王樹霞+陳偉斌
[摘要] 目的 探討兒童支氣管哮喘生命早期相關(guān)因素,為臨床預(yù)防和治療提供參考。 方法 選擇2015年8月~2016年8月在上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬岳陽中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院兒科門診診斷的0~14歲哮喘患兒157例,以及與相關(guān)病例同時(shí)就診的年齡、性別、民族、居住地相同的沒有心身相關(guān)疾病或反應(yīng)的非呼吸道疾病兒童224例成組匹配。對(duì)157例哮喘患兒和224例非哮喘兒童進(jìn)行病例對(duì)照研究,利用χ2檢驗(yàn),二分類Logistic回歸分析兒童支氣管哮喘生命早期危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)果 單因素分析結(jié)果示:早孕反應(yīng),妊娠高血壓,母孕期情緒穩(wěn)定,孕期吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙,剖宮產(chǎn),早產(chǎn),母乳喂養(yǎng),母乳期間食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,1歲以內(nèi)使用抗生素,飼養(yǎng)寵物,反復(fù)呼吸道感染11個(gè)因素與哮喘有關(guān);Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果示:孕期吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙,剖宮產(chǎn),早產(chǎn),母孕期間食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,1歲以內(nèi)使用抗生素,反復(fù)呼吸道感染6個(gè)因素為危險(xiǎn)因素;母乳喂養(yǎng)、母孕期情緒穩(wěn)定以及飼養(yǎng)寵物為保護(hù)因素。 結(jié)論 讓孕婦和患兒遠(yuǎn)離各種危險(xiǎn)因素,加強(qiáng)保護(hù)因素,降低兒童哮喘的發(fā)病率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 兒童支氣管哮喘;相關(guān)因素;兒童生命早期;Logistic回歸分析
[中圖分類號(hào)] R725.6 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)12(c)-0089-04
[Abstract] Objective To provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of child bronchial asthma by discussing its related factors in early stage of life. Methods 157 cases of children with asthma and 224 cases of children with non-respiratory illnesses were selected into groups for control study. They were all 0 to 14 years old and diagnosed by pediatric clinic of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine during August 2015 to August 2016. Children in the same group had related illness, same age, sex, nationality, place of residence of psychosomatic related diseases or reaction case-control studies were conducted between 157 cases of children with asthma and 224 cases of normal children, in which χ2 test and Logistic regression model analysis methods were adopted to analyze the risking elements in the early life stage of bronchial asthma children. Results The result of univariate analysis indicated that: 11 elements might be related with asthma, which includes morning sickness, hypertension of pregnancy, emotional stability, smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy, caesarean section, premature birth, breast feeding, eat egg, soy, fish and shellfish, peanuts, nuts during breast feeding, use of antibiotics within one year of age, keeping pets, recurrent respiratory tract infection. Logistic regression analysis results showed that: risking factors were smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy, caesarean section, premature birth, eat egg, soy, fish and shellfish, peanuts, nuts during breast feeding, use of antibiotics within one year of age and recurrent respiratory tract infection. Protective factors were breast feeding, Emotional stability and keeping pets. Conclusion Pregnant women and children a should be kept away from all kinds of risking factors and strengthen the protection factors.endprint
