淺談三大結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語的考查形式

安徽

英語語法中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常以非謂語的考查形式出現(xiàn)在高考試題中，主要檢驗學(xué)生對非謂語動詞的正確使用，非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)是高考考查的重點之一。考生在平時做題時，常常對這三大結(jié)構(gòu)模糊不清，因此失分較多。筆者在日常的教學(xué)過程中對這三大結(jié)構(gòu)的用法非常關(guān)注，對此深有體會。本文結(jié)合非謂語動詞高考考點對其結(jié)構(gòu)和作用歸納總結(jié)如下：

一、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：Subject（主語）+Verb（謂語）

在主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，是謂語動詞動作的執(zhí)行者。也就是說這個動作是由主語發(fā)出來的，所以我們稱之為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。在主從復(fù)合句中，我們通常可以通過現(xiàn)在分詞（短語），把從句中的謂語轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語形式，從而使原來的復(fù)合句變成簡單句。原來從句中的動詞在簡單句中就不能作謂語，而是作非謂語。此結(jié)構(gòu)主要是關(guān)于非謂語動詞的正確使用，考查考生對現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作定語或狀語的正確運(yùn)用，而且現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）表示主動或動作正在進(jìn)行。現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作定語時，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句；現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作狀語時，就相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。

1.The man who speaks English fluently is our English teacher.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 The man speaking English fluently is our English teacher.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，who引導(dǎo)定語從句，who speaks是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞短語speaking English fluently，在句子中作定語，表示主動。

2.The ship went down into the deep sea, which killed all the people on board.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 The ship went down into the deep sea, killing all the people on board.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，which引導(dǎo)定語從句，which killed是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞短語 killing all the people on board，在句子中作結(jié)果狀語，表示主動。

3.When he played football, he had his foot broken.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 Playing football, he had his foot broken.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，he played是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞短語playing football，在句子中作時間狀語，表示主動或動作正在進(jìn)行。

注意：在主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)從句是狀語從句，且主句的主語和從句的主語相同時，就可以把從句的主語和從句連接詞一同省略，從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在分詞表示，表明主語是這個現(xiàn)在分詞動作的執(zhí)行者，表示主動或動作正在進(jìn)行。該句也就轉(zhuǎn)換成了簡單句。

4.I consider that he is working hard at his English all the time.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 I consider him working hard at his English all the time.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，he is working是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞短語 working hard at his English all the time，在句子中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示主動。

二、動賓結(jié)構(gòu)：Verb（謂語）+Object（賓語）

動賓結(jié)構(gòu)就是動詞后接賓語。賓語一般由名詞或代詞構(gòu)成，是謂語動詞動作的對象。在主從復(fù)合句中，我們可以用過去分詞或過去分詞短語，把從句中的謂語轉(zhuǎn)變成非謂語形式，從而使原來的復(fù)合句變成簡單句。原來從句中的動詞在簡單句中就不能作謂語，而是作非謂語。該結(jié)構(gòu)主要考查考生對非謂語動詞的正確使用?？忌莆者^去分詞（短語）作定語、狀語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的正確用法。需要注意的是，當(dāng)這個結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語提前時，動賓結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞要用過去分詞，表示被動或動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。

1.The meeting which was had yesterday is very important.① 可 轉(zhuǎn)換為 The meeting (which was) had yesterday is very important.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，which引導(dǎo)定語從句，謂語是was had，與主語the meeting構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞短語had yesterday在句子中作定語，表示被動且動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。

注意：在主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)從句是定語從句，關(guān)系代詞who，that或which作從句的主語，而且who，that或which后面有be動詞時，就可以把關(guān)系代詞who，that或which連同后面的be動詞一同省略。該句也就轉(zhuǎn)換成了簡單句。

2.The meeting which is being had now is very important.① 可 轉(zhuǎn) 換 為 The meeting (which is) being had now is very important.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，which引導(dǎo)定語從句，謂語是 is being had，與主語 the meeting 構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時的被動關(guān)系。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式being had，在句子中作定語，表示被動且動作正在進(jìn)行。

3.The meeting which will be had tomorrow is very important.① 可 轉(zhuǎn) 換 為 The meeting to be had tomorrow is very important.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，which引導(dǎo)定語從句，謂語是 will be had，與主語 the meeting 構(gòu)成一般將來時的被動關(guān)系。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞不定式短語to be had tomorrow，在句子中作定語，表示被動且動作將要發(fā)生。

4.If I am given enough time, I can do it better.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 (If I am) Given enough time, I can do it better.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，謂語是am given，與主語I構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞短語given enough time，在句子中作狀語，表示被動。

注意：在主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)從句是狀語從句，且從句的主語和主句的主語相同，從句的主語后面有be動詞時，就可以把從句的主語、主語后面的be動詞和從句連接詞一同省略。該句也就轉(zhuǎn)換成了簡單句。

5.Yesterday I found that the boy was beaten black and blue.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 Yesterday I found the boy beaten black and blue.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，謂語是was beaten，與主語the boy構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞短語 beaten black and blue，在句子中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示被動或動作已發(fā)生。

三、系表結(jié)構(gòu)：Link Verb（系動詞）+Predictive（表語）=Predicate（謂語）

該結(jié)構(gòu)主要是關(guān)于分詞（短語）或形容詞（短語）作表語時的正確使用，考查考生對非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)或形容詞（短語）作表語的掌握程度。當(dāng)我們把系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動詞去掉時，該結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中就不能作謂語，而原先作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）、過去分詞（短語）或形容詞（短語）就變成了定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語。原先的句子就由主從復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)變成了簡單句。

1.The man who is seated by the door is our teacher.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 The man (who is) seated by the door is our teacher.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，who引導(dǎo)定語從句，系表結(jié)構(gòu)be seated作謂語。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語 seated by the door，在句子中作定語。

