陳瑋琪,馬琳,荊京,王伊龍,王擁軍
人口老齡化使得發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家的預(yù)計卒中負(fù)擔(dān)增加,進(jìn)而帶來愈加沉重的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)和社會負(fù)擔(dān),因此需要制定更為有效的卒中預(yù)防控制措施[1]。卒中作為全球第二大死亡原因,其中70%左右的患者為缺血性腦血管病事件。缺血性腦血管病事件的分類目前存在多種分類方法,如根據(jù)病因的分類、癥狀的分類和發(fā)病特點的分類等。其中,按照發(fā)病后的嚴(yán)重程度和臨床后果分為致殘性(遺留殘疾)和非致殘性(不遺留殘疾)兩大類型。雖然以往我們更關(guān)注致殘性缺血性腦血管事件(disabling ischemic cerebrovascular events,DICE),即美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表評分(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)≥5分的缺血性卒中,也有一系列針對于此類事件的治療手段如急性期的靜脈溶栓治療和動脈橋接治療[2-7]等,這些手段很大程度上降低了卒中的致殘致死性,但是由于神經(jīng)元的不可再生性,大部分患者的恢復(fù)程度有限,致殘率仍然較高,社會、家庭的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)非常沉重,醫(yī)療干預(yù)能夠改善的部分是很有限的。
短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)和輕型卒中在多個方面都有相似之處。首先從病理生理角度上來看,TIA和輕型卒中是一個連續(xù)動態(tài)演變的過程,因此早期區(qū)分兩者意義并不大。其次在臨床工作中,TIA與輕型卒中的臨床表現(xiàn)及臨床預(yù)后相似,如果沒有影像學(xué)檢查的幫助,通常難以在發(fā)病時間很短的情況下進(jìn)行區(qū)分,因此急診難于區(qū)分TIA和輕型卒中(無論時間概念或組織學(xué)概念),所以設(shè)定非致殘性缺血性腦血管事件(non-disabling ischemic cerebrovascular events,NICE)概念更有利于急診處理。另外,TIA與輕型卒中有相似的流行病學(xué)特征,2004年牛津郡研究顯示TIA后7 d、1個月和3個月時發(fā)生卒中的風(fēng)險分別是8.0%、11.5%和17.3%,而這3個時間點輕型卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險分別是11.5%、15.0%和18.5%,與TIA類似[8]。由此可知TIA和輕型卒中的早期卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險都很高。雖然TIA與輕型卒中患者人群卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高[8-9],但強(qiáng)化干預(yù)后出血風(fēng)險相對低,因此相較于DICE人群,NICE人群更適宜進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化藥物治療,一系列將NICE人群作為治療對象開展的臨床研究(特別是抗栓治療)應(yīng)運而生[10-13]。并且隨著循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的不斷增加,國際指南已經(jīng)開始對NICE人群統(tǒng)一給予診療推薦[14-15]。同時,近幾年腦血管病診療強(qiáng)調(diào)個體化及精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療,因此NICE概念的提出有利于對非致殘性腦血管病患者進(jìn)行早期分層,進(jìn)而給予個體化治療。
NICE是指不遺留神經(jīng)功能殘疾的缺血性腦血管病,包括以下3類人群:TIA、輕型缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤5分或者3分)、迅速緩解且未遺留殘疾的卒中。其臨床特點上常表現(xiàn)為發(fā)病時癥狀輕微或能夠迅速完全緩解,疾病發(fā)作后不遺留或僅僅遺留輕度的神經(jīng)功能缺損,不影響日常生活及工作能力。
2.1 短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作的定義 TIA的傳統(tǒng)定義是指局部腦或視網(wǎng)膜缺血引起的短暫性神經(jīng)功能缺損,不遺留神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀和體征,影像學(xué)檢查無責(zé)任病灶。典型癥狀多在1 h內(nèi)恢復(fù),不超過24 h[16]。
2009年,美國卒中學(xué)會(American Stroke Association,ASA)更新了TIA的定義:腦、脊髓或視網(wǎng)膜局灶性缺血所致的、不伴急性梗死的短暫性神經(jīng)功能障礙。有無梗死病灶是鑒別診斷TIA和腦梗死的唯一依據(jù),而不需考慮癥狀持續(xù)時間,新的定義淡化了“時間—癥狀”的概念,強(qiáng)調(diào)了組織學(xué)損害[17]。NICE中TIA的定義推薦使用更新后的TIA新定義。
2.2 輕型卒中的定義 目前對于輕型卒中的診斷主要依靠于NIHSS評價的方法,該卒中量表對于急性期輕型卒中的評價更為精確。因此輕型卒中可定義為:①NIHSS≤3分;②NIHSS≤5分;③改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)評分≤3分中的任意一種[18-19]。
2.3 癥狀迅速緩解且未遺留殘疾的卒中 癥狀迅速緩解且未遺留殘疾的卒中是指發(fā)病時癥狀重,但就診時癥狀緩解為TIA或輕型卒中的情況。
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