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      治療心房纖顫的兩類導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)研究進(jìn)展

      2018-01-08 09:57:28何愿強(qiáng)趙璐露杜映榮
      醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2018年21期

      何愿強(qiáng) 趙璐露 杜映榮 趙 玲

      摘? ?要:心房纖顫在臨床心律失常上很常見(jiàn),有較高的致死率及致殘率,其引發(fā)的一系列癥狀及其并發(fā)癥嚴(yán)重影響人們的生活質(zhì)量及壽命。射頻導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)是最常用的肺靜脈隔離治療方法,而最新出現(xiàn)的冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)有取而代之的優(yōu)勢(shì)。本文著重于論述這兩種最常用導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)的最新研究進(jìn)展,兩種能源治療房顫的損傷機(jī)制,二者之間的臨床安全性和有效性對(duì)比,以及最新出現(xiàn)的聯(lián)合消融治療方法。

      關(guān)鍵詞:心房纖顫;導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù);冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)

      中圖分類號(hào):R541.75? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.21.011

      文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)21-0037-04

      Progress in Two Types of Catheter Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

      HE Yuan-qiang1,2,ZHAO Lu-lu2,DU Ying-rong1,ZHAO Ling2

      (1.Department of Cardiology,Kunming Third People's Hospital,Kunming 650041,Yunnan,China;

      2.Department of Cardiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032,Yunnan,China)

      Abstract:Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia, with a high mortality rate and disability rate. The series of symptoms and complications caused by it seriously affect people's quality of life and longevity. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is the most commonly used treatment for pulmonary vein isolation, and the latest emerging balloon catheter ablation has the advantage. This article focuses on the latest advances in the two most commonly used treatments, their mechanisms of treatment for atrial fibrillation, the clinical safety and efficacy of the two, and the latest emerging ablation treatments.

      Key words:Atrial fibrillation;Catheter radiofrequency ablation;Cryo-balloon catheter ablation

      房顫(atrial fibrillation,AF)是臨床最常見(jiàn)的心律失常,預(yù)計(jì)在2050年達(dá)到1600萬(wàn)患者[1]。肺靜脈顫動(dòng)樣電位被認(rèn)為是房顫發(fā)作的主要起因[2], 是多種機(jī)制共同作用的結(jié)果。異位局灶快速?zèng)_動(dòng)發(fā)放引起單個(gè)或多個(gè)成對(duì)、成串的房性早搏,可能是房顫最常見(jiàn)的促發(fā)因素[3]。隨著心臟電生理檢查技術(shù)的成熟及廣泛應(yīng)用,導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)已被證實(shí)是房顫的一種有效的治療措施[4]。導(dǎo)管消融之所以能有效治療房顫是因?yàn)橹委煷胧┦巩惓;|(zhì)發(fā)生了改變[5],影響了房顫發(fā)生機(jī)制的作用。近年來(lái),隨著新能源的應(yīng)用,使得運(yùn)用能量消融來(lái)替代傳統(tǒng)的微創(chuàng)治療房顫成為可能。目前,射頻、冷凍、微波、高能聚焦超聲和激光等能源已經(jīng)用于房顫的治療[6],并取得了良好的效果。射頻(radiofrequency catheter ablation,RCA)和冷凍消融(cryoballoon catheter ablation,CCA)這兩種方法哪種更優(yōu),尚待進(jìn)一步研究。為比較上述兩種方法在臨床治療陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)中的效果及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,本文對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外的有關(guān)RCA及CCA治療陣發(fā)性房顫的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了綜述,以期為患者以及臨床醫(yī)生選擇及合理的治療提供依據(jù)。

      1 射頻導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)

      1994年,Haissaguerre和他的同事第一次將RCA用于房顫治療[7]。此后,導(dǎo)管消融治療以驚人的速度發(fā)展,逐漸成為心律失常這一領(lǐng)域的治療熱點(diǎn)。RCA消融術(shù)高溫產(chǎn)生局部組織細(xì)胞興奮性消失,其損傷大小,損傷產(chǎn)生的組織非電傳導(dǎo)性的程度[8]。然而,RCA也有它的局限性[9],當(dāng)射頻能量產(chǎn)生高溫可以使組織界面干燥炭化形成焦痂,從而控制射頻能量不能更深入組織, 造成RCA在技術(shù)上的不便和透壁消融效果的差異。