2.The girl who is dressed in a red coat is my little sister.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 The girl (who is) dressed in a red coat is my little sister.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，who引導(dǎo)定語從句，系表結(jié)構(gòu)be dressed 作謂語。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語 dressed in a red coat，在句子中作定語。

3.The students who were present at the meeting were all from No.1 Senior Middle School.① 可 轉(zhuǎn) 換 為 The students(who were) present at the meeting were all from No.1 Senior Middle School.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，who引導(dǎo)定語從句，系表結(jié)構(gòu)were present作謂語。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語 present at the meeting，在句子中作定語。

4.As she was determined to go to a key university, she decided to work much harder.① 可 轉(zhuǎn) 換 為 (As she was)Determined to go to a key university, she decided to work much harder.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，系表結(jié)構(gòu)be determined作謂語。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語 determined to go to a key university，在句子中作狀語。

5.While he was born in Shanghai, he worked and lived in Beijing.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 (While he was) Born in Shanghai, he worked and lived in Beijing.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,系表結(jié)構(gòu)was born作謂語。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語born in Shanghai，在句子中作狀語。

6.I found that all the children were relaxed on the beach.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 I found the children all relaxed on the beach.②

【分析】句①為主從復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，系表結(jié)構(gòu)were relaxed作謂語。變?yōu)楹唵尉洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語 relaxed on the beach，在句子中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

四、該結(jié)構(gòu)在完形填空、語法填空和短文改錯題中的考查

1.（2018年全國卷Ⅲ，完形填空，44改編）On March 19, Dennis got a group text informing him that a couple he didn’t know were at the hospital, waiting for the arrival of a baby.① 可 轉(zhuǎn) 換 為 On March 19, Dennis got a group text which/that informed him that a couple he didn’t know were at the hospital, waiting for the arrival of a baby.②

【分析】句①為簡單句，現(xiàn)在分詞短語informing him在句子中作后置定語，表示主動。變?yōu)橹鲝膹?fù)合句②時，可轉(zhuǎn)換成由which/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，informed作謂語。

2.（2018年全國卷Ⅲ，完形填空，53改編）He turned up at the hospital bearing gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 He turned up at the hospital and he bore gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.②

【分析】句①為簡單句，現(xiàn)在分詞短語bearing gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy 在句子中作伴隨狀語，表示主動。變?yōu)榫洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句，he是主語，bore作謂語。

3.（2018年全國卷Ⅲ，完形填空，57改編）Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words: ...① 可 轉(zhuǎn) 換為 Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website which/that was accompanied by the touching words: ...②

【分析】句①為簡單句，過去分詞短語accompanied by the touching words在句子中作后置定語，表示被動。accompanied與前面的名詞a photo構(gòu)成了邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系：accompany a photo。變?yōu)閺?fù)合句②時，可轉(zhuǎn)換成which/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，was accompanied是被動語態(tài)，作謂語。

4.（2018年全國卷Ⅲ，短文改錯，72改編）Everyone was silent, waiting to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 Everyone was silent, who was waiting to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.②

【分析】句①為簡單句，現(xiàn)在分詞短語waiting to see...在句子中作狀語，表示主動。變?yōu)榫洧跁r，可轉(zhuǎn)換成由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，was waiting作謂語。

5.（2016年全國卷Ⅰ，語法填空，66）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter who/that was permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.②

【分析】permitted。句①為簡單句，過去分詞短語permitted to film a special unit在句子中作后置定語，表示被動。permitted與前面的名詞the TV reporter構(gòu)成了邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系：permit the TV reporter。變?yōu)橹鲝膹?fù)合句②時，可轉(zhuǎn)換成由who/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，was permitted是被動語態(tài)，作謂語。

6.（2015年全國卷Ⅰ，語法填空，68）A study of travelers _______(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 A study of travelers which/that is conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.②

【分析】conducted。句①為簡單句，過去分詞短語conducted by the website TripAdvisor 在句子中作后置定語，表示被動。conducted與前面的名詞study是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系：conduct a study。當(dāng)賓語 study提前時，conduct和study就構(gòu)成了被動關(guān)系。變?yōu)橹鲝膹?fù)合句②時，可轉(zhuǎn)換成由which/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，is conducted是被動語態(tài)，在句子中作謂語。

7.（2015年全國卷Ⅰ，語法填空，70）Abercrombie &Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.②

【分析】living。句①為簡單句，現(xiàn)在分詞短語living in Shanghai and Hong Kong在句子中作后置定語，表示主動。變?yōu)橹鲝膹?fù)合句②時，可轉(zhuǎn)換成由who/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句， live作謂語。

8.（2015年全國卷Ⅱ，語法填空，61）The adobe dwellings (土坯房 ) _______ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.①可轉(zhuǎn)換為 The adobe dwellings which/that were built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.②

【分析】built。句①為簡單句，過去分詞短語built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest在句子中作后置定語，表示被動。主語the dwellings與動詞build之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系：build the dwellings。變?yōu)橹鲝膹?fù)合句②時，可轉(zhuǎn)換成為由which/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，were built是被動語態(tài)，作謂語。

綜上所述，三大結(jié)構(gòu)在非謂語動詞考點中的運(yùn)用主要出現(xiàn)在完形填空、語法填空和短文改錯題中，且試題有一定難度，所以學(xué)生在復(fù)習(xí)、備考這一知識點時可以通過句型轉(zhuǎn)換加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。在訓(xùn)練中逐漸加深理解，爭取不留死角，穩(wěn)中求勝。學(xué)生不僅僅要掌握這一知識點，更要學(xué)會靈活運(yùn)用。只有這樣，學(xué)生才能做好題，做對題。