李艷梅 張興昌 廖上強(qiáng) 楊俊剛 張 琳 孫焱鑫

(1.北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院植物營養(yǎng)與資源研究所, 北京 100097; 2.中國科學(xué)院水利部水土保持研究所，陜西楊凌 712100)

生物炭基肥增效技術(shù)與制備工藝研究進(jìn)展分析

李艷梅1張興昌2廖上強(qiáng)1楊俊剛1張 琳1孫焱鑫1

(1.北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院植物營養(yǎng)與資源研究所, 北京 100097; 2.中國科學(xué)院水利部水土保持研究所，陜西楊凌 712100)

生物炭基肥是以生物炭為載體與傳統(tǒng)肥料復(fù)合而成的新型緩釋肥料，其在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)及污染防控中的作用得到廣泛認(rèn)可。基于多年研究成果和文獻(xiàn)綜合分析，闡述了生物炭基肥的研發(fā)背景與重要性及生物炭基肥的增效機(jī)制，包括: 吸持緩釋養(yǎng)分、改善土壤理化性質(zhì)及作物根系生長的水肥氣熱環(huán)境、改善土壤微生物生長的微環(huán)境、提供礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分及生物刺激物質(zhì)等。此外，闡述了生物炭基肥在提升作物產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)、肥料高效利用與減施增效及環(huán)境污染防控等方面的作用；以及產(chǎn)品在制備(調(diào)整生物炭來源和炭-肥混合方式)、成型(確定形狀，篩選粘接劑和延展劑)、配方(調(diào)整基礎(chǔ)肥料組成，調(diào)整生物炭、水和粘接劑比例)及改性工藝(添加不同比例的高嶺土、膨潤土、煤炭腐植酸及其復(fù)配物的改性材料)方面的最新進(jìn)展。根據(jù)現(xiàn)有問題及技術(shù)需求，指出加強(qiáng)新型產(chǎn)品研制及應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究，加強(qiáng)大尺度應(yīng)用的農(nóng)業(yè)水土、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境等效應(yīng)及綜合評價(jià)指標(biāo)體系研究，及加快應(yīng)用技術(shù)推廣是生物炭基肥增效技術(shù)領(lǐng)域未來主要研究方向。

生物炭基肥； 增效劑； 土壤； 作物； 污染防控； 碳減排

引言

我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的肥料品種不適宜及施用方法不合理現(xiàn)象比較普遍，不僅導(dǎo)致作物產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)提升困難，而且易引起肥料利用率低、生產(chǎn)成本增加及環(huán)境污染等問題[1-3]。在農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布化肥零增長行動(dòng)方案背景下，加強(qiáng)肥料增效關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究及增效肥料產(chǎn)品推廣應(yīng)用成為我國化肥行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的重要方向[4]。與此同時(shí)，我國農(nóng)林業(yè)每年產(chǎn)生約10億t的廢棄副產(chǎn)物，而用作燃料和肥料的比率卻越來越低[5]。農(nóng)林廢棄物的隨意丟棄和田間焚燒不僅存在有機(jī)質(zhì)資源的巨大浪費(fèi)，而且導(dǎo)致農(nóng)田面源污染問題日趨嚴(yán)重，并加劇水體和大氣的污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6-7]。生物質(zhì)熱解炭化技術(shù)是當(dāng)前綠色低碳農(nóng)業(yè)的重點(diǎn)發(fā)展技術(shù)，其炭化產(chǎn)品生物炭的還田利用對農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義[8-9]。以農(nóng)林廢棄物作為生物質(zhì)來源制備的生物炭不僅富含羰基、羧基、羥基等官能團(tuán)，而且具有來源廣、可再生和環(huán)境友好的特點(diǎn)，是一種具備多方面優(yōu)良性能的肥料增效載體[8,10]；將該類生物炭與傳統(tǒng)肥料復(fù)合制備生物炭基肥的研究已成為農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。

生物炭基肥的應(yīng)用不僅有利于農(nóng)業(yè)提質(zhì)增效，還有利于農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染控制及農(nóng)田土壤固碳減排目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)[11]。更重要的是，生物炭基肥中的養(yǎng)分釋放后，殘留的生物炭載體仍能夠繼續(xù)發(fā)揮土壤改良劑的作用；且能有效避免生物炭直接還田引起的二次揚(yáng)塵污染及操作不便，以及生物炭改良土壤時(shí)大量施入農(nóng)田帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本等問題[12-15]。以農(nóng)林廢棄物生物炭作為肥料增效載體的實(shí)踐是一項(xiàng)兼顧廢棄物資源化利用與新型環(huán)保肥料制備的雙贏舉措，相應(yīng)的生物炭基肥產(chǎn)品的農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用對進(jìn)一步完善現(xiàn)行的生態(tài)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)模式具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。但生物炭基肥研究是近年新興發(fā)展起來的研究內(nèi)容，相關(guān)研究仍處于起步發(fā)展階段，文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道尤其來自權(quán)威期刊的報(bào)道相對較少，學(xué)科發(fā)展略顯薄弱；近幾年，國內(nèi)學(xué)者針對生物炭基肥產(chǎn)品研發(fā)及其在農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)保領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用開展了一些有益的探索和思考，但有關(guān)作物調(diào)控機(jī)理研究及大規(guī)模示范推廣相對缺乏，新型生物炭基肥產(chǎn)品的農(nóng)田應(yīng)用評價(jià)及市場化推廣仍亟待加強(qiáng)。