      隨著不斷發(fā)展,在射頻消融時(shí)通過(guò)導(dǎo)管腔和消融導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行鹽水灌注[3]。其在高功率時(shí)仍可使電極組織界面保持較低的溫度,可以防止阻抗升高并使較深組織產(chǎn)生比電極組織界面更高的溫度。瑞士巴塞爾醫(yī)院的研究小組使用鹽水灌注多電極的RCA對(duì)49例患者進(jìn)行消融[10]。其發(fā)現(xiàn)使用鹽水灌注的RCA只需11.8 min, 而沒(méi)有鹽水灌注需要33.6 min。但是透視時(shí)間從5.2 min延長(zhǎng)到12.2 min。

      最近研究表明[11],壓力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管沒(méi)有在安全和效率上有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[12],但在縮短RCA的手術(shù)時(shí)間和透視時(shí)間上取得了巨大的進(jìn)步[13]。Ullah W等[12]比較了壓力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管的效果發(fā)現(xiàn),壓力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管治療后的急性肺靜脈隔離復(fù)發(fā)率只有22%,而壓力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管治療的復(fù)發(fā)率是32% (P=0.03)。但是治療一年后的效果沒(méi)有明顯區(qū)別(49% vs 52%)。Lee G等[14]對(duì)1515例患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)選擇使用壓力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管輔助消融,結(jié)果顯示,壓力感應(yīng)導(dǎo)管可以使X射線透視減少77%, 用量減少71%,手術(shù)時(shí)間減少19%,但沒(méi)有明顯提高RCA的安全性。SMART-AF和TOCCASTAR在近期的臨床研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),壓力感應(yīng)的最優(yōu)化對(duì)房顫的治愈率起著重要作用[15]。

      2 冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管隔離術(shù)

      2006年,第一代用于治療房顫的冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管(first generation cryballoon,CB1)正式用于臨床,這代表著人們不斷探究和認(rèn)識(shí),采用多種能源來(lái)應(yīng)用于房顫的治療。冷凍球囊用于消融心房顫動(dòng)時(shí),由于其可以形成均勻連續(xù)的瘢痕且最大程度地保留了組織細(xì)胞的完整性而具有相對(duì)操作簡(jiǎn)便,并發(fā)癥少,患者耐受性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),它已被列為僅次于導(dǎo)管射頻對(duì)陣發(fā)性房顫治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法[16,17]。

      第二代冷凍球囊(second generation cryballoon,CB2)的外形及最低溫度與CB1相同(見(jiàn)圖1),但冷凍劑噴射頭增加到8個(gè),把有效冷凍面從球囊赤道擴(kuò)展到整個(gè)前半球,并把球囊導(dǎo)管桿部增加了標(biāo)識(shí)。這樣的冷凍球囊能更均勻的制冷,加強(qiáng)了球囊與組織的接觸效果,更加容易操作[18]。意大利的心律異動(dòng)研究中心詳細(xì)比較了CB1和CB2的治療效果[19],CB2除了在手術(shù)時(shí)間(102±24.8)min vs (153.1±32 min)和透視時(shí)間(14.2±13.5)min vs(36.3±16.8)min上有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)外,在長(zhǎng)期手術(shù)成功率也具有較強(qiáng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)(86.7% vs 68.3%,P=0.017)。

