(xù)發(fā)展。
2 我國海洋環(huán)境污染的成因
2.1 海洋污染源的形成
2.1.1 陸源污染
海洋污染物總量的85%以上來自于陸源污染物,其成分主要是化學需氧物質、氨氮、油類物質和磷酸鹽四類,合計占總量的95%以上,還有硫化物、鋅、砷、鉛、鉻、揮發(fā)酚、氰化物、銅、鎘、汞等。陸源污染物主要來自于工業(yè)三廢、城鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾、農業(yè)養(yǎng)殖使用的化肥、農藥和禽畜糞便等。因此,陸地污染源可分為4類:工業(yè)污染源、生活污染源、農業(yè)污染源和陸上養(yǎng)殖污染源。
2.1.2 不合理的海洋開發(fā)和海洋工程興建
我國曾在20世紀50年代和80年代分別掀起了圍海造田和發(fā)展養(yǎng)蝦業(yè)兩次大規(guī)模圍海建設熱潮,使沿海自然灘涂濕地總面積縮減了約一半。其后果是灘涂濕地的自然景觀遭到了嚴重破壞,重要經濟魚、蝦、蟹、貝類生息繁衍場所消失,許多珍稀瀕危野生動植物絕跡,而且大大降低了灘涂濕地調節(jié)氣候、儲水分洪、抵御風暴潮及護岸保田等能力。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,我國沿海地區(qū)累計已喪失濱海灘涂濕地面積約119萬公頃,另因城鄉(xiāng)工礦占用濕地約100萬公頃,兩項之和相當于沿海濕地總面積的50%。對沿海灘涂的破壞面積仍呈逐年上升趨勢。海岸工程破壞自然灘涂,我國沿岸大于10 km2的海灣有160個。許多海灣已建有大、中型港口,小型海灣普遍為天然漁港。但是,在大城市毗鄰的海灣,由于填海建港、填海造地,岸線縮短、灣體縮小、人工海岸比例增高、淺灘消失,海岸自然程度降低。再加上海水養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的盲目發(fā)展,養(yǎng)殖自身污染也較為普遍,海灣潮間帶和水域中天然生長的魚、蝦、蟹、貝、藻普遍衰退。不合理的海洋開發(fā)和海洋工程興建可分為四類:海水養(yǎng)殖、圍海造地、海岸工程、深海開發(fā)。
2.1.3 海洋石油勘探開發(fā)污染
海洋石油勘探開發(fā)造成的海洋污染主要產生于兩個方面:一是正常作業(yè)污染,即海洋油田的勘探和生產過程中造成的污染;二是突發(fā)性污染,即海域油井意外泄漏。
2.1.4 傾倒廢物污染
近幾年,隨著經濟建設的進一步推進以及城鎮(zhèn)化建設步伐的加快,我國加大了對海洋傾倒區(qū)的使用力度,其中傾倒的廢物主要是疏浚物、渣土等。進入21世紀,我國海洋傾倒區(qū)的個數(shù)由2001年的61個增加到了2004年的80個,簽發(fā)的傾倒許可證數(shù)由2001年的541份增加到2004年的602份,傾倒的廢物量從2001年的8965.2萬m3增加到2004年的14661萬m3。國家海洋局對部分海洋傾倒區(qū)進行了全面監(jiān)測。監(jiān)測結果顯示:與傾倒區(qū)選劃時的環(huán)境質量狀況比較,個別海洋傾倒區(qū)的環(huán)境狀況發(fā)生顯著的變化,部分傾倒區(qū)及周邊底棲環(huán)境的總生物量略有減少,底質環(huán)境狀況局部傾倒區(qū)惡化,但尚有底棲生物存在,其優(yōu)勢類群主要為軟體動物和節(jié)肢動物,部分傾倒區(qū)的水深略有減少。
2.1.5 船舶排放污染
船舶對海洋的污染主要指船舶在航行、停泊、裝卸過程中產生的污染。相關資料統(tǒng)計表明,海洋環(huán)境污染中有35%的污染物來自于船舶。特別是海洋中石油類污染物,其中陸上工業(yè)排放和城市排放占37%,而船舶操作性排放則占33%。船舶排放物已經成為造成海洋環(huán)境污染,擾亂海洋生態(tài)平衡系統(tǒng)的主要污染源之一。船舶海洋污染主要包括民用船舶污染和軍用船舶污染。民用船舶污染主要是操作性污染,即船舶有意識地將船舶產生的污染物質排放入海,軍用船舶除了能產生民用船舶的污染之外,其核動力船舶還能產生放射性輻射污染。
2.1.6 海上事故污染
海上事故污染是指運載有毒有害物質的船舶在航行中因過失或不可抗力而造成的有毒有害物質泄漏所形成的污染。由于不可抗力致使船舶觸礁、碰撞、擱淺、爆炸等事故,使有害物質進入海洋,對局部海域造成重大污染。這類事故多發(fā)生于近岸海域,對海洋環(huán)境造成的危害特別大,主要有溢油污染、化學危險品污染、液化氣船重大事故污染等。
2.1.7 濕地人為破壞
我國大約有濕地2500多萬公頃,其中包括1100萬公頃沼澤,1200萬公頃湖泊以及210萬公頃的灘涂、鹽沼地,約占國土面積的2.6%,占全世界濕地總面積的13%左右。還有以潛育化和沼澤化水稻田為主的人工濕地,加上水庫池塘等,總面積約50萬公頃。對濕地的開發(fā),致使海濱生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化。沿海灘涂濕地在我國所有的濕地類型中遭受的破壞最為嚴重。到20世紀80年代末,我國圍墾的海岸灘涂濕地達119萬公頃,其中81%改造為農田,19%用于鹽業(yè)生產,再加上城鄉(xiāng)工礦用地100萬公頃,占到了沿海濕地總面積的一半。濕地的人為破壞主要表現(xiàn)在農業(yè)開墾、城鎮(zhèn)化開發(fā)、礦產開發(fā)等方面。
2.2 海洋污染的深層次原因
2.2.1 人口和資源對海洋的壓力
人類社會的發(fā)展,人民生活水平的大幅度提高,人口的急劇增加,使資源的供求量相應增加。陸地資源的稀缺性,使人類不得不到海洋去獲取資源。解決人口、環(huán)境和資源三大問題,主要依靠海洋。
2.2.2 社會公眾海洋環(huán)保意識的淡薄
社會公眾對海洋環(huán)境的保護意識是極其薄弱的。用生活垃圾填海、農業(yè)用藥的不合理處置等使許多魚類、貝類產卵場、棲息地被破壞。由于社會公眾的海洋環(huán)保意識淡薄,使海洋遭到嚴重損害。資料表明,受陸源排污影響,約80%的入海排污口鄰近海域環(huán)境污染嚴重。
2.2.3 社會經濟發(fā)展的影響
隨著我國市場經濟建設的不斷推進,海洋經濟得到了發(fā)展,但對海洋環(huán)境的污染也隨著沿海經濟的增長而上升,對海洋環(huán)境產生了極大的負面影響。主要表現(xiàn)在企業(yè)對海洋環(huán)境造成的污染、近岸養(yǎng)殖業(yè)對海洋環(huán)境的污染、船舶對海洋環(huán)境的污染、來自海洋石油勘探的污染、海洋開發(fā)活動決策失誤所造成的污染、港口建設對海洋自然生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染等方面。
2.2.4 現(xiàn)代海洋科技的應用
海洋污染除了由于大量工業(yè)三廢、生活垃圾、農藥、石油等所導致外,還有海洋放射性污染。海洋放射性污染通過生物體富集或食物鏈富集輻射整個海洋環(huán)境,危害人類或其他生物?,F(xiàn)代高技術的發(fā)展和應用已經深入到現(xiàn)代海戰(zhàn)武器(如激光炮、電磁炮、微波武器等)之中。此外,目前一些國家建立了海底核基地,其海底核實驗活動直接或間接對我國海洋環(huán)境產生的危害也是相當嚴重的。
2.2.5 海洋監(jiān)察手段落后和執(zhí)行力不足
國家海洋局每年承擔常規(guī)海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測,以及兩次污染基線調查、陸源污染及重點排污調查、幾個海灣的海洋環(huán)境容量與總量控制調查,以對近岸海域污染物排放總量進行控制。目前,海洋環(huán)境容量的大小和污染源的對應關系仍不清楚,還不能有針對性地控制污染物質的排放,從而最大限度地減少污染。另外,在監(jiān)測的空間和時間覆蓋范圍方面體現(xiàn)出執(zhí)行力不足的問題,海洋環(huán)保法實施18年,累計達6000多天,300萬km2的海域,海洋部門兩天才出動一次船舶,4天才派出一架飛機,且飛行不足5 h,其發(fā)現(xiàn)某一船只違章排污的概率相當小。
2.2.6 涉海行政部門協(xié)調不夠
根據(jù)現(xiàn)行法規(guī),海洋環(huán)境保護的管理工作由國家海洋局、國家環(huán)保總局、交通部、農業(yè)部、海事等部門以及沿海地方人民政府組織實施。各部門根據(jù)分工對不同類型的污染源實施監(jiān)督治理。盡管法律明確規(guī)定了涉海各部門的職權范圍,但各部門職能交叉、機構重復設置的問題依然存在。而且海洋部門不上岸,環(huán)保部門不下海,機構間和部門間缺少協(xié)作。環(huán)保、海洋、海事、漁政、軍隊環(huán)保部門共同參與海洋污染治理,互相扯皮的現(xiàn)象隨之產生,影響了海洋環(huán)境污染的治理效果。
3 我國海洋環(huán)境污染治理的海域區(qū)劃