本文在現(xiàn)有研究基礎(chǔ)上，以生物炭基肥炭緩釋載體對農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)的調(diào)控機(jī)制為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，對生物炭基肥農(nóng)田應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及研發(fā)工藝現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行闡述，并提出生物炭基肥增效技術(shù)未來的重點(diǎn)研究方向。

1 生物炭基肥增效調(diào)控機(jī)制

生物炭基肥增效技術(shù)包括物理、化學(xué)、生物等技術(shù)，其對農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)的效應(yīng)主要通過影響土壤水肥氣熱及作物水肥吸收的途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)，著重于對水和肥這兩種作物關(guān)鍵生長因子的控制。生物炭基肥調(diào)控效應(yīng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵在于炭基載體緩釋性能及生物炭調(diào)控特性的發(fā)揮。

生物炭載體的緩釋增效機(jī)制主要分為4大類：①吸持緩釋養(yǎng)分類，主要包括吸持肥料養(yǎng)分、延緩肥料養(yǎng)分在土壤中的釋放、降低肥料養(yǎng)分的損失等。②改善土壤理化性質(zhì)及水肥氣熱特征類，主要包括增加土壤有機(jī)碳及改良團(tuán)聚體結(jié)構(gòu)、調(diào)控土壤酸堿度、增強(qiáng)土壤水分調(diào)節(jié)能力、增強(qiáng)土壤養(yǎng)分置換能力、增加土壤疏松度和透氣性、調(diào)節(jié)土壤溫度等。③改善土壤微生物特性類，主要包括為微生物提供棲息環(huán)境、生存空間及水分養(yǎng)分等。④提供養(yǎng)分及增加生物刺激物質(zhì)類，主要包括提供大中微量元素、芳香烴及脂肪類化合物。

(1)生物炭可以吸持和緩釋養(yǎng)分

主要原因有：①生物炭表面富含羥基、羧基、羰基等官能團(tuán)，且較為活躍[16]，能與肥料發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)從而負(fù)載一定養(yǎng)分。②生物炭表面部分化學(xué)官能團(tuán)能電離產(chǎn)生電荷，使其具備離子交換吸附能力，通過靜電作用吸附養(yǎng)分離子[17]。③生物炭豐富的孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)使其具有較大比表面積，從而具有較大吸附能力，使其表面能吸持一定養(yǎng)分[18-20]。生物炭通過負(fù)載、吸附和吸持作用，固持肥料氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分，減少養(yǎng)分離子從土壤顆粒表面的解離，從而減少礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的徑流、淋溶及揮發(fā)損失[21]。

(2)生物炭可以改善土壤理化性質(zhì)及作物根系生長的水肥氣熱環(huán)境

主要表現(xiàn)在：①生物炭的富碳特征使其具有增加土壤碳截留、提升土壤碳供應(yīng)的能力[22-26]。生物炭還有助于促進(jìn)土壤團(tuán)聚體形成，增加大團(tuán)聚體含量及穩(wěn)定性，提高土壤及不同粒級團(tuán)聚體中有機(jī)碳的含量，這有利于土壤障礙因子改良及土壤培肥目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)[27-29]。②生物炭表面的酚基、羧基和羥基，及鉀鈣鈉鎂硅的硅酸鹽、碳酸鹽和碳酸氫鹽使生物炭具有堿性特征，施于土壤后能吸附土壤溶液中的H+，進(jìn)而增加土壤pH值，這種作用在水溶性有機(jī)物含量低的酸性土壤中尤其明顯[30-32]。③土壤中添加適量生物炭能有效降低土壤干燥過程中的收縮程度，增加土壤飽和含水量、毛管含水量和田間持水量，增強(qiáng)土壤吸水持水及入滲性能[20，33-37]。④生物炭含有巨大的比表面積、豐富的囊泡和微孔，這有助于降低土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度及陽離子交換量[36,38-39]。⑤生物炭豐富的孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)可增加土壤疏松度和通透性、優(yōu)化根系生長環(huán)境，進(jìn)而優(yōu)化根系形態(tài)特征、提升根系活力及養(yǎng)分吸收能力[40-41]。⑥具有調(diào)節(jié)土壤地表溫度的潛力，對土壤起到保溫作用，有利于根系發(fā)育及養(yǎng)分吸收[42-44]。

(3)生物炭可以改善土壤微生物微環(huán)境

主要原因有：①生物炭能夠?yàn)槲⑸锾峁鏊蜕婵臻g，使其免遭其他土壤生物的侵食[17,45]。②生物炭能夠增加酸性土壤pH值，創(chuàng)造有利于微生物生長的環(huán)境，從而增加微生物數(shù)量，使土壤中微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)向有利于作物根系生長的方向演替[46-48]。③生物炭能夠?yàn)槲⑸锾峁┎煌奶荚春推渌麪I養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，對微生物群落利用糖類、胺類和酚類碳源能力具有促進(jìn)作用，使微生物能夠旺盛地生存繁衍，從而促進(jìn)根系對養(yǎng)分的利用[49]。④生物炭調(diào)節(jié)土壤氮素循環(huán)，進(jìn)而直接或間接影響土壤微生物活性、豐度以及多樣性，提高微生物碳源的代謝特征[50-51]。

(4)生物炭可以提供礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分及生物刺激物質(zhì)

