白云磊, 黨潤(rùn)芳
(榆林市第一醫(yī)院 a.消化內(nèi)科; b. 內(nèi)分泌科, 陜西 榆林 718000)
2型糖尿病并發(fā)高甘油三酯血癥患者發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的影響因素分析
白云磊a, 黨潤(rùn)芳b
(榆林市第一醫(yī)院 a.消化內(nèi)科; b. 內(nèi)分泌科, 陜西 榆林 718000)
目的探討2型糖尿病患者并發(fā)高甘油三酯血癥與急性胰腺炎發(fā)生的關(guān)系,以指導(dǎo)糖尿病患者急性胰腺炎的預(yù)防和治療。方法選取2013年1月-2016年12月榆林市第一醫(yī)院收治的2型糖尿病并發(fā)急性胰腺炎患者46例為試驗(yàn)組,另選取本院同期收治的單純2型糖尿病患者52例為對(duì)照組。記錄患者的年齡、性別、糖尿病病程、身高、體質(zhì)量、腹圍、吸煙、飲酒、膽結(jié)石、高血壓、血糖、血脂情況[TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C]。檢測(cè)患者糖尿病相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。計(jì)數(shù)資料2組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料2組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);采用logistic回歸進(jìn)行多因素分析。結(jié)果2組患者在年齡、性別構(gòu)成、身高、體質(zhì)量、腹圍、吸煙飲酒習(xí)慣、高血壓、膽結(jié)石、糖尿病病程等方面的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05);試驗(yàn)組患者的TC、TG、LDL-C水平均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為5.122、4.127、3.524,P值分別為<0.01、<0.01、0.012),對(duì)照組患者的HDL-C水平顯著高于試驗(yàn)組,差異統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.231,P=0.037);試驗(yàn)組患者的糖尿病微血管病變(糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變、糖尿病慢性腎病)發(fā)病率顯著高于對(duì)照組(χ2=92.126,P<0.01);多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,高TG水平的2型糖尿病患者發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較TG水平正常的患者增加了47.6%(比值比=1.476,P=0.031),高LDL-C的2型糖尿病患者發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較LDL-C水平正常的患者增加了48.7%(比值比=1.487,P=0.045)。結(jié)論應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)2型糖尿病患者的血脂檢測(cè),針對(duì)伴高甘油三酯血癥的2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)積極控制血糖、血脂水平,以降低急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生率。
糖尿病, 2型; 高甘油三酯血癥; 胰腺炎; 危險(xiǎn)因素
近年來(lái)急性胰腺炎的發(fā)病率逐漸增加,是臨床上常見(jiàn)的急危重癥,其發(fā)病兇險(xiǎn),嚴(yán)重時(shí)常合并多器官功能衰竭,病情進(jìn)展迅速、病死率高[1-2]。急性胰腺炎常見(jiàn)的類型有膽源型、酒精型和高脂血癥型等,其原因與膽道疾病、酒精和高脂飲食等密切相關(guān)[3]。我國(guó)主要以膽石癥和膽道感染所導(dǎo)致的急性胰腺炎居多,但近年來(lái)高脂血癥性急性胰腺炎的發(fā)病率正逐漸上升[4]。有研究[5]顯示,高脂血癥占我國(guó)急性胰腺炎病因的12.6%,病死率高達(dá)11.9%。高脂血癥性急性胰腺炎目前已成為熱門研究,但是關(guān)于糖尿病患者高甘油三酯血癥與急性胰腺炎發(fā)生相關(guān)性的研究報(bào)道較少。本研究旨在探討糖尿病患者高甘油三酯血癥與急性胰腺炎發(fā)生的關(guān)系,以指導(dǎo)糖尿病患者急性胰腺炎的預(yù)防和治療。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2013年1月-2016年12月本院收治的2型糖尿病并發(fā)急性胰腺炎患者46例為試驗(yàn)組,選取本院同期收治的單純2型糖尿病患者52例為對(duì)照組。本研究得到醫(yī)院倫理委員的批準(zhǔn),所有患者及其家屬同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 試驗(yàn)組患者符合急性胰腺炎和2型糖尿病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);對(duì)照組患者符合2型糖尿病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。急性胰腺炎的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考2013年《中國(guó)急性胰腺炎診治指南》[6]:滿足以下3項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的2項(xiàng)即可診斷為急性胰腺炎:(1)與急性胰腺炎符合的急性、持續(xù)性上腹痛;(2)血淀粉酶或(和)脂肪酶≥3倍正常值上限;(3)腹部CT或MRI、腹部超聲等影像學(xué)檢查顯示特征性急性胰腺炎形態(tài)學(xué)改變。糖尿病患者診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)2007年版診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],滿足以下2項(xiàng)中的1項(xiàng)即可診斷為糖尿?。?1)檢測(cè)空腹血糖(靜脈血)≥7.0 mmol/L,或(和)伴有餐后2 h血糖(靜脈血)≥11.l mmol/U;(2)現(xiàn)有糖尿病史,住院期間應(yīng)用降糖藥物治療使血糖正常者。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Ⅰ型糖尿病患者;妊娠期間發(fā)生胰腺炎患者;慢性胰腺炎患者;惡性腫瘤患者。
1.3 檢測(cè)指標(biāo) 檢測(cè)患者糖尿病相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。記錄患者的年齡、性別、糖尿病病程、身高、體質(zhì)量、腹圍、吸煙、飲酒、膽結(jié)石、高血壓、血脂情況(TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C)。檢查患者與糖尿病相關(guān)的慢性并發(fā)癥,如糖尿病微血管病變(糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變、慢性腎病),糖尿病大血管病變(中風(fēng)、缺血性心臟病、糖尿病性動(dòng)脈病)和糖尿病神經(jīng)病變。監(jiān)測(cè)患者糖化血紅蛋白、空腹血糖和餐后血糖。
2.1 一般情況 2組患者在年齡、性別構(gòu)成、身高、體質(zhì)量、腹圍、吸煙飲酒習(xí)慣、高血壓、膽結(jié)石、糖尿病病程方面的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05),具有可比性(表1)。