[Key words] Childhood asthma; Correlative factor; Children′s early life; Logistic regression model analysis
哮喘是變態(tài)反應(yīng)性疾病的重要組成,也是全球范圍內(nèi)嚴(yán)重威脅兒童健康的一種主要慢性疾病,其發(fā)病率及死亡率呈上升趨勢(shì)。兒童哮喘危險(xiǎn)因素很多,包括本身因素(包括心理因素)、家庭、環(huán)境等。有研究提示哮喘的病因可能與生命早期,特別是胎兒期的環(huán)境因素暴露有密切關(guān)系,因此有學(xué)者提出“疾病起源于胎兒”的假說[1-2],因此在預(yù)防兒童哮喘和變應(yīng)性疾病時(shí)應(yīng)從生命早期(即胎兒至2歲以前)開始。在此前提下,本研究探討哮喘患兒的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,從而認(rèn)識(shí)兒童哮喘的危險(xiǎn)因素和保護(hù)因素以便于有效的預(yù)防。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2015年8月~2016年8月在上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬岳陽中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院兒科門診診斷的0~14歲哮喘患兒157例,以及與相關(guān)病例同時(shí)就診的年齡、性別、民族、居住地相同的沒有心身相關(guān)疾病或反應(yīng)的非呼吸道疾病成組匹配兒童224例。兒童哮喘診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合《兒童支氣管哮喘診斷與防治指南》[3]。
1.2 研究方法
設(shè)計(jì)統(tǒng)一的調(diào)查表,包括共15個(gè)相關(guān)因素,登記如下:早孕反應(yīng),妊娠高血壓,母孕期情緒穩(wěn)定,孕期吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙,剖宮產(chǎn),早產(chǎn),母乳喂養(yǎng),母孕期間避免食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,1歲以內(nèi)使用抗生素,飼養(yǎng)寵物,及時(shí)補(bǔ)充維生素D和鈣劑,經(jīng)常戶外活動(dòng),6個(gè)月以后添加蛋白質(zhì)輔食,反復(fù)呼吸道感染,出生體重大于4 kg。
1.3 研究方法
問卷調(diào)查(課題組設(shè)計(jì))每一問題都有明確的答案,不模棱兩可。對(duì)調(diào)查員進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一的培訓(xùn),使其了解調(diào)查內(nèi)容的含義,統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、方法和調(diào)查技巧。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);多因素分析采用Logistic回歸分析,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 一般資料
病例組157例,平均(11.57±2.05)歲,其中男99例(63.06%),女58例(36.94%)。對(duì)照組224例,平均(10.87±2.45)歲,其中男148例(66.07%),女76例(33.93%)。兩組性別構(gòu)成比和平均年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。
2.2 單因素分析結(jié)果
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示:早孕反應(yīng),妊娠高血壓,母孕期情緒穩(wěn)定,孕期吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙,剖宮產(chǎn),早產(chǎn),母乳喂養(yǎng),母孕期間食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,1歲以內(nèi)使用抗生素,飼養(yǎng)寵物,反復(fù)呼吸道感染11個(gè)因素與兒童哮喘相關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.3 Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果:孕期吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙,剖宮產(chǎn),早產(chǎn),母孕期間食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,1歲以內(nèi)使用抗生素,反復(fù)呼吸道感染6個(gè)因素為危險(xiǎn)因素(OR > 4);母乳喂養(yǎng),母孕期情緒穩(wěn)定以及飼養(yǎng)寵物3個(gè)因素為保護(hù)因素(OR < 1)。見表2。
3 討論
有研究指出,諸如出生缺陷、兒童孤獨(dú)癥、多動(dòng)癥、哮喘、糖尿病、不孕不育、肥胖、心腦血管疾病、代謝綜合征等疾病的病因,可能與生命早期、特別是胎兒期的有密切關(guān)系,即存在發(fā)育起源[4-5]?;凇凹膊∑鹪从谔骸钡募僬f[1-2],研究環(huán)境、遺傳和行為等因素的早期暴露對(duì)生命周期的影響,已成為目前世界研究主流之一。本研究通過研究哮喘患兒生命早期的危險(xiǎn)因素,為臨床預(yù)防和治療提供參考。