生物炭不僅含有豐富的有機(jī)碳組分，而且含有一定量的氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、硅、硫、鐵、錳、銅、鋅、鉬等無機(jī)礦物組分[23-26，52-53]，其含有的養(yǎng)分元素可直接輸入土壤供作物根系利用，尤其能提高土壤全鉀和速效鉀含量，促進(jìn)作物對土壤鉀素的吸收[54-56]。生物炭表面有環(huán)化的呋喃類化合物和直鏈的小分子化合物，其中的13種化合物在植物代謝過程中起重要作用，丁子香酚、對羥基苯甲酸丁酯及水楊醇在植物防御機(jī)制中具有重要作用，羥基苯甲酸丁酯及水楊醇2種有機(jī)化合物在植物防御昆蟲入侵中發(fā)揮重要功能[57]。

2 生物炭基肥農(nóng)田應(yīng)用研究成果

從已有研究來看，生物炭基肥的產(chǎn)品類型有炭基氮肥、炭基復(fù)合肥、炭基有機(jī)肥、炭基復(fù)混肥等，應(yīng)用對象涉及大田作物小麥、水稻、玉米、花生、馬鈴薯、棉花等，以及設(shè)施蔬菜小白菜、芹菜、青椒、番茄等，其農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用總體表現(xiàn)為正調(diào)控效應(yīng)，具體體現(xiàn)在增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)、節(jié)肥增效及固碳減排等方面(表1)[15, 21, 52, 54, 58-77]。

表1 生物炭基肥調(diào)控目標(biāo)、應(yīng)用方法及作用效果Tab.1 Regulation goals, techniques and effects of carbon-based fertilizer

續(xù)表1

作物產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)形成是作物生產(chǎn)極重要的一環(huán)，也是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的最后一環(huán)[78]。實(shí)現(xiàn)對作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的調(diào)控，是生物炭基肥增效技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的體現(xiàn)，也是生物炭基肥在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中能夠得到大面積推廣應(yīng)用的前提條件。大量的盆栽及大田試驗(yàn)證實(shí)，應(yīng)用生物炭基肥能夠促進(jìn)大田主要作物的生長發(fā)育，增加其干物質(zhì)累積及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)產(chǎn)量。生物炭基肥不僅增加了小麥、玉米和水稻等主糧作物的產(chǎn)量[13，15，21，58-67]，而且增加了花生、馬鈴薯和棉花等糧經(jīng)作物的產(chǎn)量[54，68-69]。生物炭基肥還有效提升了設(shè)施蔬菜的產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)，不僅增加了小白菜、芹菜、青椒和番茄的產(chǎn)量，而且增加了小白菜和番茄的可溶糖、芹菜和青椒的維生素C含量，及番茄果實(shí)中番茄紅素的含量，有效降低了小白菜和芹菜葉片、青椒和番茄果實(shí)中的硝酸鹽含量[21，52，70-75]。

農(nóng)業(yè)部化肥零增長行動(dòng)方案的兩大關(guān)鍵措施是減少化肥用量和提升化肥利用率，所以減肥增效和新型肥料研發(fā)已成為農(nóng)業(yè)研究和產(chǎn)業(yè)研發(fā)的重點(diǎn)[79-80]。近年的研究表明，新型炭基緩釋肥具有保肥增效的作用。生物炭基肥增加了小麥、花生、水稻收獲期土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和氮磷鉀全量及速效態(tài)含量[15,54,64]，增強(qiáng)番茄葉片光合作用并調(diào)節(jié)葉片蒸騰強(qiáng)度[74]，促進(jìn)小麥、水稻、玉米、小白菜、芹菜和番茄的礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分吸收，提升了作物的肥料利用率[15, 21, 52, 58-59, 62, 71, 74-77]和灌溉水生產(chǎn)效率[75]。甘蔗渣炭基復(fù)合肥可在總養(yǎng)分量減少18%的基礎(chǔ)上，使小麥產(chǎn)量提升20%～35%[59]；秸稈炭豬糞炭基復(fù)混肥可在施氮量減少18%的基礎(chǔ)上，增加水稻、小白菜和青椒的產(chǎn)量[21，52，62，70]。更重要的是，生物炭基肥的這種減肥增效作用已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出年際持續(xù)效應(yīng)[65]。

此外，礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分流失及氣體污染物排放是制約農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素，由于肥料不合理施用降低了肥料利用率，由此引起的肥料土表殘留與深層淋溶、徑流及揮發(fā)損失等成為當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)亟待解決的問題[81-82]。如何采取有效的措施來減少肥料養(yǎng)分流失及其引發(fā)的環(huán)境污染值得思考研究。而據(jù)報(bào)道，一部分大田試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí)生物炭基肥在防控面源污染及固碳減排方面的積極作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，生物炭基氮肥與普通氮肥相比，明顯減少了設(shè)施蔬菜地土壤硝態(tài)氮向深層土壤的淋失[74-75]，生物炭基復(fù)合肥與普通復(fù)合肥相比，明顯削減了稻田徑流總氮流失[63]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，生物炭基肥顯著降低了水稻田CH4和N2O排放量及溫室氣體排放強(qiáng)度[21]，并且使小麥田N2O排放量顯著減少56%～65%[59]、全球增溫潛勢降低36%[61]、玉米田CH4+N2O排放量顯著降低27%[65]。

3 生物炭基肥研發(fā)工藝優(yōu)化

研究表明，調(diào)整生物炭物料來源、混合方式、炭基肥制備及改性工藝均會(huì)影響作物產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)及氮肥利用率(表2)[13,21,52,59-60,62-63,70-71,76-77,83-100]。

表2 生物炭基肥工藝優(yōu)化、研究方法及作用效果Tab.2 Process optimizations, research methods and effects of carbon-based fertilizer