表1 2組患者一般情況比較
2.2 血脂水平 試驗(yàn)組患者的TG、TC、LDL-C水平均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為5.122、4.127、3.524,P值均<0.05),對(duì)照組患者的HDL-C水平顯著高于試驗(yàn)組,差異統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.231,P=0.037)(表2)。
表2 2組患者血脂水平比較
2.3 糖尿病并發(fā)癥比較 試驗(yàn)組患者中,糖尿病微血管病變(糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變、糖尿病慢性腎病)發(fā)病率顯著高于對(duì)照組(χ2=92.126,P<0.01)。2組在糖尿病神經(jīng)病變和糖尿病大血管病變(中風(fēng)、缺血性心臟病、糖尿病性動(dòng)脈病)方面的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05)(表3)。
2.4 影響2型糖尿病患者急性胰腺炎發(fā)生的多因素分析 將單因素有意義(P<0.05)的自變量TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和糖尿病微血管病變(否=0,是=1)引入以是否發(fā)生急性胰腺炎為因變量(否=0,是=1)的logistic回歸進(jìn)行多因素分析。 結(jié)果顯示高TG水平的2型糖尿病患者發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較TG正常水平的患者增加了47.6%(比值比=1.476,P=0.031),高LDL-C水平的2型糖尿病患者發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較LDL-C水平正常的患者增加48.7%(比值比=1.487,P=0.045)(表4)。
高脂血癥、糖尿病與急性膜腺炎的發(fā)生關(guān)系復(fù)雜,有研究[8-11]報(bào)道高脂血癥同時(shí)并發(fā)急性族腺炎患者中2/3患有糖尿病史;Sawires等[10]基于大樣本的臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者導(dǎo)致胰腺炎發(fā)生的概率明顯增加,與一般人群相比可升高2倍及以上,尤其是患有糖尿病的年輕患者和2型糖尿病患者,因此認(rèn)為糖尿病也是急性胰腺炎的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。本研究顯示試驗(yàn)組患者TC、TG、LDL-C水平均顯著高于對(duì)照組,表明糖尿病患者易發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的原因可能是由于機(jī)體代謝紊亂,尤其是脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂。此外,研究表明糖尿病并發(fā)酮癥酸中毒時(shí),血脂水平升高更加明顯,發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。如果糖尿病患者的血糖長(zhǎng)期控制不佳,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體長(zhǎng)期置于炎性狀態(tài),加之機(jī)體免疫力下降,更易并發(fā)感染,尤其是膽道系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)源性感染,膽道結(jié)石的形成和膽道感染使患者發(fā)生膽源性胰腺炎的幾率明顯增加[12-13]。多因素分析的結(jié)果顯示,HDL-C可增加2型糖尿病患者急性胰腺炎發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是目前高脂血癥導(dǎo)致的急性胰腺炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,大多認(rèn)為與血漿中大量TG聚集、游離脂肪酸大量釋放、脂蛋白脂肪酶缺乏以及多種炎癥介質(zhì)的參與有關(guān)[14-15]。有研究[16]認(rèn)為血液中大量脂質(zhì)及乳糜微粒增加血液黏稠度并損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)血栓形成,一旦胰腺微血管被栓塞,導(dǎo)致胰腺微循環(huán)障礙,便可引起急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生。另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為胰腺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)TG被脂肪酶水解,產(chǎn)生大量的游離脂肪酸,引起胰腺內(nèi)毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮損傷以及管腔栓塞, 并加速胰蛋白酶原的激活,產(chǎn)生多種消化酶,導(dǎo)致急性胰腺炎。Zhang等[17]通過(guò)TG和游離脂肪酸動(dòng)物胰腺灌注模型提示,二者均可使胰腺產(chǎn)生水腫和出血等病理表現(xiàn),但是對(duì)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行游離脂肪酸胰腺灌注能夠使胰腺更早的出現(xiàn)壞死,損傷更加顯著,表明高脂血癥導(dǎo)致的急性胰腺炎以游離脂肪酸對(duì)胰腺的損傷為主。
表4 影響2型糖尿病患者急性胰腺炎發(fā)生的多因素分析
最新研究表明[18]游離脂肪酸通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)對(duì)細(xì)胞膜產(chǎn)生毒性,同時(shí)其促進(jìn)炎性反應(yīng),使胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞和脈管結(jié)構(gòu)受到損傷,隨之釋放的各種炎性遞質(zhì)和自由基可進(jìn)一步加重胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng)、水腫和壞死。Zhang等[17]通過(guò)構(gòu)建動(dòng)物模型證實(shí)游離脂肪酸能夠通過(guò)升高胰腺細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度,使腺泡分泌受阻,導(dǎo)致胰酶引起胰腺腺泡的自身消化。此外,游離脂肪酸通過(guò)使細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白激酶C的活化,誘導(dǎo)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的凋亡[19-21]。
本研究單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者糖尿病微血管病變顯著高于對(duì)照組患者,提示糖尿病微血管病變可能與高脂血癥或者急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生有關(guān),而糖尿病大血管病變、神經(jīng)病變?cè)谔悄虿〔l(fā)急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生中關(guān)系不密切。雖然有研究[15]認(rèn)為微循環(huán)障礙可能是急性胰腺炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,但是本研究多因素分析結(jié)果表明糖尿病微血管病變并未增加2型糖尿病患者急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,并發(fā)高甘油三酯血癥的2型糖尿病患者,其急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)2型糖尿病患者血脂的檢測(cè),以及對(duì)伴有高甘油三酯血癥的2型糖尿病患者,積極控制血糖和血脂,降低急性胰腺炎的發(fā)生。