      第三代冷凍球囊(third generation cryballoon,CB3)的球囊遠(yuǎn)端長(zhǎng)度從13 mm縮短到8 mm(見(jiàn)圖1)。短的導(dǎo)管桿部可以使環(huán)狀電極導(dǎo)管在球囊中央腔內(nèi)后退的范圍擴(kuò)大,理論上可以提高肺靜脈隔離時(shí)間的監(jiān)測(cè)率。Sciarra L等人比較了CB2和CB3在治療房顫的臨床效果[20]。CB3只需(91.4±21.7)min, 而CB2需要(110.9±31.8)min,P=0.018,同時(shí)它冷卻時(shí)間只要(20.3±6.7)min,而二代需要(24.2±8.5)min, CB3較CB2明顯減少左心房的適應(yīng)時(shí)間(59.3±9.8)min vs(69.3±10.8)min,P=0.02。其臨床結(jié)果表明CB3能夠極大的簡(jiǎn)化消融,它的臨床安全性和療效至少不低于CB2,冷凍球囊治療過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的一些并發(fā)癥,可以通過(guò)個(gè)體化治療、加強(qiáng)檢查來(lái)避免[21]。

      3 兩種消融術(shù)對(duì)比

      從理論上講,CCA比RCA更容易造成完整的環(huán)形損傷,從而達(dá)到良好的阻斷效果,但臨床研究結(jié)果表明[8,18,22],CCA的手術(shù)時(shí)間和透視時(shí)間有較好的優(yōu)越性,而兩者的復(fù)發(fā)率和并發(fā)癥并沒(méi)有較大的差別。美國(guó)西北大學(xué)心臟病科分別從臨床統(tǒng)計(jì)(201位病例)[23]和大規(guī)模的文獻(xiàn)分析(22項(xiàng)研究8668位病例)[24]來(lái)比較兩種消融術(shù)的手術(shù)時(shí)間,安全性和療效性。在術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi),CCA成功率達(dá)到99.3%, RCA達(dá)到97.4%, 兩種導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)沒(méi)有明顯區(qū)別(P>0.05),但是在手術(shù)時(shí)間和透視時(shí)間上,CCA要明顯優(yōu)越于RCA。

      國(guó)內(nèi)Meta分析[25]顯示,CCA增加了術(shù)后膈神經(jīng)麻痹發(fā)生率,但手術(shù)時(shí)間、透視時(shí)間、12個(gè)月的隨訪成功率及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,如房性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心房撲動(dòng)、房室折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速發(fā)生率和RCA均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與最近的一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模(762例)研究結(jié)果一致[26]。兩種消融術(shù)在以1年半為治療參考時(shí)間內(nèi),成功率(RCA成功率36%,CCA成功率35%,非劣性P<0.001)和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(13%和10%,P=0.24)比較沒(méi)有明顯差別,但是CCA平均手術(shù)時(shí)間要短于RCA(124 min vs 141 min), 透視時(shí)間也短于射頻術(shù)(17 min vs 22 min)。

      以上的CCA成功率統(tǒng)計(jì)沒(méi)有把第一代和第二代區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。Jiang等對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析比較了第二代CCA和RCA[27]。在對(duì)2336例研究文獻(xiàn)分析中,第二代CCA的成功率是79.2%, 明顯優(yōu)于RCA的70.2% (P=0.01)。并且CCA明顯減少了房性心動(dòng)過(guò)速發(fā)生率(22%)。但是,從長(zhǎng)期療效,透視時(shí)間和相關(guān)并發(fā)癥上,兩種導(dǎo)管消融比較并無(wú)明顯的區(qū)別。

      4 聯(lián)合消融方法

      肺靜脈隔離是其導(dǎo)管消融的基石,但無(wú)論是RCA還是CCA治療的復(fù)發(fā)率不容樂(lè)觀,研究顯示復(fù)發(fā)的原因是肺靜脈傳導(dǎo)恢復(fù)。為了減少房顫導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),聯(lián)合使用射頻及冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融頗受關(guān)注[28-32]。在單純的RCA中,組織損傷和水腫可以暫時(shí)阻斷傳導(dǎo),但可能不形成永久性瘢痕而發(fā)生傳導(dǎo)恢復(fù),從而導(dǎo)致房顫的復(fù)發(fā)。先進(jìn)行射頻導(dǎo)管寬帶環(huán)形消融隔離靜脈,再用CCA進(jìn)行肺靜脈口消融而形成兩條平行的環(huán)形消融線,這樣的“雙重保險(xiǎn)”可以提高手術(shù)的成功率。王淑萍等發(fā)現(xiàn)[30],在CCA效果不佳的情況下,繼續(xù)加做RCA鞏固消融,有可能更有效地隔離肺靜脈,從而提高房顫的治愈率。并且這種串聯(lián)消融方法是安全有效的,1年隨訪成功率達(dá)到82%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為4.3%。