為了加強海洋環(huán)境惡化海區(qū)的綜合治理,科學確定不同海域環(huán)境的保護與治理主攻方向,根據(jù)緯度、溫度帶、生物多樣性及海洋環(huán)境特點以及灘涂、河口港灣及淺海的生境特點,將我國海域劃分為渤海、黃海、東海、南海和臺灣海峽5個海域進行環(huán)境保護和污染治理。
3.1 渤?!貏e保護區(qū)
3.1.1 海域特點
渤海是一個半封閉性的內海,受外海水影響小,受大陸影響大,入海河流較多,鹽度較低,營養(yǎng)鹽豐富,初級生產力較高,生物資源比較豐富。從區(qū)域環(huán)境系統(tǒng)上看,渤海由三個城市環(huán)境系統(tǒng)、三個海灣環(huán)境系統(tǒng)和三個流域環(huán)境系統(tǒng)構成。從海洋系統(tǒng)來說,渤海是黃海大海洋環(huán)境系的一個重要組成部分;從海岸系統(tǒng)來看,渤海與沿岸地區(qū)構成了獨具北方區(qū)域環(huán)境特征的海岸帶系統(tǒng);渤海是海洋經濟生物重要的產卵場、育幼場、洄游區(qū),又是石油、海鹽、景觀、港口資源綜合開發(fā)利用區(qū),不僅在資源基礎上對我國北部地區(qū)具有重要作用,也對我國的政治、軍事、國家安全等具有戰(zhàn)略影響。渤海僅占我國管轄海域面積的2.5%,但每年接納污水30億t、污染物70萬t,占全國排入海域污水總量的32.2%、污染物總量的47.7%。由于其特殊的地理特征,水交換條件差,加上河流淡水入海量降低,海洋環(huán)境污染與環(huán)境結構破壞十分嚴重。傳統(tǒng)漁業(yè)資源魚類真鯛和帶魚基本消失,鱈魚、小黃魚和大黃魚等主要經濟魚類形不成漁汛,漁獲物中傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)質魚類的比例只占20%左右。近年來赤潮頻頻發(fā)生,而且面積越來越廣,危害越來越大。
3.1.2 海區(qū)定位及海域環(huán)境保護與治理方向
根據(jù)渤海的自然特性和功能特性,將渤海建設成為具有示范意義的環(huán)境和開發(fā)利用相適應的特別保護區(qū)。渤海海域的海洋環(huán)境保護和建設將結合“渤海綜合整治計劃”和“碧海行動計劃”進行,其主攻方向是:實施全海域環(huán)境的綜合整治,嚴格控制陸源污染物排放,加強海洋環(huán)境的監(jiān)測與管理,進行重點海域的污染環(huán)境恢復工程,保護和修復濕地和島嶼重要環(huán)境功能區(qū),補充和恢復海域的生物資源。
3.2 黃?!蠛Q蟓h(huán)境系
3.2.1 海域特點
黃海包括渤海海峽以南,長江口至濟州島連線以北海域,淺海海域寬闊平緩是黃海海域的重要特點。黃海沿海大部分岸段為泥沙質灘涂,淺海底質也以泥沙為主。灘涂及淺海坡度平緩、面積大,適合發(fā)展海水養(yǎng)殖,是我國海水養(yǎng)殖比較集中的海區(qū)。從總體上看,黃海海洋環(huán)境系統(tǒng)處于嚴重失調狀態(tài),其結構已經發(fā)生了顯著變化,承載功能顯著下降。近幾年來,由于淺灘貝類掠奪式采捕,盲目建池養(yǎng)殖、圍海造地,加上過度捕撈以及河口、港灣水質污染嚴重等原因,海洋環(huán)境受到嚴重破壞,赤潮災害時有發(fā)生。沿岸河口、海灣生物多樣性嚴重下降,傳統(tǒng)的優(yōu)質魚類資源嚴重衰退,鱈魚等多種主要傳統(tǒng)經濟魚類已形不成漁汛。
3.2.2 海區(qū)定位及海域環(huán)境保護與治理方向
根據(jù)黃海的自然特性和功能特性,黃海與渤海共同構成黃海大海洋環(huán)境系。黃海的海洋環(huán)境保護與建設將結合聯(lián)合國開發(fā)規(guī)劃署的“黃海大海洋環(huán)境系”項目展開,其主攻方向是:嚴禁酷漁濫捕,實現(xiàn)捕撈量零增長,以養(yǎng)補漁,營建濕地和島嶼高產環(huán)境系統(tǒng),恢復和養(yǎng)護海區(qū)的生物資源,重點建設灘涂環(huán)境系統(tǒng),放養(yǎng)增殖貝類、藻類、蝦類;在遼南沿海、山東半島以及蘇北沿岸,加緊建設“耕海牧漁”環(huán)境示范區(qū)。
3.3 東?!獚u嶼高生產力區(qū)
3.3.1 海域特點
東海海域包括長江口以南、福建海岸以北的海域,重點是長江口、杭州灣、舟山群島和南麂列島海域。由于長江等徑流和沿岸上升流帶來豐富營養(yǎng)物質,該海域生物多樣性高,生物資源豐富,是世界四大漁場之一的舟山漁場所在地。由于海區(qū)漁業(yè)資源捕撈過度,海洋生物群落結構受到破壞,處于食物鏈高級層次的優(yōu)質魚類嚴重減少,次級層次的低質魚類占優(yōu)勢。同時,工業(yè)污染及不合理的岸灘開發(fā),又使處于食物鏈基礎環(huán)節(jié)的近海浮游生物和貝藻類數(shù)量驟降,導致環(huán)境失衡,水質富營養(yǎng)化,赤潮頻發(fā),優(yōu)質魚類減產80%以上。東海沿岸經濟發(fā)達,社會對海產品的需求量大,使本已脆弱的海洋環(huán)境壓力增大。
3.3.2 海區(qū)定位及海域環(huán)境保護與治理方向
根據(jù)東海的自然特性和功能特性,將東海建設成以島嶼海產品養(yǎng)殖開發(fā)為主的島嶼高生產力區(qū)。東海海區(qū)海洋環(huán)境保護與治理的主攻方向是:以島嶼及小范圍沿岸為單元,大力培植和保護原有的貝、藻類群落,營造島嶼高產環(huán)境系統(tǒng),帶動周圍海區(qū)環(huán)境平衡的恢復。
3.4 南?!汉鹘负图t樹林環(huán)境功能保護區(qū)
3.4.1 海域特點
南海海域地處熱帶、亞熱帶,海洋生物多樣性高,資源豐富,沿岸灘涂和近海分布著南部海域特有的珊瑚礁和紅樹林。海區(qū)漁業(yè)資源開發(fā)處于中等水平,自然環(huán)境系統(tǒng)保存較為完整。但由于長期盲目的砍伐采礁和嚴重水質污染等原因,沿岸自然護岸防災功能基本喪失,依賴紅樹林、珊瑚礁的海岸高產環(huán)境系統(tǒng)受到災難性破壞。年徑流量僅次于長江口的珠江口海域已嚴重污染,赤潮頻發(fā),連續(xù)出現(xiàn)魚類大量死亡事件。海域內的萬山漁場等漁區(qū)已形不成漁汛。
3.4.2 海區(qū)定位及海域環(huán)境保護與治理方向
根據(jù)南海的自然特性和功能特性,將南海建設成珊瑚礁和紅樹林環(huán)境功能保護區(qū)。南海海區(qū)海洋環(huán)境保護與治理的主攻方向是:大力開展栽培紅樹林和移植保護珊瑚礁的建設,進一步建設灘涂紅樹林和遠海珊瑚礁環(huán)境功能保護區(qū),促進淺海水域生物資源的恢復;嚴格控制酷漁濫捕,加快優(yōu)質魚類的放流,強化育幼場保護,增加人工漁礁的投放量;實施珠江等河口的環(huán)境綜合整治,以保護和恢復南海的生物多樣性及其生物資源。
3.5 臺灣海峽——過渡環(huán)境保護示范區(qū)
3.5.1 海域特點
臺灣海峽屬于東海與南海交匯海域,北界為福建省北茭至臺灣省富貴島,南界為廣東省南澳島至臺灣省鵝鑾鼻,是珊瑚礁和紅樹林環(huán)境系自然分布的北界,北回歸線橫穿臺灣海峽,具有典型的亞熱帶特征。受東海和南海沿岸流以及黑潮的交叉影響,臺灣海峽水文狀況復雜,其特殊的地理位置造就了生物多樣性高豐度區(qū),整個海峽有閩東、閩中和閩南3大漁場。由于海洋開發(fā)活動加劇,海洋環(huán)境惡化,環(huán)境系統(tǒng)功能退化。灘涂、近岸水域超容量地過度性開發(fā)利用,致使魚、蝦、貝、藻病害不斷。河口港灣富營養(yǎng)化現(xiàn)象嚴重,養(yǎng)殖魚類死亡時有發(fā)生,海峽局部水域遭受外來物種入侵。
3.5.2 海區(qū)定位及海域環(huán)境保護與治理方向
根據(jù)臺灣海峽的自然特性和功能特性,將臺灣海峽建設成過渡環(huán)境保護示范區(qū)。臺灣海峽海區(qū)海洋環(huán)境保護與治理的主攻方向是:預防與控制主要河口與港灣的環(huán)境污染,實施臺灣海峽過渡區(qū)典型環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的保護與建設,有效扼制外來物種危害,建立海洋環(huán)境保護與建設示范區(qū)和國家珍稀瀕危海洋生物種質基因基地。
4 我國海洋環(huán)境污染治理的實施對策
4.1 建立健全海洋法律體系與管理體制
自1978年以來,我國先后制定了《中華人民共和國領海及毗連區(qū)法》《中華人民共和國專屬經濟區(qū)和大陸架法》《中華人民共和國海洋環(huán)境保護法》《中華人民共和國漁業(yè)法》等一系列海洋和涉海法規(guī),國務院及國家有關部門也制定了一系列行政法規(guī)和部門規(guī)章。這些涉海法律法規(guī)的頒布和實施,對促進我國海洋管理和海洋資源和環(huán)境保護起到了重要的作用。與此同時,我國逐步建立了海洋綜合管理制度,編制了《全國海洋功能區(qū)劃》《全國海洋開發(fā)規(guī)劃》,發(fā)布了《中國海洋事業(yè)的發(fā)展白皮書》,制定了《全國海洋環(huán)境保護管理工作綱要》等。沿海各地市也先后建立和完善了海洋管理機構,并結合當?shù)氐膶嶋H制定了一些實施細則。這些措施為強化海洋管理,推動海洋資源和環(huán)境的可持續(xù)利用提供了依據(jù)和保證。