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Influencingfactorsforacutepancreatitisinpatientswithtype2diabetescomplicatedbyhypertriglyceridemia
BAIYunlei,DANGRunfang.
(DepartmentofGastroenterology,TheFirstHospitalofYulin,Yulin,Shaanxi718000,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the association between hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes, in order to guide the prevention and treatment of acute pancreatitis in patients with diabetes.MethodsA total of 46 patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by acute pancreatitis who were admitted to The First Hospital of Yulin from January 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled as study group, and 52 patients with type 2 diabetes alone who were admitted to our hospital within the same period of time were enrolled as control group. Related data were recorded, including age, sex, course of diabetes, body height and weight, abdominal circumference, smoking, drinking, gallstones, hypertension, blood glucose, and blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)]. The incidence rates of complications associated with diabetes were analyzed. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data (general status, blood lipids, and diabetic complications) between two groups; and thet-test was used for comparison of such data between two groups. A logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex composition, body height and weight, abdominal circumference, smoking and drinking habits, hypertension, gallstones, and course of diabetes (allP>0.05). The study group had significantly higher levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C than the control group (t=5.122, 4.127, and 3.524,P<0.01, <0.01, and =0.012), while the control group had a significantly higher level of HDL-C than the study group (t=2.231,P=0.037). The study group had a significantly higher incidence rate of diabetic microangiopathy (diabetic retinopathy and chronic diabetic nephropathy) than the control group (χ2=92.126,P<0.01). The multivariate analysis showed that compared with those with a normal TG level, the type 2 diabetic patients with a high TG level had a risk of acute pancreatitis increased by 47.6% (odds ratio [OR]=1.476,P=0.031), and the type 2 diabetic patients with a high LDL-C level had a risk of acute pancreatitis increased by 48.7% (OR=1.487,P=0.045).ConclusionBlood lipids should be measured for patients with type 2 diabetes, and blood glucose and blood lipid levels should be actively controlled for patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by hypertriglyceridemia, in order to reduce the incidence rate of acute pancreatitis.
diabetes mellitus, type 2; hypertriglyceridemia; pancreatitis; risk factors
R587.1; R576
A
1001-5256(2017)12-2350-05
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.12.019
2017-05-18;修回日期:2017-07-03。 作者簡(jiǎn)介:白云磊(1977- ),男,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事消化內(nèi)科相關(guān)的研究。
引證本文:BAI YL, DANG RF. Influencing factors for acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by hypertriglyceridemia[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(12): 2350-2354. (in Chinese)
白云磊, 黨潤(rùn)芳. 2型糖尿病并發(fā)高甘油三酯血癥患者發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的影響因素分析[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(12): 2350-2354.
(本文編輯:邢翔宇)