      Tayebjee MH等[31]把兩種導(dǎo)管消融方法串聯(lián)起來(lái)對(duì)25例患者進(jìn)行治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)冷凍后立即使用射頻消融的方法能使80%的患者免于復(fù)發(fā),而單用RCA僅有52%(P<0.05)的患者免于復(fù)發(fā),單用CCA有56%(P<0.05)。Schilling研究組[29]對(duì)237例患者隨機(jī)進(jìn)行單一射頻導(dǎo)管消融,單一冷凍球囊消融,和聯(lián)合消融治療。以3個(gè)月, 6個(gè)月和1年的檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),CCA比傳統(tǒng)的點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)RCA治療有優(yōu)勢(shì), 而聯(lián)合消融方法并無(wú)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。

      5 展望

      在過(guò)去20年里,房顫消融技術(shù)取得了巨大的進(jìn)步,歸功于所有相關(guān)多領(lǐng)域技術(shù)的綜合運(yùn)用, 比如房顫的本質(zhì)機(jī)理研究,與房顫相關(guān)的信號(hào)處理,詳細(xì)的神經(jīng)叢解剖學(xué)定位圖,精確的消融點(diǎn)和觀察點(diǎn)定位和電生理研究。鹽水灌注和壓力感應(yīng)使RCA技術(shù)有了較大的提高,下一步是用計(jì)算機(jī)精確控制消融和焦痂的形成。CB3取得令人矚目的進(jìn)步, 向高成功率,減少并發(fā)癥和降低X-ray的曝光量是其發(fā)展目標(biāo)。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1]Miyasaka Y,Barnes ME,Gersh BJ,et al.Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County,Minnesota,1980 to 2000,and implications on the projections for future prevalence[J].Circulation,2006,114(2):119-125.

      [2]MelbyDP.Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation:A Review of the Current Status and Future Directions[J].The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm,2017,8(11):2907-2917.

      [3]LatchamsettyRF.Morady,Atrial fibrillation ablation[J].Annual review of medicine,2018(69):53-63.

      [4]Liu XH,Chen CF,Gao XF,et al.Safety and Efficacy of Different Catheter Ablations for Atrial Fibrillation:A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis[J].Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology,2016,39(8):883-899.

      [5]林靜,尹曉盟.心房顫動(dòng)基質(zhì)的研究進(jìn)展[J].心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展,2018,39(4):35-39.

      [6]Li Z,Luo Y,Liu Z,et al.Correlation in genetic variation of cardiomyocytes RyR2/L-type calcium channels and ventricular arrhythmiassudden cardiac death[J].Guangzhou Medical Journal,2015,45(4):6-9.

      [7]Fischer B,Haissaguerre M,Garrigues S,et al.Radiofrequency catheter ablation of common atrial flutter in 80 patients[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology,1995,25(6):1365-1372.

      [8]ChengX,Hu Q,Zhou C,et al.The long-term efficacy of cryoballoon vs irrigated radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation:a meta-analysis[J].International Journal of Cardiology,2015(181):297-302.

      [9]TeunissenC,Clappers N,Hassink RJ,et al.A decade of atrial fibrillation ablation[J].Netherlands Heart Journal,2017,25(10):559-566.

      [10]Pavlovic N,Sticherling C,Knecht S,et al.One-year follow-up after irrigated multi-electrode radiofrequency ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Europace,2015,18(1):85-91.

      [11]HusseinAA,Barakat AF,SalibaWI,et al.Persistent atrial fibrillation ablation with or without contact force sensing[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology,2017,28(5):483-488.

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