隨著我國海洋開發(fā)利用的不斷發(fā)展,必然會出現(xiàn)一些原有法律法規(guī)未曾涉及的問題,這就需要我國的法制工作者和管理者根據(jù)實際情況及時出臺相關法律法規(guī),始終使我國的海洋環(huán)境保護工作“有法可依”“有章可循”。法規(guī)是行為的依據(jù),組織落實是執(zhí)行法規(guī)的保證。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行法規(guī),海洋環(huán)境保護的管理工作由國家海洋局、國家環(huán)??偩?、交通部、農業(yè)部、海軍等5個部門以及沿海地方人民政府組織實施。各部門根據(jù)分工對不同類型的污染源實施監(jiān)督管理。例如,海洋部門主管防止海洋工程、海上傾廢等活動造成污染損害方面的環(huán)境保護;環(huán)保部門主管陸源污染、海岸工程、拆船等活動造成污染損害方面的環(huán)境保護。各個部門間的分工表面上看是獨立的,但實際上卻存在著一定程度的交叉和重疊。執(zhí)法部門應在加強自身建設的同時,加強部門間的橫向聯(lián)系,做到“協(xié)防、協(xié)查、協(xié)管”,努力把法制工作落到實處,始終做到“執(zhí)法必嚴”,保證實現(xiàn)“有法必依,違法必究”。
4.2 不斷提高海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測水平
高新技術在開發(fā)海洋環(huán)境探測新儀器方面的應用主要反映在兩個方面,即水生探測技術和衛(wèi)星遙感遙測技術。聲學多普勒海流剖面儀(ADCP)的出現(xiàn)是水生探測技術的最新發(fā)展。探測方式有船載式、拖曳式、坐底式、自容式、直讀式等多種形式,自動化程度很高,不僅可以測量一個垂直剖面上的海流分布,而且測量準確,使用方便,在現(xiàn)代海洋環(huán)境探測中得到廣泛應用。衛(wèi)星遙感可獲得海洋表層的溫度、水色、海平面、波浪、海流等相關信息,廣泛應用于海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測和科學研究。應用衛(wèi)星定位技術還進一步發(fā)展了現(xiàn)場觀測技術系統(tǒng)。此外,其他新技術的應用,也推進了海上現(xiàn)場探測技術的發(fā)展。運用現(xiàn)代化的監(jiān)測手段和技術,對海洋環(huán)境進行監(jiān)管,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)違規(guī)行為,保護海洋環(huán)境,監(jiān)測赤潮等是非常重要的。
4.3 實現(xiàn)海洋產業(yè)結構的高級化
優(yōu)化海洋產業(yè)結構包括兩個方面:一是優(yōu)化海洋產業(yè)結構。不同的海洋產業(yè)結構對海洋資源的依賴程度和對環(huán)境的影響程度不同。從海洋第一產業(yè)、第二產業(yè)到第三產業(yè)對海洋資源的依賴程度和對環(huán)境的影響程度逐漸減弱。我國多年來的海洋產業(yè)結構一直是以海洋第一產業(yè)為主,今后應提高第二、三產業(yè)的比重,在實現(xiàn)海洋資源環(huán)境可持續(xù)利用的過程中,使我國海洋產業(yè)結構不斷的優(yōu)化和升級。二是優(yōu)化沿海地區(qū)的產業(yè)結構。沿海地區(qū)所產生的“三廢”絕大部分通過直接入海,河水和地表徑流、酸雨等形式流入近海,影響著近岸海域的環(huán)境,近岸海域的環(huán)境狀況和沿海地區(qū)經濟結構,特別是產業(yè)結構的變化有著高度的相關性。從“三廢”排放的一般情況來看,工業(yè)廢水、廢氣占全部污染物的50%左右,所以第二產業(yè)對環(huán)境壓力最大。而沿海地區(qū)是我國目前工業(yè)化程度較高的地區(qū),第二產業(yè)在三個產業(yè)中所占的比重最大,這種產業(yè)結構嚴重地影響著近岸海域環(huán)境,應進一步加以調整,使之不斷地優(yōu)化和升級。要搞好沿海工業(yè)布局,積極引導和發(fā)展起點高、能耗少、技術含量高和經濟效益好的工業(yè)產業(yè);對能耗大、污染重、經濟效益差的工業(yè)產業(yè)要嚴格限制或取締。沿海地區(qū)要充分利用海洋優(yōu)勢進行合理的工業(yè)產業(yè)布局,嚴禁把海洋當作垃圾池,以犧牲海洋環(huán)境為代價的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。
4.4 推動海洋環(huán)保技術產業(yè)化的進程
海洋環(huán)保技術是指為防止或減少海洋環(huán)境污染,保證海洋生態(tài)平衡的各項技術。它包括海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測預警信息技術,如檢測設備、資料浮標、無人值守站、衛(wèi)星遙感等;污染物控制技術,如廢棄物處理技術、溢油事故處理技術、傾廢技術等;環(huán)境無害化技術或清潔生產技術,如資源綜合利用技術、以預防污染為目標的少廢或無廢的工藝技術和產品技術;海洋生態(tài)恢復和整治技術等等。海洋環(huán)保產業(yè),是在海洋環(huán)保技術基礎上發(fā)展起來的一類經濟產業(yè),包括海洋監(jiān)測預警信息服務業(yè)、海洋環(huán)保設備制造業(yè)、污水處理廠、垃圾處理廠、海上傾廢場等海洋污染物處理企業(yè)以及為預防海洋環(huán)境污染而進行的資源再生利用等產業(yè)部門和單位。在我國的海洋環(huán)境治理過程中,積極運用環(huán)保技術,培育相關產業(yè)能獲得事半功倍的效果。
4.5 加強海洋污染治理試驗區(qū)、環(huán)境保護區(qū)的 建設與管理
建立污染治理試驗區(qū)的目的在于加強對重點污染海區(qū)的整治與管理,并對今后的污染治理有一定的示范作用。由于海洋污染復合性強,累積效應大,而且不同海域的自凈能力不同,因此,必須考慮如何以最少的資金投入獲得最大的污染治理效果。海洋污染治理試驗區(qū)就是在我國目前缺乏環(huán)保資金投入的前提下,抓住主要污染物質、主要污染海域、主要污染源等幾個主要環(huán)節(jié),充分利用海洋自凈能力,對我國的海洋治理進行嘗試,是當前治理海洋污染的一個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)??梢赃x擇一個或幾個生態(tài)環(huán)境遭受破壞、環(huán)境污染較輕的小塊海域進行試點,建立試驗區(qū)的管理機構,設立環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),制定海域有償使用制度,研發(fā)污染物的轉移與防治技術,并逐漸加以推廣。對于重點污染海域的整治與管理,則應與當?shù)卣浜?,建立“當?shù)卣撠熤啤?,并且納入當?shù)亟洕?guī)劃。以當?shù)氐慕洕l(fā)展為基礎,實行“誰開發(fā),誰保護”“誰污染,誰補償”,制定一系列排污收費制度。在國家的資助下,分階段、有計劃地整治污染海域。在加強海洋污染治理試驗區(qū)的同時,還要加強對現(xiàn)有自然保護區(qū)的管理。首先,要完善機構,增添設備,實行核心區(qū)全封閉保護,進行系列生態(tài)研究,把所有已選劃的保護區(qū)盡早地建立起來。要防止各種人為侵襲,使自然生態(tài)質量不下降,保護對象基本安全。其次,對少數(shù)不合格的保護區(qū),要采取降級或限期整頓;對遭受嚴重破壞,已失去保護價值的保護區(qū)要予以撤銷;對可以合并的相鄰保護區(qū)要加以合并,以便有效管理。更重要的是,要在加強管理的基礎上,開展必要的科學研究。定期對現(xiàn)有的自然保護區(qū)分期、分批地進行調查,摸清區(qū)內的生物種類和生態(tài)結構,包括群落組成、分布特征以及非生物環(huán)境要素的狀況,并建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,以利于以后比照。有條件的保護區(qū)要建立生態(tài)試驗室,開展系列試驗生態(tài)研究和專題調查研究。積累保護區(qū)資料,以逐步進入規(guī)范化的科學管理軌道。要積極穩(wěn)步的增建一批國家級及地方級保護區(qū),以初步形成我國海洋自然保護區(qū)體系。
4.6 堅持陸海并重、防治并舉的海洋環(huán)保方針
