李進(jìn)才
詞匯同現(xiàn)指的是在語(yǔ)篇中圍繞某一特定話題的詞匯有共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。如一篇談?wù)摥h(huán)境保護(hù)的文章,以下單詞有可能共同出現(xiàn):environment, pollute, car, rubbish, smoke,measure, tree等。詞匯同現(xiàn)在同某一語(yǔ)篇中,構(gòu)成了以某一話題為中心的詞匯鏈,也有人稱之為“語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)”或“詞場(chǎng)”。
由此可知,詞匯同現(xiàn)與語(yǔ)篇范圍內(nèi)存在一種密不可分的聯(lián)系。在解答高考英語(yǔ)完形填空時(shí),我們可以充分利用這種關(guān)聯(lián)來(lái)提高解題能力。
但本文著重討論用場(chǎng)景同現(xiàn)、修飾同現(xiàn)和結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)來(lái)解答完形填空題。
一、場(chǎng)景同現(xiàn)
場(chǎng)景同現(xiàn)指圍繞某一話題場(chǎng)景具有共同出現(xiàn)傾向性的詞匯。語(yǔ)篇場(chǎng)景千變?nèi)f化,包羅萬(wàn)象,解題時(shí)一定要抓住語(yǔ)言場(chǎng)境,綜合考慮,排除干擾,才能得出正確答案。
[例1] In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids 41 “The Thinking Laboratory.”(2017年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)
41. A. built B. entered C. decorated D. ran
解析:根據(jù)這兩句話提供的場(chǎng)景(教學(xué)場(chǎng)景)可知,作者1973年正在教小學(xué),每天學(xué)生們都要走進(jìn)“思維實(shí)驗(yàn)室”,選項(xiàng)A和C與學(xué)生的身份不符合,選項(xiàng)D在與賓語(yǔ)的搭配上講不通,即使在其后加上into, 也不符合常識(shí),故選B項(xiàng)。
[例2]Years ago, a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever. I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast. While we were 36 , Kurt asked me, ...(2016年江蘇卷)
36. A. working B. preparing
C. thinking D. eating
解析:根據(jù)前文(I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.)提供的就餐場(chǎng)景可知,36空應(yīng)為:就餐或吃飯,故選D項(xiàng)。
[例3] The only hope was Balto, Kaasens lead dog, Balto put his nose to the ground, 52 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. (2016年北京卷)
52. A. pretending B. trying
C. asking D. learning
解析:根據(jù)本句提供的雪撬犬尋路的場(chǎng)景可知,Balto應(yīng)該是試圖嗅出其他狗的氣味,故選B項(xiàng)。
[例4] Just before September, Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm. I went to see him after he came back from 24 . (2016年全國(guó)III卷)
24. A. school B. vacation C. hospital D. training
解析:根據(jù)前后句提供的場(chǎng)景(隊(duì)友出車禍后看望)可知,我在他出院后去看望他,故選C項(xiàng)。
二、修飾同現(xiàn)
修飾同現(xiàn)指某些存在固定修飾關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)共同出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇當(dāng)中,如在短語(yǔ) a population of和a number of 中,修飾population和number,要用 large或small,而不能用 many或few。解題時(shí),可根據(jù)中心詞和修飾語(yǔ)之間這種常見(jiàn)的固定關(guān)系和具體語(yǔ)境來(lái)選擇正確的答案。
[例1] When I was 50, my weight problem began to affect me 19 . I didnt want to live the rest of my life with this extra weight any more. (2017年天津卷)
19. A. temporarily B. recently
C. seriously D. secretly
解析:affect通常和修飾語(yǔ)seriously, greatly和deeply連用,且根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)意(我的肥胖問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重地影響了我的健康),故選C項(xiàng)。
[例2]Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 , it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others. Itll go a long way with them. (2015年全國(guó)I卷)
59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory
解析:help sb in need是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的表達(dá),介詞短語(yǔ)in need作后置定語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)help sb中的賓語(yǔ),根據(jù)上下文和本句語(yǔ)意“走出去不僅僅幫助了在危難中的兄弟,也讓孩子們嘗到了幫助別人的甜頭”,故選C項(xiàng)。
[例3] 41 January 26, Billy and three other children had died. (2016年北京卷)endprint
41. A. From B. On C. By D. After
解析:從題干來(lái)看,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去完成時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的介詞只能用by, 因?yàn)樗膫€(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有“by+過(guò)去時(shí)間”才能修飾過(guò)去完成時(shí),故選C項(xiàng)。
三、結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)
結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)指固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)或成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)共同出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇中。解題時(shí),可根據(jù)固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)或短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的某一部分來(lái)推知其整體。
??嫉墓潭ň湫徒Y(jié)構(gòu):
(1)it is + 過(guò)去分詞+ that...
(2)it is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that...
(3)so/such...that... 如此……以致……
(4)hardly/scarcely...when... 一……就……
(5)was /were about to do ...when... 正要做某事,突然……
(6)was/were doing...when... 正在做某事,突然……
(7)It strikes/occurs to/hit sb. that... 某人突然想到……
(8)祈使句+and+陳述句 如果……,就會(huì)……
??嫉某蓪?duì)短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)有:
(1)some..., others...(still others)有些人……有些人……(還有一些人)
(2)on one hand..., on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面……
(3)the former..., the latter... 前者……后者……
(4)not only...but also... /not just...but... 不但……而且……
[例1]It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle. Experience is the best teacher.(2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)
37.A. confused B. struck C. reminded D. warned
解析:考查“It strikes/struck sb. that...”句型,故選B項(xiàng)。
[例2]The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasnt just to respect the French people 39 to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.(2013年浙江卷)
39. A. and B. but C. or D. so
解析:此題考查“not just...but...”結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)句意“不只是尊重法國(guó)人,而且要尊重所有的人”可知,應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。
[例3]Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes 52 youre much less likely to make them again. (2013年安徽卷)
52. A. if B. and C. but D. before
解析:本題考查“祈使句+and+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。意思為“如果你放松心態(tài),自嘲自己的錯(cuò)誤,你再次犯錯(cuò)的可能性就會(huì)大大降低”。故選B項(xiàng)。
值得一提的是,結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)和修飾同現(xiàn)往往是一些相對(duì)固定的表達(dá)形式,在考試中僅是偶爾出現(xiàn)。盡管如此,也不可忽略。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青endprint