續(xù)表2

水稻和小白菜施用研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，從化肥減施、提升作物產(chǎn)量及氮肥利用率的目標(biāo)來看，小麥秸稈炭基肥優(yōu)于玉米秸稈炭基肥和花生殼炭基肥[52，62]；小麥生產(chǎn)證實(shí)，從作物產(chǎn)量與氮肥生產(chǎn)力角度考慮，不同物料來源生物炭基肥的優(yōu)先度順序?yàn)椋夯ㄉ鷼ぴ?、棉花秸稈源和玉米秸稈源、稻殼源、小麥秸稈源[59]；青椒試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，小麥秸稈炭基氮肥增加作物產(chǎn)量的效果最好，稻殼炭基肥和花生殼炭基肥提升作物品質(zhì)的效果更佳[70]。芹菜研究表明，水溶型炭基肥提升作物產(chǎn)量及氮肥利用率的效果最佳，熔融型和直混型的效果次之[71]；小麥和玉米試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，硝酸銨與生物炭以化學(xué)反應(yīng)方式混合制備的生物炭基肥的氮素緩釋及增效效果最佳，明顯優(yōu)于物理吸附型和直接摻混型[13，60, 76-77]。

基于方便運(yùn)輸和施用便利性的考慮，生物炭基肥成型加工工藝的研究必不可少。目前，生物炭基肥小試和中試階段主要采用的工藝類型是包膜造粒工藝和柱狀成型工藝[84, 87-88，93-94,101-102]。其中，包膜造粒工藝具有能耗低、操作簡便和產(chǎn)量高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，更適于產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)生物炭基肥料[88，93-94，101]。在包膜造粒和柱狀成型工藝中，粘接劑的篩選及優(yōu)化尤為重要。在生物炭和普通肥料作為基料基礎(chǔ)上添加粘接劑能大幅增加成型率，進(jìn)而提升肥料緩釋性能及農(nóng)用效果，但增效程度也因粘接劑類型不同而存在較大差異。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的粘接劑類型主要有木質(zhì)素、羧甲基纖維素鈉、淀粉、植物油及其改性產(chǎn)物。木質(zhì)素是在自然界中儲(chǔ)量僅次于纖維素的第二大天然高分子材料，具有無毒、可降解、可再生、化學(xué)活性好的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[89，103-106]，在生物炭基肥制備中的粘接效果較好[89-90]。羧甲基纖維素鈉由天然纖維素或淀粉經(jīng)化學(xué)改性得到，存在粘度和取代度不高的問題，需通過添加酸、堿、醇的方式增強(qiáng)粘接性[107-109]。淀粉粘接劑由小麥淀粉、玉米淀粉和薯類淀粉等通過煮漿和沖漿方式制得，具有原料易得、價(jià)格低廉、無污染、使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但存在易凝膠、初粘力不強(qiáng)及干燥后變脆的缺點(diǎn)[110]，應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)同時(shí)添加無機(jī)填料或酸，或采用加熱方式來增強(qiáng)其粘接性[91,111]。植物油粘接劑單獨(dú)應(yīng)用存在成型性差的問題，實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)也需添加一定量的溶劑、酸或堿進(jìn)行改性處理以提升其粘接性[112-113]。對柱狀生物炭基尿素的淋溶試驗(yàn)表明，羧甲基纖維素鈉和氧化淀粉作為粘接劑的炭基肥的緩釋效果優(yōu)于其他粘接劑[85]；不同粘接劑類型在粒狀及無定型生物炭基肥中的對比結(jié)果尚不可知。一些報(bào)道中，研究人員還通過兩種或多種粘接劑的復(fù)配混合來增強(qiáng)粘接性能[114-115]。一項(xiàng)針對顆粒包膜炭基肥粘接劑性能的測試結(jié)果顯示：在低濃度混合粘接劑中，木質(zhì)素磺酸鈉與淀粉以1∶2比例混合的粘接效果最佳，在此基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)添加原粘接劑用量1/9的海藻酸鈉能進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)粘接性[94]。此外，針對常見木質(zhì)素粘接劑的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，對木質(zhì)素進(jìn)行延展優(yōu)化處理可提升肥料的粘接和緩釋效果。兩種木質(zhì)素延展劑的比較顯示：以木醋液作為延展劑改性處理木質(zhì)素粘接劑制備的炭包膜尿素的包膜率、成粒率、力學(xué)及緩釋性能均優(yōu)于乙醇改性處理，因此更適于生物炭包膜肥料的制備，其增強(qiáng)緩釋性能的原因在于木醋液通過破壞木質(zhì)素內(nèi)部羥基間的分子結(jié)構(gòu)使木質(zhì)素團(tuán)狀分子結(jié)構(gòu)展開，因而顯著提升了對肥料的粘接性[90]。