本研究顯示,母乳喂養(yǎng)和母孕期情緒穩(wěn)定為保護(hù)因素。母乳喂養(yǎng)可以降低特應(yīng)性反應(yīng)及哮喘的危險(xiǎn)性,研究表明奶粉喂養(yǎng)和混合喂養(yǎng)的寶寶喘息發(fā)作的概率要比母乳喂養(yǎng)高,母乳喂養(yǎng)的孩子表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的肺容量且不易缺氧,調(diào)節(jié)呼吸能力較強(qiáng)[6-8]。
同時(shí)母親懷孕時(shí)的心情好壞,會(huì)對(duì)孩子呼吸系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響,產(chǎn)前心理壓力是影響固有免疫和獲得性免疫改變的一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,美國(guó)哥倫比亞兒童環(huán)境健康中心研究279名婦女,約70%的母親承認(rèn),她們?cè)趹言衅陂g曾高度焦慮或抑郁,結(jié)果她們的孩子在5歲前都患有哮喘[9]。
本研究顯示飼養(yǎng)寵物是哮喘的保護(hù)因素,2013年的1項(xiàng)研究從妊娠期開始隨訪至生后1年,觀察呼吸道癥狀的頻度與狗、貓接觸關(guān)系,其中30名接觸寵物的嬰兒中無一人發(fā)病,而99名未接觸的寵物的兒童中有15名有過喘息性支氣管炎[10];也有研究顯示嬰兒期較高的室內(nèi)寵物或有害的過敏原可以降低患哮喘的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11],這兩項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果可由1989年Strachan等[12]提出的“衛(wèi)生假說”解釋,現(xiàn)在衛(wèi)生條件和環(huán)境的改善,已經(jīng)應(yīng)用疫苗和抗生素,家庭成員規(guī)模的縮減,減少了對(duì)微生物和細(xì)菌產(chǎn)物的早期暴露,從而增加了對(duì)環(huán)境過敏原的過敏反應(yīng)。而生命早期接觸寵物是在一定程度上是增加了對(duì)微生物的早期暴露。研究顯示在那些敏感的哮喘患者中,暴露在高水平的狗和貓過敏原的情況下,哮喘發(fā)作明顯增加。減少對(duì)過敏原的接觸可能導(dǎo)致哮喘發(fā)作顯著降低[13]。因此本研究飼養(yǎng)寵物是哮喘的保護(hù)因素這一結(jié)果僅針對(duì)于生命早期甚至是圍生期,而對(duì)于已經(jīng)明確診斷哮喘且有貓狗敏感的患者應(yīng)當(dāng)避免與相應(yīng)過敏原接觸。
孕期吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙,剖宮產(chǎn),早產(chǎn),母孕期間食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,1歲以內(nèi)使用抗生素,反復(fù)呼吸道感染6個(gè)因素為危險(xiǎn)因素。吸煙或被動(dòng)吸煙的孕婦,煙中尼古丁可刺激下可發(fā)生迷走神經(jīng)引起支氣管痙攣;支氣管黏膜上皮的增生和變異也是焦油引起。支氣管黏膜上皮細(xì)胞及其纖毛被氰氫酸損害,使支氣管黏膜分泌黏液增多,氣道阻力增加,導(dǎo)致肺的凈化功能和纖毛活動(dòng)減弱,從而反射性地引起支氣管痙攣。所以吸煙可直接間接地引起支氣管痙攣,從而誘發(fā)哮喘發(fā)病。母親在妊娠期吸煙或暴露于吸煙環(huán)境是導(dǎo)致兒童罹患哮喘的危險(xiǎn)因素[14]。父母吸煙的孩子患哮喘的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要大于父母不吸煙的孩子[15-16]。endprint
剖宮產(chǎn)兒童患哮喘的危險(xiǎn)度高于陰道產(chǎn)兒童,尤其是父母為過敏癥者。在父母非過敏癥者,剖宮產(chǎn)增加兒童對(duì)常見過敏原的致敏性[17]。原因可能是剖宮產(chǎn)孩子沒有經(jīng)歷過免疫系統(tǒng)和肺部發(fā)育的一些必經(jīng)步驟有關(guān)。母孕期間食用蛋、大豆、魚和貝殼類、花生和堅(jiān)果類等,可能影響患兒免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,增加過敏性疾病發(fā)生的概率。美國(guó)一項(xiàng)研究顯示美國(guó)兒童對(duì)花生和樹堅(jiān)果過敏的患病率在過去的十年里增加了兩倍。產(chǎn)前暴露,包括產(chǎn)婦的飲食和藥物,增加了兒童對(duì)花生和樹堅(jiān)果過敏[18]。孕產(chǎn)婦經(jīng)常食用魚類和貝類可增加喘息,濕疹和食物過敏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19]。早期使用抗生素增加患哮喘的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),早期使用抗生素使腸內(nèi)平衡遭到破壞,改變腸道菌群,有研究表明其與6歲時(shí)哮喘和過敏的發(fā)生相關(guān),是導(dǎo)致哮喘癥狀加重的原因[20]。
反復(fù)呼吸道感染被認(rèn)為是哮喘發(fā)作的重要誘因,尤其是鼻病毒、支原體、衣原體等,導(dǎo)致呼吸道高反應(yīng)性的建立:破壞呼吸道上皮完整性、增加其通透性、引起對(duì)變應(yīng)原敏感性增加,使呼吸道β2受體興奮性下調(diào)或M2膽堿能受體功能破壞、膽堿能神經(jīng)反應(yīng)性升高等[21-22]。
值得注意的是有研究結(jié)果顯示,早期感染可能在抗生素使用與過敏性疾病的關(guān)系中起著混淆的作用,早期的抗生素使用與后來的過敏性疾病之間的聯(lián)系至少可以部分地解釋為早期的呼吸道感染[23-24]。
因此認(rèn)識(shí)兒童哮喘的危險(xiǎn)因素和保護(hù)因素是其最有效的預(yù)防策略。本研究結(jié)果可為哮喘的臨床診斷及防治提供依據(jù),孕期保持積極的心態(tài),堅(jiān)持母乳喂養(yǎng),避免孕婦和哮喘兒童被動(dòng)吸煙,改變膳食習(xí)慣,避免或減少堅(jiān)果類和海產(chǎn)品的攝入,以期減少食入性過敏原,要積極防治呼吸道感染,讓孕婦和患兒遠(yuǎn)離各種危險(xiǎn)因素,加強(qiáng)保護(hù)因素,降低兒童哮喘的發(fā)病率。
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(收稿日期:2017-08-30 本文編輯:任 念)endprint