海洋污染表現(xiàn)在海上,但其來源于陸地和海上,其中主要是陸地。因此,改善海洋環(huán)境質量,必須堅持陸海并重。第一,要有效實行排海污染物濃度控制和總量控制的雙重控制制度。由于對污染物的排放單純的以“濃度標準”為基礎,不能控制陸源污染物的排??偭浚y以起到保護環(huán)境的作用,所以應實行排海污染物濃度控制和總量控制的雙重控制制度。根據(jù)海洋區(qū)域自凈能力建立污染物排放總量控制目標及區(qū)域分目標體系,建立成分及濃度控制體系。控制排放入海的污染物的種類、數(shù)量和速度。加強對企業(yè)和市政向海洋排污的監(jiān)督和控制,做到達標排放,違法者依法追究。第二,要積極推行綠色生態(tài)模式,合理發(fā)展農業(yè)和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)。站在社會、經濟和生態(tài)和諧發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略高度,制定適合農業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的發(fā)展計劃,并分解為階段性的、可操作的具體實施方案,強化農業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的生態(tài)發(fā)展。根據(jù)生物鏈規(guī)則,綜合利用農業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中的各種資源;根據(jù)科學的方法,合理的確定發(fā)展規(guī)模,科學使用農藥、化肥、飼料等,減少農業(yè)和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)對海洋的污染。同時,要大力發(fā)展節(jié)水農業(yè),提高水資源的使用率。第三,市政部門要做好節(jié)約用水和處理污水工作。在企業(yè)中要積極推行清潔生產,提高水的循環(huán)使用。加強城鎮(zhèn)的污水處理,合理確定污水處理設施的布局和規(guī)模,力爭所有的污水都在得到有效處理后排海。第四,加強地區(qū)間的污染處理協(xié)調工作。對通過河流排污者,要進行跨地區(qū)、全流域的監(jiān)管和治理,地區(qū)之間要聯(lián)合起來防污、治污。各地區(qū)要對自己所轄范圍的防污治污工作負責,保證污水在處理達標以后向河流排放,不能把污染轉移給河流的下游。第五,抓好海上污染控制,保護好近海生態(tài)環(huán)境。加強對鉆井平臺、船舶的管理,解決好污染水和生活垃圾的接收問題;嚴格海上傾廢管理,合理選擇傾廢區(qū);合理布局海水養(yǎng)殖業(yè),科學確定海水養(yǎng)殖量;大力建設海洋保護區(qū),強化海岸的保護和防護林建設,嚴禁開采珊瑚礁、采伐紅樹林和防護林,逐步改善沿海生態(tài)環(huán)境。
4.7 保證海洋環(huán)境保護與污染治理的資金投入
由于投資見效慢,各方面關系難以協(xié)調,而且沒有短期的經濟效益,所以海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護和建設,必須由國家和地方政府承擔資金投入的主體,同時要加強引導,積極利用國際資金和民間資金。
短時間內減少污染物的入海量是不現(xiàn)實的,應該投入資金建設污染處理設施,建立生態(tài)污染處理系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)各城鎮(zhèn)社會經濟發(fā)展的規(guī)模和增長趨勢,科學地確定污水處理廠的布局和規(guī)模。國家應大力支持人工濕地處理系統(tǒng)的建設,如蘆葦、紅樹林濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng),由于其對營養(yǎng)富集和富營養(yǎng)化具有良好的耐受性,且大多處于營養(yǎng)貧乏狀態(tài),能過濾和吸收污水中的營養(yǎng)物質,并能轉化為植被的生物量。對這樣的污水生態(tài)系統(tǒng),政府應當給予資金支持或給予財政利息補貼,還應引入國際資本或民間資本迅速促進濕地生態(tài)的恢復和發(fā)展。對于處理后的污水,國家和地方政府應投入資金,研究各海域的物理自凈、化學自凈和生物自凈能力,確定其凈化能力的有效時間和空間,能容納不同成分污染物的容量,從而選擇合適的入海方式和入海地點,控制不同成分污染物的入海量。
4.8 營造海洋環(huán)境保護的社會氛圍
目前,我國海洋開發(fā)總體水平仍然不高,海洋環(huán)境污染日益嚴重,赤潮等海洋災害造成的損失逐年增加,因此,要提高全民的海洋環(huán)境保護意識,充分認識治理海洋污染,保護海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要性和緊迫性。
海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與建設是一項長期而艱巨的任務,必須長抓不懈。要充分利用科研院校的教育優(yōu)勢。普及海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境知識、海洋經濟和生態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展知識,最重要的是向社會培養(yǎng)和輸送高水平的海洋專業(yè)技術人才,將海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的理論知識應用到海洋經濟建設中去。要廣泛深入地進行海洋環(huán)境保護方面的宣傳教育,進一步增強全民特別是各級領導干部的海洋環(huán)保意識。通過各種形式的宣傳教育,讓群眾意識到保護海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境是當今人類的共同責任;讓領導干部對海洋環(huán)境質量保護負起責任,要像抓經濟建設一樣抓好海洋環(huán)境保護;讓執(zhí)法部門提高執(zhí)法的自覺性,做到依法治海,依法護海,把海洋開發(fā)納入到法制化的軌道。要充分發(fā)揮新聞媒介的知識傳播、輿論監(jiān)督和導向作用,普及海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境保護知識,提高決策者和公眾的海洋環(huán)保意識和法制觀念。
【作者單位:中國海洋大學管理學院】
(摘自《中國海洋大學學報》(社會科學版)2006年5期)
·高被引論文摘要·
被引頻次:560
中國赤潮的發(fā)生趨勢和研究進展
周名江,朱明遠,張經
通過對中國沿海赤潮發(fā)生歷史的回顧以及主要赤潮事件的分析,闡明了中國沿海赤潮發(fā)生所呈現(xiàn)的趨勢,即頻率增加、規(guī)模擴大、新的赤潮藻種不斷出現(xiàn)、有毒赤潮種比例上升,以及有害赤潮危害程度日益增加,且初步分析了赤潮頻發(fā)的內因和外因。綜述了我國科學家在赤潮生消過程監(jiān)測、赤潮藻的培養(yǎng)生物學和分類學、赤潮藻類的營養(yǎng)動力學及生理生態(tài)學特性、赤潮藻類的生活史、赤潮藻類毒素、赤潮的模型和赤潮防治及國際合作等方面工作的進展,指出了研究還存在的不足之處,并對未來赤潮研究和管理提出了建議。
關鍵詞:赤潮;發(fā)生趨勢;研究進展
來源出版物:生命科學, 2001, 13(2): 54-59
被引頻次:169
黃海和東海營養(yǎng)鹽分布及其對浮游植物的限制
王保棟
摘要:根據(jù) 1997—1999年黃海和東海 4個季節(jié)的現(xiàn)場調查資料,分析探討了黃海、東海的營養(yǎng)鹽分布特征及其對浮游植物生長的限制狀況。結果表明,在長江口以東及其東北部海域終年存在一個范圍很大的營養(yǎng)鹽高值區(qū)。分析表明,這些營養(yǎng)鹽主要來自長江沖淡水的擴展及蘇北沿岸流的輸送。此外,還獲得了1998年長江流域特大洪水期間,迄今被觀測到的長江沖淡水中營養(yǎng)鹽的最大擴展范圍。計算并研究了黃海、東海上層水中Si/N/P比值,結果表明,黃東海上層水中Si/N比值較高,Si不會成為黃東海浮游植物生長的限制因子;但在南黃海南部尤其是西南部、東海近岸及長江口以東海域,N/P比值很高(>30),說明與一般海洋環(huán)境的情況不同,黃海、東海有很大一部分海域浮游植物的生長受磷限制,而不是受氮限制。
關鍵詞:營養(yǎng)鹽;營養(yǎng)鹽限制;黃海;東海;長江口
來源出版物:應用生態(tài)學報, 2003, 14(7): 1122-1126
被引頻次:146
海洋石油污染研究現(xiàn)狀及防治
方曦,楊文
摘要:石油是海洋環(huán)境的主要污染物,已經對海洋及近岸環(huán)境造成了嚴重的危害。文章概述了海洋石油污染的原因、危害、微生物降解機理以及生物修復技術等內容,提出了微生物降解是海洋石油污染去除的主要途徑。最后,提出以生物降解為基礎,配合使用不會影響生物生長、繁殖的化學處理劑,將更好的處理海洋石油污染。
關鍵詞:海洋;石油污染;海洋微生物
來源出版物:環(huán)境科學與管理, 2007, 32(9): 78-80
被引頻次:146
中國近海石油污染現(xiàn)狀、影響和防治
陳建秋