一些學(xué)者針對生物炭基肥制肥工藝開展了研究。通過工藝研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，將尿素、生物炭和堿木質(zhì)素按不同質(zhì)量比均勻混合，加入總質(zhì)量10%的水分，在60 ℃環(huán)境中密封加熱5～10 min后裝入模具壓力成型制得的生物炭基肥具有較長的肥效[83]。沙柱淋溶試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，木質(zhì)素添加比例15%、成型壓力5.1 MPa、成型溫度70 ℃制備的柱狀生物炭基肥的緩釋性能較好[84]。尿素與生物炭質(zhì)量比1∶1、水和羧甲基纖維素鈉添加量分別為5%～10%和7%、成型壓力6 MPa制備的柱狀生物炭基肥的緩釋性能較好[85]。基礎(chǔ)肥料(尿素、過磷酸鈣和磷酸二氫銨、氯化鉀)占比70%、秸稈炭占比16.6%、添加水13%，常溫下無需添加膠粘接劑即可擠壓制成符合國家相應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的條狀生物炭基肥[86]。生物炭基肥粒狀成型工藝中，粘接劑是必不可少的輔助材料，同時(shí)應(yīng)控制好各投入物料的添加比例。生物炭添加比例一般為20%～60%，粘接劑和水分添加比例分別為10%和15%～25%[88]。肥芯外包衣層的質(zhì)量占比會(huì)明顯影響粒狀生物炭基肥的肥效期，25 ℃恒溫靜水培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)法和玉米盆栽試驗(yàn)表明，玉米秸稈炭和植物油粘接劑作為粒狀生物炭基肥的主要包衣材料，其添加比例調(diào)至15%時(shí)的玉米株高、莖粗及產(chǎn)量性能最好[66]。擠出造粒法中，干燥溫度為60～100 ℃、炭肥比大于1，各組肥料干燥90 min左右時(shí)可獲得良好的抗壓強(qiáng)度和成粒率(大于95%)[87]。淀粉摻加NaOH溶液并加熱糊化處理制得黏性和流動(dòng)性較佳的膠粘劑，進(jìn)而與尿素、磷酸二氫鉀和炭粉以1∶1∶1∶4的質(zhì)量比混合制得的生物炭基復(fù)混肥顆粒的成粒率(95.6%)和壓縮強(qiáng)度(0.026 MPa)均較高[91]。尿素與生物炭質(zhì)量比1∶1、水和粘接劑添加量分別為15%～25%和10%，制備的粒狀生物炭基肥的緩釋性能較好[85]。通過盆栽試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，磷酸二氫鉀與玉米秸稈炭、羧甲基纖維素鈉以1∶2∶0.3的比例制備的粒狀生物炭基肥對溫室黑麥草生長的促進(jìn)效果最佳[92]。

一些學(xué)者又對生物炭基肥的制作工藝進(jìn)行了改性探索。膨潤土和高嶺土因含有微孔礦物結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于增加養(yǎng)分吸持，是較常采用的生物炭基肥改性制劑。一項(xiàng)沙柱淋溶試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，尿素與生物炭質(zhì)量比1∶5、粒徑5～6 mm、水添加量15%、高嶺土添加量10%制備的粒狀生物炭基肥的成型效果及緩釋性能最佳[93]；生物炭與膨潤土比例1∶2.2，粘接劑濃度8%，粘接劑用量占粉料物料30%，擠出轉(zhuǎn)速8 r/min制得的粒狀生物炭基肥在含水率、顆粒抗壓強(qiáng)度、圓度、粒度分布和養(yǎng)分釋放性能等指標(biāo)上的整體性能較好[94]。對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，膨潤土改性造粒生物炭基肥在促進(jìn)小白菜生長、增加可溶糖和維生素C含量、降低葉片硝酸鹽累積及提升肥料偏生產(chǎn)力方面的效果均優(yōu)于高嶺土改性造粒工藝制備的生物炭基肥[21]。針對生物炭載體改性的研究表明，磷酸活化增加了半改性和改性生物炭表面官能團(tuán)數(shù)量及比表面積，從而增強(qiáng)了生物炭的養(yǎng)分吸附和緩釋能力；相應(yīng)的改性生物炭基復(fù)合肥與等養(yǎng)分量普通秸稈炭基肥相比，表現(xiàn)出增產(chǎn)、增加果實(shí)可溶蛋白和降低果實(shí)硝酸鹽累積的作用[95]。在復(fù)混肥料和改性秸稈炭中添加膨潤土制成的顆粒狀改性生物炭基肥可滿足大櫻桃各重要生育期的養(yǎng)分需求，提升了果實(shí)產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和肥料利用率[96]；這種顆粒狀改性生物炭基肥一次施用即可有效供應(yīng)烤煙全生育期的養(yǎng)分需求，表現(xiàn)出較好的節(jié)本增效、降耗、省工的作用[97]。膨潤土與腐植酸的配合也起到較好的改性增效作用。以氮磷鉀顆粒肥料作為肥芯，在肥芯外包覆水稻秸稈生物炭、膨潤土和腐植酸的復(fù)合粘接劑，制得的炭基緩釋肥用于水稻生產(chǎn)明顯提升了作物產(chǎn)量和肥料利用率，同時(shí)有效控制農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染，肥料增效的原因在于：腐植酸通過在肥料外圍形成緊致膜層進(jìn)而提升了炭基肥的緩釋性[63，98]。一種包含生物炭粉、酸性膨潤土、腐植酸、脲酶抑制劑、硝化抑制劑和微肥成分的肥料增效劑被證實(shí)能有效提升肥料利用率，降低肥料損失，減輕肥料施用對水體和大氣的污染[99]。以復(fù)混肥料為基料，向生物炭和膨潤土中添加一定比例的腐植酸和茶籽油，制備的生物炭基肥可有效調(diào)節(jié)茶樹生長過程中的營養(yǎng)供給，防止土壤板結(jié)、改善茶葉品質(zhì)[100]。

總之，調(diào)整生物炭物料來源和添加量、肥料種類與配方、生物炭粉與肥料比例、水添加比例，粘接劑種類、濃度和用量，復(fù)配制肥工藝(摻混、吸附、反應(yīng)、成型等)、外源功能物質(zhì)及改性工藝等均會(huì)影響生物炭基肥的增效性能及農(nóng)學(xué)與環(huán)境效應(yīng)。制備生物炭基肥時(shí)應(yīng)予以綜合考慮，以提升生物炭基肥制作工藝及農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用的科學(xué)性和針對性。

