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      生殖支原體耐藥位點(diǎn)與治療研究進(jìn)展

      2018-01-16 19:48:32蘇曉紅
      中國麻風(fēng)皮膚病雜志 2018年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:西沙喹諾酮阿奇

      李 洋 蘇曉紅

      生殖支原體(Mycoplasmagenitalium,Mg)的基因組大小約為0.58 Mb,GC含量為31.7%,截至2017年2月,其有功能注釋的基因?yàn)?57個(gè),共編碼507種蛋白質(zhì)[1]。Mg是能夠維持自我生存的最小微生物?;谘C醫(yī)學(xué)的證據(jù),Mg與非淋菌性尿道炎、宮頸炎、盆腔炎、早產(chǎn)、自發(fā)性流產(chǎn)及直腸炎相關(guān),此外尚能加速艾滋病病毒的傳播。但無足夠證據(jù)表明與男性不育癥及生殖道腫瘤存在關(guān)聯(lián)性[2-8]。Mg的診斷手段包括:培養(yǎng)法、免疫學(xué)檢測及分子檢測法。培養(yǎng)法包括SP4培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)[9]、Vero細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)[10],前者培養(yǎng)時(shí)間長達(dá)1~5個(gè)月,后者也需3周左右,且陽性率均低,可用于開展相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,但無臨床實(shí)用價(jià)值。免疫學(xué)檢測手段主要是基于脂結(jié)合膜蛋白的酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)檢測法(LAMP-ELISA)[11],其特異性較高,但結(jié)果判定受干擾因素多,限制了其應(yīng)用。值得臨床推廣的檢測手段包括DNA及RNA檢測技術(shù),其中RNA檢測有較高的推廣前景,其具有取樣便捷、靈敏度高、特異性好的特點(diǎn),因檢測的是在活的病原體中表達(dá)的RNA,從而避免了檢測已經(jīng)死亡病原體DNA會出現(xiàn)干擾療效判定的缺陷,值得臨床推廣[12]。Mg的感染率因調(diào)查的目標(biāo)人群不同而差異較大,在非淋菌性尿道炎患者中比例約為6%~50%[13],普通人群中感染率低于5%[14]。

      1 生殖支原體耐藥機(jī)制及耐藥基因位點(diǎn)的探討

      因Mg無細(xì)胞壁,β-內(nèi)酰胺類、萬古霉素等對其無效。主要的治療藥物包括四環(huán)素類、大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類及喹諾酮類藥物。(1)一般認(rèn)為支原體屬對四環(huán)素類藥物耐藥與tetM基因有關(guān),tetM基因編碼一種核糖體保護(hù)蛋白,屬tet基因家族,家族其他成員亦可編碼同類蛋白,從而干擾四環(huán)素類藥物與核糖體的結(jié)合。Mg的四環(huán)素類耐藥確切機(jī)制研究匱乏,尚不能明確是否由tetM基因介導(dǎo)。(2)Mg大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類耐藥機(jī)制相對明確,大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物可與病原體23S rRNA相關(guān)區(qū)域結(jié)合,干擾病原體的蛋白質(zhì)合成,其中阿奇霉素15元環(huán)的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)在2058、2059(大腸埃希菌編碼)。上述位點(diǎn)的突變可以導(dǎo)致Mg出現(xiàn)阿奇霉素耐藥。(3)Mg喹諾酮類耐藥機(jī)制亦較為明確,主要與病原體拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶II、IV有關(guān),拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶能夠催化DNA鏈的斷裂和結(jié)合,從而控制DNA的拓?fù)錉顟B(tài)。Mg相關(guān)位點(diǎn)突變后可導(dǎo)致喹諾酮類藥物與該酶結(jié)合障礙,從而出現(xiàn)耐藥。