摘要:介紹了近年來我國近海石油污染的現(xiàn)狀,對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響,以及目前通常采用的物理、化學、生物等處理和防治近海石油污染的方法。
關鍵詞:海洋;石油污染;生態(tài)危害;溢油處理;回收
來源出版物:節(jié)能與環(huán)保, 2002 (3): 15-17
被引頻次:143
深圳圍海造地對海洋環(huán)境影響的分析
郭偉,朱大奎
摘要:深圳市以山地丘陵地貌為主,平原地貌只占26.45%,城市建設用地非常緊張,沿岸港口、工業(yè)和城市建設,通常以圍海造地補充不足,至2000年,深圳市圍海造地面積已達2680 hm2,這給海洋環(huán)境帶來不少的負面影響,主要表現(xiàn)在:(1)西部海岸地區(qū)灘槽演變劇烈,不穩(wěn)定性加強,給今后西部港區(qū)運作環(huán)境帶來威脅;(2)納潮量迅速減少,經過20年的圍墾,西部伶仃洋海岸地區(qū)納潮量減少20%~30%,深圳灣納潮量減少15.6%,納潮量的銳減使得潮流流速降低,流向發(fā)生變化,更加不利于污染物的稀釋與擴散;(3)沿海水環(huán)境污染加重,深圳市西海岸海水普遍達不到3類水標準;(4)海岸生態(tài)承載力下降,僅1988—2000年深圳灣沿岸圍墾占用紅樹林保護區(qū)面積達到147 hm2,占整個保護區(qū)面積48.8%,使得生物多樣性降低,物種數(shù)量大幅減少。通過對上述海洋環(huán)境的影響分析,提出未來填海工程的指導策略和整治意見,以期做到海岸地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
關鍵詞:圍海造地;深圳灣;大鵬灣;伶仃洋
來源出版物:南京大學學報: 自然科學版, 2005, 41(3):286-296
被引頻次:137
中國的赤潮研究
蘇紀蘭
摘要:赤潮(有害藻華)這種海洋災害已引起了世界各國政府和科學家的重視。近年來我國赤潮的發(fā)生頻率、規(guī)模和面積不斷增大,對我國沿海養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、漁業(yè)資源、漁產品質量、生態(tài)環(huán)境以及人類健康構成了重大的危害和威脅,嚴重影響了沿海經濟。因此,加強與赤潮相關的生態(tài)學與海洋學研究,才能認識赤潮的發(fā)生機制,并結合建立的監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡,進行赤潮災害預報預警,對減少赤潮的危害,保障我國沿海經濟的持續(xù)發(fā)展,具有十分重要意義。
關鍵詞:赤潮;有害藻華
來源出版物:中國科學院院刊, 2001, 16(5): 339-342
被引頻次:123
我國海洋環(huán)境污染的現(xiàn)狀、成因與治理
王淼,胡本強,辛萬光,等
摘要:目前,我國海域的環(huán)境質量狀況很不樂觀,不僅是由于多種污染和不合理開發(fā)等原因造成的,而且還與社會和經濟的發(fā)展以及人們的觀念有關。為了加強海洋環(huán)境惡化海區(qū)的綜合治理,將我國海域劃分為渤海、黃海、東海、南海和臺灣海峽5個海域進行環(huán)境保護和污染治理,是解決問題的有效方式。同時,國家應在政策、法律、資金、產業(yè)、技術以及制度建設等方面采取相應的措施。
關鍵詞:海洋環(huán)境;污染治理;海域區(qū)劃;實施對策
來源出版物:中國海洋大學學報:社會科學版, 2006(5):1-6
被引頻次:123
溢油在海洋環(huán)境中的風化過程
趙云英,楊慶霄
摘要:本文詳盡地介紹了石油進入海洋環(huán)境后受風、浪、流、光照、環(huán)境條件和生物活動等因素的影響。其物理性質和化學性質由于風化作用都隨時間不斷地發(fā)生變化。引起這些變化的主要過程是溢油的蒸發(fā)過程、溶解過程、乳化過程、吸附沉淀過程、光氧化和生物降解過程。溢油的蒸發(fā)速率與環(huán)境溫度、風速、光照、溢油的面積以及溢油本身的性質有著密切的關系。蒸發(fā)速率大約是溶解速率的60倍。乳化過程與風浪、渦動和湍流等因素有關。吸附沉淀過程是由大氣沉降顆粒和海水中如黏土、方解石等顆粒物質所引起的。影響光氧化的因素是pH、硫化物、硫酸鹽等一些含硫化合物和微量金屬。微生物降解速度與環(huán)境溫度、鹽度、pH、營養(yǎng)鹽等因素有關。本文還介紹了石油的主風化過程、國內外的最新研究進展。從而為更詳盡和更深入地了解石油污染,研究溢油風化過程殘留量預報和歸宿提供了豐富的信息。
關鍵詞:溢油;風化過程;海洋環(huán)境
來源出版物:海洋環(huán)境科學, 1997, 16(1): 45-52
被引頻次:122
黃、渤海海水養(yǎng)殖自身污染的評估
崔毅,陳碧鵑,陳聚法
摘要:探討了投餌和非投餌兩種養(yǎng)殖方式自身污染對海洋環(huán)境的影響。結果表明,海水養(yǎng)殖產量與營養(yǎng)鹽類、COD和赤潮發(fā)生次數(shù)均呈正相關關系,其中無機氮含量和赤潮發(fā)生次數(shù)與蝦養(yǎng)殖產量有顯著正相關關系,說明海水養(yǎng)殖自身污染對鄰近海域富營養(yǎng)化及赤潮發(fā)生有一定影響。通過黃、渤海海水養(yǎng)殖向海洋排泄氮、磷、COD等污染物估算,分別占相應陸源污染物排海量的28%、53%、18%。雖然與人類其他活動向海洋排污量相比,水產養(yǎng)殖的排污量所占比重還不算大,對于某些局部水域,特別是海水養(yǎng)殖密集區(qū),將對海洋環(huán)境的影響產生疊加作用,很可能成為刺激近海富營養(yǎng)化和赤潮發(fā)生的一個重要因素,應引起足夠的重視。
關鍵詞:海水養(yǎng)殖;自身污染;赤潮;黃渤海;富營養(yǎng)化
來源出版物:應用生態(tài)學報, 2005, 16(1): 180-185
被引頻次:121
大型海藻栽培及其在近海環(huán)境的生態(tài)作用
楊宇峰,宋金明,林小濤,等
摘要:作為重要自然資源的大型海藻可食用、作為飼料、工業(yè)原料和有機肥料,是具有較高價值的商品。因此,世界上許多國家都在大力發(fā)展大型海藻栽培業(yè)。當前,近海水域營養(yǎng)超負荷是世界上普遍存在的環(huán)境問題。一些栽培的大型海藻,生產力很高,在生長過程中可大量吸收N、P營養(yǎng)物質,是海洋環(huán)境中重要的生物過濾器。此外,大型海藻在碳循環(huán)研究、赤潮控制和維持健康的復合養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)方面也有很重要的作用,是非常重要的生態(tài)環(huán)境材料。為保障近海水安全和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康,大規(guī)模栽培大型海藻是重要的生態(tài)對策。
關鍵詞:海藻栽培;生態(tài)作用;富營養(yǎng)化;赤潮;生態(tài)環(huán)境材料;近海環(huán)境
來源出版物:海洋環(huán)境科學, 2005, 24(3): 77-80
被引頻次:1161
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in the coastal marine environment
Ryther, JH; Dunstan, WM
Abstract:The distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and bioassay experiments both show that nitrogen is the critical limiting factor to algal growth and eutrophication in coastal marine waters. About twice the amount of phosphate as can be used by the algae is normally present. This surplus results from the low nitrogen to phosphorus ratio in terrigenous contributions,including human waste, and from the fact that phosphorus regenerates more quickly than ammonia from decomposing organic matter. Removal of phosphate from detergents is therefore not likely to slow the eutrophication of coastal marine waters, and its replacement with nitrogen-containing nitrilotriacetic acid may worsen the situation.