4 展望

生物炭基肥是近年來新型緩釋肥的一種重要技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，也是備受農(nóng)業(yè)及環(huán)保領(lǐng)域關(guān)注的研究課題。經(jīng)過近年的研究與應(yīng)用實(shí)踐，對生物炭基肥農(nóng)田應(yīng)用已經(jīng)取得一定的成效和進(jìn)展，在研發(fā)工藝方面也開展了一些有益的探索。

根據(jù)近年來生物炭基肥研究的進(jìn)展和實(shí)踐，結(jié)合存在問題，生物炭基肥在未來還需要從以下幾方面繼續(xù)開展研究：

(1)加強(qiáng)生物炭基肥的應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究。對生物炭基肥水肥吸持特性與根系生長的互作機(jī)制及其對作物水肥利用的調(diào)控機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入探索。

(2)對新型粘接劑材料及生物炭基肥制作工藝加大研發(fā)力度，生物炭、粘接劑及改性劑的作用性能是生物炭基肥緩釋技術(shù)的根本，新型環(huán)保生物炭基肥緩釋技術(shù)是今后研究的重點(diǎn)。

(3)加快生物炭基肥緩釋技術(shù)的推廣和示范，包括適合不同地域、氣候、土壤、栽培和水分管理?xiàng)l件下的生物炭基肥產(chǎn)品、施用量及施用方法等。

(4)生物炭基肥規(guī)模應(yīng)用下的農(nóng)業(yè)水土、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境等效應(yīng)及綜合評價(jià)指標(biāo)體系將是今后重要研究課題。

1 張福鎖,王激清,張衛(wèi)峰,等.中國主要糧食作物肥料利用率現(xiàn)狀與提高途徑[J].土壤學(xué)報(bào), 2008,45(5):915-924.

ZHANG Fusuo, WANG Jiqing, ZHANG Weifeng, et al.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement[J].Journal of Soil Science, 2008,45(5): 915-924.(in Chinese)

2 YIN G H, GU J,ZHANG F S, et al.Maize yield response to water supply and fertilizer input in a semi-arid environment of Northeast China[J].Plos One, 2014, 9 (1): 1-5.

3 劉兆輝,薄錄吉,李彥,等.氮肥減量施用技術(shù)及其對作物產(chǎn)量和生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響綜述[J].中國土壤與肥料,2016(4): 1-8.

LIU Zhaohui, BO Luji, LI Yan, et al.Effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yield and ecological environment: a review[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences, 2016(4): 1-8.(in Chinese)

4 葉麗君.化肥零增長背景下化肥企業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型方向[J].磷肥與復(fù)肥, 2016, 31(10):1.

YE Lijun.Transformation direction of chemical fertilizer enterprises under zero growth of fertilizer rates[J].Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer, 2016, 31(10):1.(in Chinese)

5 董莘.基于不凝氣載熱的生物質(zhì)制油關(guān)鍵裝置設(shè)計(jì)研究[D].哈爾濱: 東北林業(yè)大學(xué), 2014.

DONG Shen.Design and research of the key instrument of producing bio-oil base on non-condensable gas of load heat[D].Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2014.(in Chinese)

6 王曉曼.早熟禾厭氧發(fā)酵特性和產(chǎn)氣潛力的研究[D].楊凌: 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué),2010.

WANG Xiaoman.Study on anaerobic fermentation and biogas potential of bluegrass[D].Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2010.(in Chinese)

7 孟軍,張偉明,王紹斌,等.農(nóng)林廢棄物炭化還田技術(shù)的發(fā)展與前景[J].沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào): 社會(huì)科學(xué)版,2011, 42(4):387-392.

MENG Jun, ZHANG Weiming, WANG Shaobin, et al.Development and prospect of carbonization and returning technology of agro-forestry residue[J].Social Science Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2011, 42(4):387-392.(in Chinese)

8 何緒生,耿增超,佘雕,等.生物炭生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)用的意義及國內(nèi)外動(dòng)態(tài)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào), 2011, 27(2):1-7.

HE Xusheng, GENG Zengchao, SHE Diao, et al.Implications of production and agricultural utilization of biochar and its international dynamic[J].Transactions of the CSAE, 2011, 27(2):1-7.(in Chinese)

9 張俙何,洪春來,朱鳳香,等.農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用現(xiàn)狀與前景展望[J].現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技,2013(20):209,218.

ZHANG Xihe, HONG Chunlai, ZHU Fengxiang, et al.Present situation and prospect of agricultural waste resource utilization[J].Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,2013(20):209,218.(in Chinese)

10 王欣,尹帶霞,張鳳,等.生物炭對土壤肥力與環(huán)境質(zhì)量的影響機(jī)制與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)解析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2015, 31(4):248-257.

WANG Xin,YIN Daixia, ZHANG Feng, et al.Analysis of effect mechanism and risk of biochar on soil fertility and environmental quality[J].Transactions of the CSAE ,2015,31(4):248-257.(in Chinese)

11 魏春輝, 任奕林, 劉峰,等.生物炭及生物炭基肥在農(nóng)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展[J].河南農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2016, 45(3):14-19.

WEI Chunhui, REN Yilin, LIU Feng, et al.Research progress of application of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer in agriculture[J].Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 45(3):14-19.(in Chinese)

12 苗曉杰.稻殼熱解活化及炭基緩釋氮肥研究[D].廣州: 華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2011.

MIAO Xiaojie.Research on pyrolysis of rice husk and the biochar-based nitrogen fertilizer[D].Guangzhou: South China Agricultural University, 2011.(in Chinese)

13 張雯.新型生物炭基氮肥的研制及田間應(yīng)用研究[D].楊凌: 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué),2014.