      1.1 大環(huán)內(nèi)脂類耐藥位點(diǎn)突變情況探討 在PubMed與emBase數(shù)據(jù)庫中以主題詞“mycoplasma genitalium”“23S rRNA”進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索,共檢索到18篇文獻(xiàn)對23S rRNA耐藥相關(guān)位點(diǎn)突變情況進(jìn)行了研究[15-32],目標(biāo)人群主要為性病門診就診的患者,其2058、2059位點(diǎn)的突變率從0~100%,跨度較大。希臘的Gesink等[19]于2012年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),26名Mg陽性患者23S rRNA耐藥相關(guān)位點(diǎn)全部發(fā)生了突變,其中17例為:A2058G;9例為:A2059G。但該研究樣本量較小,結(jié)果可能具有一定局限性。其余17篇文獻(xiàn)中,突變的最高比例為47.1%[29]。其中樣本量最大的是來自丹麥[28]的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,對1008例Mg陽性患者進(jìn)行耐藥相關(guān)位點(diǎn)的測序發(fā)現(xiàn),35.5%樣本出現(xiàn)23S rRNA耐藥相關(guān)位點(diǎn)突變。仍需指出,理論上L4與L22基因可能與Mg耐藥有關(guān),但相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)上述基因多為無義突變,在導(dǎo)致Mg耐藥過程中作用有限[20],暫無相關(guān)分子流行病學(xué)資料。Pond[24]與Chrisment[15]曾利用Mg基因分型技術(shù)對23S rRNA突變株進(jìn)行了小樣本的進(jìn)化分析,無足夠證據(jù)支持其為克隆傳播。暫未檢索到我國地區(qū)Mg大環(huán)內(nèi)脂類藥物耐藥的有關(guān)流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。

      1.2 喹諾酮類耐藥位點(diǎn)突變情況探討 Mg對喹諾酮類藥物耐藥機(jī)制相對復(fù)雜。原因由于第三代與第四代喹諾酮藥物的作用靶點(diǎn)不同。三代喹諾酮主要干擾parC基因產(chǎn)物,四代喹諾酮對gyrA與parC基因產(chǎn)物都較強(qiáng)的抑制作用。一項(xiàng)使用三代喹諾酮藥物-環(huán)丙沙星進(jìn)行的體外誘導(dǎo)耐藥實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn), 耐藥株parC與parE基因在耐藥相關(guān)決定區(qū)發(fā)生突變,而gyrA基因沒有出現(xiàn)突變[33]。對臨床樣本進(jìn)行喹諾酮類耐藥相關(guān)位點(diǎn)突變情況進(jìn)行研究的文獻(xiàn)較少,且均為小樣本量研究。澳大利亞的Tagg等[20]于2013年對143例Mg陽性患者樣本進(jìn)行檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),僅1例出現(xiàn)gyrA突變,parC突變比例達(dá)到15.4%。日本[29]2015年一項(xiàng)針對女性性工作者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),21份Mg陽性樣本中parC突變比例為36.8%,未對gyrA進(jìn)行檢測。暫未檢索到我國地區(qū)喹諾酮類耐藥相關(guān)的流行病數(shù)據(jù)。

      2 生殖支原體感染的治療

      2.1 四環(huán)素類藥物 多西環(huán)素既往一直作為治療非淋菌性尿道炎的一線經(jīng)典藥物。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明多西環(huán)素針對Mg具有良好的抗菌活性,最小抑菌濃度為0.01~0.05 μg/mL[34]。但早先多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多西環(huán)素對Mg感染導(dǎo)致的非淋菌性尿道炎治療效果令人沮喪,治療Mg感染失敗率約為68%[35-37],但其治療失敗機(jī)制不明,尚不清楚是否與Mg攜帶tetM質(zhì)粒相關(guān)。

      2.2 大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物 阿奇霉素一直作為指南中推薦用于治療明確為生殖支原體感染的NGU患者的一線藥物。其體外最小抑菌濃度僅為0.002 μg/mL[38]。有兩種治療方案可供臨床醫(yī)生選擇,1 g頓服的1日療法或1.5 g的5日療法[39]。Read等[40]于2017年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)針對兩種治療方案比較的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1.5 g的五日療法并沒有顯示出更好地治療效果,也沒有減少阿奇霉素誘導(dǎo)耐藥株的出現(xiàn)。2015年一項(xiàng)針對阿奇霉素治療Mg的meta分析共納入文獻(xiàn)21篇,總體生物學(xué)清除率為77.2%。亞組分析顯示:自2009年起阿奇霉素有效率出現(xiàn)明顯下降,從85.3%下降至67%[41]。今后在大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物中有望取代阿奇霉素治療的藥物可能是Solithromycin,該藥物是由Cempra制藥公司研發(fā)的新一代大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類抗生素,Jensen等[42]對40株生殖支原體(其中包括15株耐阿奇霉素株)進(jìn)行了體外藥敏實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),94%的Mg和85%的耐阿奇霉素株均對該藥物敏感,MIC僅為≤0.001 μg/mL,目前該藥物已經(jīng)進(jìn)入IV期臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)。