來源出版物:Science, 1971, 171(3975): 1008-1013
被引頻次:729
The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment
Demaster, DJ
Abstract:Rivers and submarine hydrothermal emanations supply 6.1 × 1014gSiO2/yr to the marine environment.Approximately two-thirds of the silica supplied to the marine environment can be accounted for in continental margin and deep-sea deposits. Siliceous deep-sea sediments located beneath the Antarctic Polar Front(Convergence) account for over a fourth (1.6 × 1014g SiO2/yr) of the silica supplied to the oceans. Deep-sea sediment accumulation rates beneath the Polar Front are highest in the South Atlantic with values as large as 53 cm/kyr during the last 18.000 yr. Siliceous sediments in the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Subarctic North Pacific accumulate 0.6 × 1014g SiO2/yr or 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans. The accumulation of biogenic silica in estuarine deposits removes a maximum of 0.8 × 1014g SiO2/yr. Although estuarine silica versus salinity plots indicate extensive removal of riverine silica from surface waters, the removal rates must be considered as maximum values because of dissolution of siliceous material in estuarine sediments and bottom waters.Siliceous sediments from continental margin upwelling areas (e.g. Gulf of California, Walvis Bay, or Peru-Chile coast) have the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the marine environment (69 g SiO2cm2/kyr). Despite the rapid accumulation of biogenic silica, upwelling areas account for less than 5% of the silica supplied to the marine environment because they are confined laterally to such small areas.
來源出版物:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1981,45(10): 1715-1732
被引頻次:634
A marine Biotic Index to establish the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments
Borja, A; Franco, J; Perez, V
Abstract:In this paper, a marine Biotic Index (BI) for soft-bottom benthos of European estuarine and coastal environments is proposed. This is derived from the proportions of individual abundance in five ecological groups, which are related to the degree of sensitivity/tolerance to an environmental stress gradient.The main difference with previously published indices is the use of a simple formula that produces a continuous Biotic Coefficient (BC) – which makes it more suitable for statistical analysis, in opposition with previous discreet biotic indices – not affected by subjectivity. Relationships between this coefficient and a complementary BI with several environmental variables are discussed. Finally, a validation of the proposed index is made with data from systems affected by recent human disturbances, showing that different anthropogenic changes in the environment can be detected through the use of this BI.
關鍵詞:biotic index; ecological quality; diversity;benthos; soft-bottom; European coastal environments
來源出版物:Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(12):1100-1114
被引頻次:534
Survival and viability of nonculturableEscherichiacoliandVibriocholerae in the estuarine and marine environment
Xu, HS; roberts, N; Singleton, FL; et al.
Abstract:Plating methods for estimating survival of indicator organisms, such asEscherichia coli, and waterborne pathogens includingVibrio cholerae, have severe limitations when used to estimate viable populations of these organisms in the aquatic environment. By combining the methods of immunofluorescent microscopy, acridine orange direct counting, and direct viable counting, with culture methods such as indirect enumeration by most probable number (MPN) estimation and direct plating, it was shown that bothE. coliandV. choleraeundergo a“nonrecoverable” stage of existence, but remain viable.Following 2-week incubations in saltwater (5‰–25‰NaCl) microcosms, total counts, measured by direct microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody and acridine orange stained cells, remained unchanged,whereas MPN estimates and plate counts exhibited rapid decline. Results of direct viable counting, a procedure permitting estimate of substrate-responsive viable cells by microscopic examination, revealed that a significant proportion of the nonculturable cells were, indeed, viable.Thus, survival of pathogens in the aquatic environ- ment must be re-assessed. The “die-off” or “decay” concept may not be completely valid. Furthermore, the usefulness of the coliform and fecal coliform indices for evaluating water quality for public health purposes may be seriously compromised, in the light of the finding reported here.
來源出版物:Microbial Ecology, 1982, 8(4): 313-323
被引頻次:482
The use of biomarkers to assess the impact of pollution in coastal environments of the Iberian Peninsula: A practical approach
Cajaraville, MP; Bebianno, MJ; Blasco, J; et al.
Abstract:Within the frame of the 2nd Iberian Congress of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (University of the Basque Country, Leioa, June 1998) a workshop was held about the use of biomarkers in marine pollution monitoring. Among others, the following biomarkers received special attention: metallothionein induction,acetylcholinesterase inhibition, cytochrome P450 system induction, imposex, lysosomal enlargement and lysosomal membrane destabilisation, and peroxisome proliferation.These biomarkers can be used to evaluate exposure to and effect of different contaminants (metals, organic xenobiotics and organometallic compounds) and they can be measured using different methodological approaches(biochemistry, cytochemistry, immunochemical methods based on the use of biotechnology). Before the application of a set of biomarkers in pollution monitoring programmes, well-defined protocols of Quality Assurance have to be established to allow adequate comparison of results. It is also necessary to include analysis of standard reference materials and to obtain detailed knowledge of basal values and seasonal variations of the biomarkers in various species, as well as to integrate the information obtained with the different biomarkers. Marine bivalve molluscs such as mussels are appropriate sentinel species for most of the biomarkers proposed except for the induction of the cytochrome P450 system, which should be measured in fish, and the degree of imposex, which is a biomarker of exposure to TBT specifically measured in certain gastropod molluscs. As a result of the workshop, a battery of biomarkers of contaminant exposure and effects are proposed that could be incorporated into programmes monitoring the quality of the coastal environment in the Iberian Peninsula. These measures would be undertaken in conjunction with chemical measures of contaminant burdens in selected sentinel species.
關鍵詞:biomarkers; Environmental pollution assessment;metallothioneins; acetylcholinesterase; cytochrome P450 system; stress enzymes; imposex; lysosomes; peroxisomes;Iberian Peninsula
來源出版物:Science of the Total Environment, 2000,247(2): 295-311
被引頻次:481
Determination of bacterial number and biomass in the marine environment
Watson, SW; Novitsky, TJ; Quinby, HL; et al.
Abstract:Three techniques for the measurement of bacterial numbers and biomass in the marine environment are described. Two are direct methods for counting bacteria. The first employs an epifluorescence microscope to view bacteria that have been concentrated on membrane filters and stained with acridine orange. The second uses a transmission electron microscope for observing replicas of bacteria that are concentrated on membrane filters. The other technique uses Limulus amebocyte lysate, an aqueous extract from the amebocytes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, to quantitate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in seawater samples. The biomass of gram-negative (LPS containing) bacteria was shown to be related to the LPS content of the samples. A factor of 6.35 was determined for converting LPS to bacterial carbon.
來源出版物:Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1977, 33(4): 940-946
被引頻次:404
Phosphorus versus nitrogen limitation in the marine environment
Smith, SV
Abstract:Limnological and marine geochemical opinion favors phosphorus limitation of organic production in aquatic environments, while marine biological opinion favors nitrogen limitation. Clues in the literature and nutrient budgets for selected marine ecosystems suggest that phosphorus vs. nitrogen limitation is a function of the relative rates of water exchange and internal biochemical processes acting to adjust the ratio of ecosystem N : P availability.
來源出版物:Limnology and Oceanography, 1984, 29(6):1149-1160
被引頻次:371
Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment
Rainbow, PS
Abstract:Biomonitors can be used to establish geographical and/or temporal variations in the bioavailabilities of heavy metals in the marine environment, offering time-integrated measures of those portions of the total ambient metal load that are of direct ecotoxicological relevance. Heavy metal biomonitors need to conform to certain required characteristics, not least being metal accumulators. Use of a suite of biomonitors allows recognition of the presence and relative magnitude of different metal sources. For example, a macrophytic alga responds essentially to dissolved metal sources only, a suspension feeder like a mussel responds to metal sources in dissolved and suspended phases, and a deposit feeder responds to metal available in the sediment. Examples are given of suitable heavy metal biomonitors in the coastal waters of Europe, New Zealand, Hong Kong and China. It is not valid to compare absolute accumulated metal concentrations in biomonitors interspecifically, although interspecific comparisions of rank orders do allow cross correlations of relative bioavailabilities of heavy metals to different biomonitors at the same sites. There is a need to identify widespread cosmopolitan biomonitors to allow intra-specific comparisons of bioavailabilities between geographical areas. Such cosmopolitan biomonitors may include the algaUlva lactuca, mussels of the generaMytilusandPerna, the oystersOstreaandCrassostrea,barnacles likeBalanus amphitriteandTetraclita squamosa, and the talitrid amphipodPlatorchestia platensis. A major caveat in the use of such cosmopolitan biomonitors remains the need for reliable, specific taxonomic identification.