ZHANG Wen.Study on production of new type of biochar-based nitrogen fertilizer and its field application[D].Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2014.(in Chinese)

14 粱恒.影響生物炭基氮肥氮素釋放因素的研究[D].呼和浩特: 內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2015.

LIANG Heng.Study on factors affecting nitrogen release from biochar-based fertilizer[D].Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2015.(in Chinese)

15 趙軍,耿增超,尚杰,等.生物炭及炭基硝酸銨對土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2016, 36(8):2355-2362.

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16 夏廣潔.生物質(zhì)炭影響下重金屬的吸附行為及生物可給性研究[D].杭州: 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué), 2014.

XIA Guangjie.The sorption behavior and the bioaccessibility of heavy metals affected by biochars[D].Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2014.(in Chinese)

17 高敬堯, 王宏燕, 許毛毛,等.生物炭施入對農(nóng)田土壤及作物生長影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2016, 44(10):10-15.

GAO Jingyao, WANG Hongyan, XU Maomao, et al.Research progress on effects of biochar application on soil and crop growth in farmland[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 44(10):10-15.(in Chinese)

18 劉寧.生物炭的理化性質(zhì)及其在農(nóng)業(yè)中應(yīng)用的基礎(chǔ)研究[D].沈陽: 沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2014.

LIU Ning.Physical and chemical properties of biochar and its basic application in agriculture[D].Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2014.(in Chinese)

19 勾芒芒, 屈忠義, 楊曉,等.生物炭對砂壤土節(jié)水保肥及番茄產(chǎn)量的影響研究[J/OL].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 45(1):137-142.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140122&flag=1.DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.01.022.

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20 吳昱, 趙雨森, 劉慧,等.秸稈生物炭對黑土區(qū)坡耕地生產(chǎn)能力影響分析與評價(jià)[J/OL].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào), 2017, 48(7):247-256.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20170731&year_id=2017&quarter_id=7&falg=1.DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.07.031.

WU Yu, ZHAO Yusen, LIU Hui, et al.Analysis and evaluation of influence of straw biochar on soil productivity of sloping land in black soil region[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(7):247-256.(in Chinese)

21 錢力.生物質(zhì)炭基肥料的試驗(yàn)與改性探索[D].南京: 南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2014.

QIAN Li.Field trial and explorations on modified biochar-based fertilizer[D].Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2014.(in Chinese)

22 HUFF M D, SANDEEP K, LEE J W.Comparative analysis of pinewood, peanut shell, and bamboo biomass derived biochars produced via hydrothermal conversion and pyrolysis[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2014, 146:303-308.

23 RAJAPAKSHA A U, VITHANAGE M, ZHANG M, et al.Pyrolysis condition affected sulfamethazine sorption by tea waste biochars.[J].Bioresource Technology, 2014, 166(166):303.

24 BUDAI A, WANG L, GRONLI M, et al.Surface properties and chemical composition of corncob and miscanthus biochars: effects of production temperature and method[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 2014, 62(17):3791-3799.

25 NOVAK J M, CANTRELL K B, WATTS D W, et al.Designing relevant biochars as soil amendments using lignocellulosic-based and manure-based feedstocks[J].Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2014, 14(2):330-343.

26 LUO L, XU C, CHEN Z.Properties of biomass-derived biochars:combined effects of operating conditions and biomass types[J].Bioresource Technology, 2015,192: 83-89.

27 侯曉娜,李慧,朱劉兵,等.生物炭與秸稈添加對砂姜黑土團(tuán)聚體組成和有機(jī)碳分布的影響[J].中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2015,48(4):705-712.

HOU Xiaona, LI Hui, ZHU Liubing, et al.Effects if biochar and straw additions on lime concretion black soil aggregate composition and organic carbon distribution[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(4):705-712.(in Chinese)

28 尚杰,耿增超,趙軍,等.生物炭對塿土水熱特性及團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性的影響[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2015, 26(7):1969-1976.

SHANG Jie, GENG Zengchao, ZHAO Jun, et al.Effects of biochar on water thermal properties and aggregate stability of Lou soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(7):1969-1976.(in Chinese)

29 米會(huì)珍,朱利霞,沈玉芳,等.生物炭對旱作農(nóng)田土壤有機(jī)碳及氮素在團(tuán)聚體中分布的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 34(8):1550-1556.

MI Huizhen, ZHU Lixia, SHEN Yufang, et al.Biochar effects on organic carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates in semiarid farmland[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2015, 34(8):1550-1556.(in Chinese)

30 CHINTALA R, MOLLINEDO J, SCHUMACHER T E, et al.Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil[J].Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science, 2014, 60(3):393-404.

31 KOGEL-KNABNER I, AMELUNG W.12.7-dynamics, chemistry, and preservation of organic matter in soils[J].Treatise on Geochemistry, 2014, 13(8):157-215.

32 戰(zhàn)秀梅,彭靖,王月,等.生物炭及炭基肥改良棕壤理化性狀及提高花生產(chǎn)量的作用[J].植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 21(6):1633-1641.

ZHAN Xiumei, PENG Jing, WANG Yue, et al.Influences of application of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer on brown soil physiochemical properties and peanut yields[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2015, 21(6):1633-1641.(in Chinese)

33 文曼,鄭紀(jì)勇.生物炭不同粒徑及不同添加量對土壤收縮特征的影響[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(1): 46-55.

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34 田丹.生物炭對不同質(zhì)地土壤結(jié)構(gòu)及水力特征參數(shù)影響試驗(yàn)研究[D].呼和浩特: 內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2013.