      2.3 喹諾酮類藥物 目前喹諾酮類藥物在臨床上用于微生物感染治療的主要是第3代、第4代藥物,代表藥分別是左氧氟沙星及莫西沙星。左氧氟沙星體外最小抑菌濃度為1~2 μg/mL[38],臨床研究也表明其治療Mg感染效果不佳[43]。司帕沙星雖然是第3代喹諾酮類藥物,但是其MIC為0.05~0.2 μg/mL,具有較好的體外抗Mg活性[38],但缺乏足夠的證據(jù)佐證其實(shí)際治療效果。目前四代喹諾酮類藥物莫西沙星是作為指南中唯一推薦用于治療生殖支原體感染的二線藥物,其體外MIC為0.02~0.1 μg/mL[44],其治療效果曾十分卓越。但隨著該藥物使用越來越廣泛,近年已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了治療失敗病例,Couldwell等[21]于2013年首次報(bào)道了莫西沙星治療Mg感染失敗的病例,其中13例阿奇霉素治療失敗的病例接受了莫西沙星400 mg日1次,連用10天的治療,最終有4例患者治療失敗,但未進(jìn)行相關(guān)耐藥位點(diǎn)的檢測。隨后相關(guān)治療失敗的研究陸續(xù)報(bào)道,我們[45]于2017年對莫西沙星治療Mg的情況進(jìn)行了總結(jié),meta分析顯示,莫西沙星總體生物學(xué)清除率為96%。但亞組分析顯示自2010年起該藥物治療有效率從100%下降至89%,這一情況需要引起學(xué)界的足夠重視。喹諾酮類藥物中西他沙星未來可能具有較好的應(yīng)用前景,其體外MIC為0.01~0.125 μg/mL。基于小樣本量的研究顯示,西他沙星能夠治療莫西沙星治療失敗的病例[46],但尚無大樣本研究加以佐證,且該藥物目前在我國尚未上市。

      2.4 其他藥物 普那霉素,又稱原始霉素,屬氨基糖苷類抗生素[47]。是繼萬古霉素、替考拉寧之后的一種抗多重耐藥菌的抗生素,一般用于治療危重癥多重革蘭氏陽性菌感染。其作用機(jī)制為阻遏細(xì)菌核糖體,影響細(xì)菌蛋白質(zhì)合成,與大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類無交叉耐藥性。Bissessor等[48]使用普那霉素治療了6例莫西沙星治療失敗的Mg感染患者,全部獲得成功。但因其來源困難,且副作用較大,臨床上尚難推廣。

      3 結(jié)語

      目前我國尚無生殖支原體感染的治療指南可循,2016年發(fā)表的歐洲指南[49]可供臨床醫(yī)生參考:1、無并發(fā)癥患者建議給予阿奇霉素1.5 g的5日療法或交沙霉素500 mg日3次,連用10天。2、若能行阿奇霉素耐藥相關(guān)位點(diǎn)檢測、且出現(xiàn)突變,可直接給予莫西沙星400 mg日1次,連用7~10天。3、若給予一線藥物阿奇霉素、二線藥物莫西沙星治療仍失敗患者,可給予多西環(huán)素試治,普那霉素作為最后一線藥物可供選擇,治療方案為1 g日4次,連用10天。4、若患者出現(xiàn)盆腔炎、附睪炎等并發(fā)癥,可直接給予莫西沙星治療。需指出,上述治療方案是否適用于我國臨床治療的實(shí)際,尚待進(jìn)一步的臨床療效觀察加以佐證??傮w而言,我國目前Mg感染領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的臨床研究尚少,亟待完善。

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