來源出版物:Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1995, 31(4-12):183-192
被引頻次:343
Direct determination of carbon and nitrogen contents of natural bacterial assemblages in marine environments
Fukuda, R; Ogawa, H; Nagata, T; et al.
Abstract:In order to better estimate bacterial biomass in marine environments, we developed a novel technique for direct measurement of carbon and nitrogen contents of natural bacterial assemblages. Bacterial cells were separated from phytoplankton and detritus with glass fiber and membrane filters (pore size, 0.8 μm) and then concentrated by tangential flow filtration. The concentrate was used for the determination of amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen by a high-temperature catalytic oxidation method, and after it was stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, cell abundance was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. We found that the average contents of carbon and nitrogen for oceanic bacterial assemblages were 12.4 ± 6.3 and 2.1 ± 1.1 fg cell?1(mean ± standard deviation;n= 6), respectively.Corresponding values for coastal bacterial assemblages were 30.2 ± 12.3 fg of C cell?1and 5.8 ± 1.5 fg of N cell?1(n= 5), significantly higher than those for oceanic bacteria (two-tailed Student’sttest;P< 0.03). There was no significant difference (P> 0.2) in the bacterial C : N ratio (atom atom?1) between oceanic (6.8 ± 1.2) and coastal (5.9 ± 1.1) assemblages. Our estimates support the previous proposition that bacteria contribute substantially to total biomass in marine environments, but they also suggest that the use of a single conversion factor for diverse marine environments can lead to large errors in assessing the role of bacteria in food webs and biogeochemical cycles. The use of a factor, 20 fg of C cell?1, which has been widely adopted in recent studies may result in the overestimation (by as much as 330%) of bacterial biomass in open oceans and in the underestimation (by as much as 40%) of bacterial biomass in coastal environments.
來源出版物:Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1998, 64(9): 3352-3358
被引頻次:301
Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment
Mato, Y; Isobe, T; Takada, H; et al.
Abstract:Plastic resin pellets (small granules 0.1?0.5 centimeters in diameter) are widely distributed in the ocean all over the world. They are an industrial raw material for the plastic industry and are unintentionally released to the environment both during manufacturing and transport. They are sometimes ingested by seabirds and other marine organisms, and their adverse effects on organisms are a concern. In the present study, PCBs, DDE,and nonylphenols (NP) were detected in polypropylene(PP) resin pellets collected from four Japanese coasts.Concentrations of PCBs (4?117 ng/g), DDE (0.16?3.1 ng/g), and NP (0.13?16 μg/g) varied among the sampling sites. These concentrations were comparable to those for suspended particles and bottom sediments collected from the same area as the pellets. Field adsorption experiments using PP virgin pellets demonstrated significant and steady increase in PCBs and DDE concentrations throughout the six-day experiment, indicating that the source of PCBs and DDE is ambient seawater and that adsorption to pellet surfaces is the mechanism of enrichment. The major source of NP in the marine PP resin pellets was thought to be plastic additives and/or their degradation products.Comparison of PCBs and DDE concentrations in marine PP resin pellets with those in seawater suggests their high degree of accumulation (apparent adsorption coefficient:105?106). The high accumulation potential suggests that plastic resin pellets serve as both a transport medium and a potential source of toxic chemicals in the marine environment.
來源出版物:Environmental Science & Technology, 2001,35(2): 318-324
·推薦論文摘要·
海洋環(huán)境裝備體系建設現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展策略
申家雙,王耿峰,陳長林,等
摘要:海洋環(huán)境是由多種海洋要素構成的綜合體,是國家重要的戰(zhàn)略資源。海洋環(huán)境裝備是獲取、處理與應用各類海洋環(huán)境信息的工具與基礎。介紹了海洋環(huán)境的主要構成要素,建立了海洋環(huán)境裝備體系架構,分析了體系建設現(xiàn)狀與問題差距,針對裝備建設從需求牽引、體系規(guī)劃、技術驅動、夯實基礎、突出質量等方面提出了措施建議。
關鍵詞:海洋環(huán)境;裝備體系;建設策略;透明海洋;現(xiàn)狀與差距
來源出版物:海洋測繪, 2017, 37(4): 33-38
海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)集成系統(tǒng)的研究與實現(xiàn)
陶冠峰,隋偉娜,趙輝,等
摘要:針對全國海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)的檢查、入庫等操作,國家海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測中心研究與實現(xiàn)了海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)集成系統(tǒng),以保證數(shù)據(jù)入庫的完整可靠,減少工作人員的勞動強度,方便數(shù)據(jù)的管理。
關鍵詞:集成系統(tǒng);數(shù)據(jù)入庫;數(shù)據(jù)檢查
來源出版物:海洋環(huán)境科學, 2017, 36(2): 281-290
聯(lián)系郵箱:陶冠峰,gftao@nmemc.org.cn
圍填海對海洋水動力與生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響
林磊,劉東艷,劉哲,等
摘要:近10年來,中國海岸帶圍填?;顒映尸F(xiàn)出規(guī)模大、速度快的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。圍填海能帶來顯著的經濟效益,但對海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)的負面影響也不可忽視。針對圍填海對海洋環(huán)境和生態(tài)的影響及作用機制,分別從水動力和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)兩個方面進行了概述。圍填海改變了海洋的自然幾何屬性(原始岸線、地形地貌、海灣面積),引起水動力環(huán)境的變化(潮汐系統(tǒng)和海灣水交換能力),進而影響了海灣的環(huán)境容量;圍填海破壞了生物棲息地、導致生物多樣性的喪失,影響到生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結構與功能的穩(wěn)定性;水動力與生物多樣性的變化可顯著影響到生物地球化學過程,加速富營養(yǎng)化進程,惡化水質,增加生態(tài)災害風險。目前,圍填海后的生態(tài)修復策略主要有增加生物量、建設自然保護區(qū)、退陸還海3種方式;而生態(tài)補償策略則多基于“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能與生境面積的大小為線性關系”,通過對其經濟價值的量化后進行生態(tài)補償與實施相關政策。國際上,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能的量化參數(shù)逐步納入實際管理,并在線性關系研究的基礎上,逐步納入一些非線性的理念,使生態(tài)補償機制更為合理化;而我國對于圍填海生態(tài)效應的定量化研究及科學理論在管理政策中的實際應用仍亟待提高。整體而言,全面、準確地評估圍填海對海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)的影響離不開自然科學與社會科學的交叉與融合。
關鍵詞:圍填海工程;水交換;環(huán)境容量;生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能;生態(tài)修復與補償
來源出版物:海洋學報, 2016, 38(8): 1-11
聯(lián)系郵箱:劉東艷,dyliu@yic.ac.cn
海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)工程發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究
“中國海洋工程與科技發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究”海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)課題組
摘要:本文系統(tǒng)闡述了海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)工程發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究的意義,分析了我國海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀,結合世界海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)工程發(fā)展的經驗以及我國面臨的主要問題,提出了我國海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略目標、主要任務和政策建議。
來源出版物:中國工程科學, 2016, 18(2): 41-48
海洋酸化對海洋無脊椎動物的影響研究進展
趙信國,劉廣緒
摘要:人源二氧化碳(CO2)的大量排放,導致空氣中CO2濃度越來越高,其中大約1/4至1/3被海洋吸收。過多CO2在海水中的溶解,除引起海水pH值降低外,還導致海水中碳酸鹽平衡體系的變化,即“海洋酸化”現(xiàn)象。很多海洋無脊椎動物不但在海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,還是重要的水產養(yǎng)殖種,因此具有重要的生態(tài)與經濟價值。由于海洋無脊椎動物的生活史在海水中完成,因此海洋環(huán)境的變化極易對其造成影響。大量研究已證實海洋酸化能對多種海洋無脊椎動物的受精、發(fā)育、生物鈣化、基因表達等生命活動產生顯著影響。綜述了近年來海洋酸化對海洋無脊椎動物影響研究的相關報道,歸納了其對海洋無脊椎動物不同生命活動的影響,分析了其生態(tài)學效應,探討了現(xiàn)有研究在方法創(chuàng)新、內容拓展以及機理分析等方面存在的局限與不足,并展望了海洋酸化對海洋無脊椎動物影響研究的發(fā)展方向。
關鍵詞:海洋酸化;海洋無脊椎動物;生殖;早期發(fā)育;生物鈣化;代謝;基因表達
來源出版物:生態(tài)學報, 2015, 35(7): 2388-2398
聯(lián)系郵箱:劉廣緒,guangxu_liu@ zju.edu.cn
Integrated indicator framework and methodology for monitoring and assessment of hazardous substances and their effects in the marine environment
Vethaak, AD; Davies, IM; Thain, JE; et al.