TIAN Dan.The experimental study of influence of biochar on different texture soils structure and hydraulic characteristic parameters[D].Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural university, 2013.(in Chinese)

35 王艷陽,魏永霞,孫繼鵬,等.不同生物炭施加量的土壤水分入滲及其分布特性[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2016, 32(8):113-119.

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36 潘全良,宋濤,陳坤,等.連續(xù)6年施用生物炭和炭基肥對棕壤生物活性的影響[J].華北農(nóng)學(xué)報(bào),2016, 31(3):225-232.

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37 魏永霞, 劉志凱, 馮鼎銳,等.生物炭對草甸黑土物理性質(zhì)及雨后水分動(dòng)態(tài)變化的影響[J/OL].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 47(8):201-207.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20160825&flag=1.DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.08.025.

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38 劉玉學(xué), 王耀鋒, 呂豪豪,等.不同稻稈炭和竹炭施用水平對小青菜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)以及土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響[J].植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2013,19(6):1438-1444.

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39 李秋霞, 陳效民, 靳澤文,等.生物質(zhì)炭對旱地紅壤理化性狀和作物產(chǎn)量的持續(xù)效應(yīng)[J].水土保持學(xué)報(bào), 2015,29(3):208-213.

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40 張偉明,孟軍,王嘉宇,等.生物炭對水稻根系形態(tài)與生理特性及產(chǎn)量的影響[J].作物學(xué)報(bào),2013, 39(8):1445-1451.

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41 李昌見.生物炭對砂壤土理化性質(zhì)及番茄生長性狀的影響及其關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用技術(shù)研究[D].呼和浩特: 內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2015.

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42 李昌見,屈忠義,勾芒芒,等.生物炭對土壤水肥熱效應(yīng)的影響試驗(yàn)研究[J].生態(tài)環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 23(7):1141-1147.

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43 尚杰.添加生物炭對塿土理化性質(zhì)和作物生長的影響[D].楊凌: 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué), 2016.

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44 趙建坤, 李江舟, 杜章留,等.施用生物炭對土壤物理性質(zhì)影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].氣象與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 32(3):95-101.

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45 饒霜, 盧陽, 黃飛,等.生物炭對土壤微生物的影響研究進(jìn)展[J].生態(tài)與農(nóng)村環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 32(1):53-59.

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46 周之棟, 卜曉莉, 吳永波,等.生物炭對土壤微生物特性影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)：自然科學(xué)版, 2016,40(6):1-8.

ZHOU Zhidong, BU Xiaoli, WU Yongbo, et al.Research advances in biochar effects on soil microbial properties[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University: Natural Science Edition, 2016, 40(6):1-8.(in Chinese)

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ResearchProgressonSynergyTechnologiesofCarbon-basedFertilizerandItsApplication

LI Yanmei1ZHANG Xingchang2LIAO Shangqiang1YANG Jungang1ZHANG Lin1SUN Yanxin1

(1.InstituteofPlantNutritionandResource,BeijingAcademyofAgriculturalandForestrySciences,Beijing100097,China2.InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,ChineseAcademyofSciencesandMinistryofWaterResources,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China)

The carbon-based fertilizer, a new type of slow-release fertilizer made from compounding process of traditional fertilizer and biochar carrier, has been widely recognized in role of improving crop production and preventing non-point source pollution.Based on comprehensive analysis of author’s research experience and the literature summary in past few years, the research background and application significance of the fertilizer as well as its potential synergistic mechanisms were successively expounded.The mechanisms included: withholding and slow-releasing mineral nutrients; improving soil physical structure and chemical property, and regulating soil moisture, nutrient, vapor, and heat condition for root growth; improving microenvironment for soil microbial growth; and providing mineral nutrients and bio-stimulating substances for plants.Furthermore, the application values of the fertilizer were summarized from three aspects: improving crop’s yield and quality, enhancing the fertilizer use efficiency and help reducing fertilizer inputs, and preventing and controlling environmental pollution.Additionally, recent advances in the fertilizer’s research and development process were also summarized from four aspects: preparation process (changing feedstock of biochar carrier, and biochar-traditional fertilizer mixing method); forming process (determination of shape, screening of adhesives and extenders); formulation process (adjusting traditional fertilizer’s composition, and blending ratio of biochar, water and adhesives); and modification process (adding different proportions of kaolin, bentonite, coal humic acid and their binary or ternary complex).According to the existing problems and technical needs, it can be concluded that the main directions in this research field in the near future would be to enhance the research and development of new products and their applied basic research; strengthen the research into their agricultural soil and water effects, economics, environmental impacts, and comprehensive evaluation index system at large-scale application; and speed up application technology popularization.

carbon-based fertilizer; synergist; soil; crop; pollution control; carbon reduction

10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.10.001

S724

A

1000-1298(2017)10-0001-14

2017-07-04

2017-08-10

北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院青年基金項(xiàng)目(QNJJ201611)、國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2016YFD0201010、2017YFC0504504、2017YFD0800400)、北京市葉類蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(BAIC07-2016)、北京市糧經(jīng)作物產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(BAIC09-2016)和北京博云益達(dá)種植專業(yè)合作社科技能力提升項(xiàng)目(201654)

李艷梅(1983—)，女，助理研究員，博士，主要從事廢棄物資源化利用和新型肥料等研究，E-mail: liyanmei0101@163.com

孫焱鑫(1971—)，男，副研究員，博士，主要從事養(yǎng)分資源管理研究,E-mail: Sunyanxin@sohu.com