Abstract:Many maritime countries in Europe have implemented marine environmental monitoring programmes which include the measurement of chemical contaminants and related biological effects. How best to integrate data obtained in these two types of monitoring into meaningful assessments has been the subject of recent efforts by the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES)Expert Groups. Work within these groups has concentrated on defining a core set of chemical and biological endpoints that can be used across maritime areas, defining confounding factors, supporting parameters and protocols for measurement. The framework comprised markers for concentrations of, exposure to and effects from,contaminants. Most importantly, assessment criteria for biological effect measurements have been set and the framework suggests how these measurements can be used in an integrated manner alongside contaminant measurements in biota, sediments and potentially water.Output from this process resulted in OSPAR Commission(www.ospar.org) guidelines that were adopted in 2012 on a trial basis for a period of 3 years. The developed assessment framework can furthermore provide a suitable approach for the assessment of Good Environmental Status (GES) for Descriptor 8 of the European Union (EU)Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).
關鍵詞:chemical measurements; biomarker; bioassay;pollution effects; biomonitoring; environmental; impact;MSFD; ICES; OSPAR
來源出版物:Marine Environmental Research, 2017, 124:11-20
聯(lián)系郵箱:Vethaak, AD; dick.vethaak@deltares.nl
Plastic pollution challenges in marine and coastal environments: From local to global governance
Vince, J; Hardesty, BD
Abstract:Plastic pollution in the marine and coastal environment is a challenging restoration and governance issue. Similar to many environmental problems, marine plastic pollution is transboundary and therefore the governance solutions are complex. Although the marine environment is unlikely to return to the condition it was in before the “plastic era” it is an example of an environmental restoration challenge where successful governance and environmental stewardship would likely result in a healthier global oceanic ecosystem. We argue that a holistic, integrated approach that utilizes scientific expertise, community participation, and market-based strategies is needed to significantly reduce the global plastic pollution problem.
關鍵詞:community engagement; corporate social responsibility; litter
來源出版物:Restoration Ecology, 2017, 25(1): 123-128
聯(lián)系郵箱:Vince, J; Joanna.vince@utas.edu.au
Persistent organic pollutants in the Antarctic coastal environment and their bioaccumulation in penguins
Mwangi, JK; Lee, WJ; Wang, LC; et al.
Abstract:Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs),polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been identified in penguins,lichens, soils, and ornithogenic soils in the Antarctic coastal environment in this study. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported PBDD/F and PBB data from Antarctica. The POP mass contents in penguins were in the following order: PCBs >> PBDEs >> PCDD/Fs; PCBs were the dominant pollutants (6310–144000 pg/g-lipid), with World Health Organization toxic equivalency values being 2–14 times higher than those of PCDD/Fs. Long-range atmospheric transport is the most primary route by which POPs travel to Antarctica; however, local sources, such as research activities and penguin colonies, also influence POP distribution in the local Antarctic environment. In penguins,the biomagnification factor (BMF) of PCBs was 61.3–3760,considerably higher than that for other POPs. According to BMF data in Adélie penguins, hydrophobic PBDE congeners were more biomagnified at logKow> 6, and levels decreased at logKow> 7.5 because larger molecular sizes inhibited transfer across cell membranes.
關鍵詞:POPs; PBDEs; PBDD/Fs; biomagnification; penguin
來源出版物:Environmental Pollution, 2016, 216: 924-934
聯(lián)系郵箱:Lee, WJ; wjlee@mail.ncku.edu.tw
On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment
Chubarenko, I; Bagaev, A; Zobkov, M ; et al.
Abstract:Simplified physical models and geometrical considerations reveal general physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles (0.5–5 mm) of different density, shape and size in marine environment. Windage of extremely light foamed particles, surface area and fouling rate of slightly positively buoyant microplastic spheres,films and fibres and settling velocities of negatively buoyant particles are analysed. For the Baltic Sea dimensions and under the considered idealised external conditions, (i) only one day is required for a foamed polystyrene particle to cross the sea (ca. 250 km); (ii) polyethylene fibres should spend about 6–8 months in the euphotic zone before sinking due to bio-fouling, whilst spherical particles can be retained on the surface up to 10–15 years; (iii) for heavy microplastic particles, the time of settling through the water column in the central Gotland basin (ca. 250 m) is less than 18 h. Proper physical setting of the problem of microplastics transport and developing of physically-based parameterisations are seen as applications.
關鍵詞:marine microplastics; density; windage; biofouling;settling velocity
來源出版物:Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 108(1): 105-112
聯(lián)系郵箱:Chubarenko, I; irina_chubarenko@mail.ru
Genetic isolation by distance reveals restricted dispersal across a range of life histories:Implications for biodiversity conservation planning across highly variable marine environments
Wright, D; Bishop, JM; Matthee, CA; et al.
Abstract:Aim: Isolation by distance (IBD) analyses are an effective tool for determining genetic connectivity among populations, providing a basis for estimating dispersal and thus contributing to spatial biodiversity planning. Here, we use an IBD approach to determine patterns of connectivity to infer dispersal distances for a phylogenetically diverse range of marine species. Location: Two thousand and eight hundred kilometre of South African coastline. Methods:mtDNA data sets for 11 rocky shore and reef-dwelling marine species with diverse life history strategies (broadcast spawning, brooding and live-bearing) were used to quantify intraspecific genetic connectivity by means of global and pairwise Φst. Mantel tests were used to assess the significance of genetic structure with geographic distance.Significant, positive slopes were used to estimate dispersal distances. For all species, we also plotted genetic diversity along the coast and compared this to patterns of species richness. Results: For seven of the 11 species tested, we report positive IBD relationships, with patterns of IBD of similar magnitude in broadcast spawners and live-bearers.Dispersal estimates were low, with effective distances of <10 km per generation. We find discordance between pelagic larval development and population structure and that genetic structure and the physio-geographic features of the coastline considered to be important biogeographic barriers do not overlap. Genetic diversity and species richness show congruent patterns, with both variables lowest on the west coast, and increasing towards the east. Main conclusions:Our study highlights the complexity of marine systems and the clear need for regional assessments of connectivity,rather than more general management plans which may not otherwise effectively encompass area-specific conservation needs. Importantly, we show that the current marine protected area (MPA) network in South Africa is not effective in protecting evolutionary processes and strongly recommend a network of more closely spaced MPAs in the region that reflects the low average connectivity between distant marine populations.
關鍵詞:dispersal barriers; evolutionary processes; genetic biodiversity; marine protected area; rocky shores; Southern Hemisphere
來源出版物:Diversity and Distributions, 2015, 21(6):698-710
聯(lián)系郵箱:von der Heyden, S; svdh@sun.ac.za
Synthetic polymers in the marine environment:A rapidly increasing, long-term threat
Moore, CJ
Synthetic polymers, commonly known as plastics, have been entering the marine environment in quantities paralleling their level of production over the last half century. However, in the last two decades of the 20th Century, the deposition rate accelerated past the rate of production, and plastics are now one of the most common and persistent pollutants in ocean waters and beaches worldwide. Thirty years ago the prevailing attitude of the plastic industry was that “plastic litter is a very small proportion of all litter and causes no harm to the environment except as an eyesore”. Between 1960 and 2000, the world production of plastic resins increased 25-fold, while recovery of the material remained below 5%. Between 1970 and 2003, plastics became the fastest growing segment of the US municipal waste stream,increasing nine-fold, and marine litter is now 60%–80%plastic, reaching 90%–95% in some areas. While undoubtedly still an eyesore, plastic debris today is having significant harmful effects on marine biota. Albatross,fulmars, shearwaters and petrels mistake floating plastics for food, and many individuals of these species are affected; in fact, 44% of all seabird species are known to ingest plastic. Sea turtles ingest plastic bags, fishing line and other plastics, as do 26 species of cetaceans. In all,267 species of marine organisms worldwide are known to have been affected by plastic debris, a number that will increase as smaller organisms are assessed. The number of fish, birds, and mammals that succumb each year to derelict fishing nets and lines in which they become entangled cannot be reliably known; but estimates are in the millions. We divide marine plastic debris into two categories: macro, >5 mm and micro, <5 mm. While macro-debris may sometimes be traced to its origin by object identification or markings, micro-debris, consisting of particles of two main varieties, (1) fragments broken from larger objects, and (2) resin pellets and powders, the basic thermoplastic industry feedstocks, are difficult to trace. Ingestion of plastic micro-debris by filter feeders at the base of the food web is known to occur, but has not been quantified. Ingestion of degraded plastic pellets and fragments raises toxicity concerns, since plastics are known to adsorb hydrophobic pollutants. The potential bioavailability of compounds added to plastics at the time of manufacture, as well as those adsorbed from the environment are complex issues that merit more widespread investigation. The physiological effects of any bioavailable compounds desorbed from plastics by marine biota are being directly investigated, since it was found 20 years ago that the mass of ingested plastic in Great Shearwaters was positively correlated with PCBs in their fat and eggs. Colonization of plastic marine debris by sessile organisms provides a vector for transport of alien species in the ocean environment and may threaten marine biodiversity. There is also potential danger to marine ecosystems from the accumulation of plastic debris on the sea floor. The accumulation of such debris can inhibit gas exchange between the overlying waters and the pore waters of the sediments, and disrupt or smother inhabitants of the benthos. The extent of this problem and its effects have recently begun to be investigated. A little more than half of all thermoplastics will sink in seawater.
編輯:王微