朱瑞欣,范志紅,林金雪嬌
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)工程學(xué)院,北京 100083)
鈣和維生素D對(duì)促進(jìn)骨骼健康有重要作用[1-5],但水果中所含的鉀、類胡蘿卜素、多酚類化合物等也可能對(duì)維持骨骼健康具有意義。本文概述了近年來(lái)水果攝入與骨骼健康的相關(guān)證據(jù)以及水果中影響骨骼健康的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),討論了水果對(duì)骨骼健康的可能作用機(jī)制。
較早的相關(guān)流行病學(xué)研究往往將水果和蔬菜的作用混合在一起。Tucker等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),果蔬攝入量與老年受訪者股骨頸、股骨大轉(zhuǎn)子、Ward區(qū)域和橈骨4個(gè)部位BMD的4年變化間呈現(xiàn)極顯著相關(guān)性。Melaku等[7]對(duì)1 182名50歲以上的男女性分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),與西方飲食模式相反,富含果蔬的健康膳食模式與BMD呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,其中水果攝入量前1/3者,低BMD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比后1/3者低48%。Chen等[8]在1999—2001年間對(duì)我國(guó)絕經(jīng)女性的橫斷面研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),果蔬攝入量與全身、腰椎和臀部的骨密度之間均呈顯著且獨(dú)立的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。此外,在2000—2006年間還有一些小規(guī)模的橫斷面研究[9-10]得出了類似的結(jié)論。
近年來(lái)很多研究將水果與蔬菜區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái),發(fā)現(xiàn)水果對(duì)骨骼的保護(hù)作用優(yōu)于蔬菜。一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究于2001—2003年間調(diào)查了65歲以上香港老年人發(fā)現(xiàn),其全身和股骨頸的BMD和骨礦物質(zhì)含量(BMC)均與水果攝入量呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,且當(dāng)每日攝入100g/kcal的水果時(shí),男性和女性的全身BMD分別增加4.5%和6.4%,股骨頸骨BMD分別增加4.5%和6.4%,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)BMD與蔬菜攝入的相關(guān)性[11]。在我國(guó)安徽對(duì)中老年男女研究發(fā)現(xiàn),水果攝入量越多,全身BMD越高[12],未發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜有此作用。Xie等[13]在2008—2012年間對(duì)646名老年髖骨骨折病人研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),水果對(duì)老年男性骨骼的保護(hù)作用顯著,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)深色水果的作用強(qiáng)于淺色水果。
青春期階段骨峰值若能達(dá)到較高水平,則中老年時(shí)期發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險(xiǎn)降低[14-15]。有研究者對(duì)110名和112名年齡為11~14歲的中國(guó)男孩和女孩、371名年齡在20~34歲間產(chǎn)后2w內(nèi)的中國(guó)年輕女性和333名年齡在50~70歲之間的中國(guó)絕經(jīng)女性進(jìn)行了測(cè)試,發(fā)現(xiàn)4類人群中水果的攝入與BMD和BMC均呈極顯著正相關(guān)性,且在男孩和絕經(jīng)女性中的作用更明顯,水果的作用強(qiáng)于蔬菜[12],這說(shuō)明水果攝入在整個(gè)生命周期中均對(duì)骨骼具有正面作用。針對(duì)我國(guó)的相關(guān)調(diào)查也發(fā)現(xiàn),在年輕男女中,水果攝入量與全身BMD呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系[13]。早在1997年就有研究提到,在剛成年時(shí)(20~30歲)攝入水果頻次較低(1~4次每天/每周至多2d)的中老年女性的腰椎和轉(zhuǎn)子BMD極顯著地低于較中等水果攝入頻次(1~4次每天/每周超過(guò) 3~4d)和高攝入頻次(1~4次每天/每周至少5d)的老年女性(P<0.01)[16]。2006年的一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究調(diào)查了16~18歲青春期男生125名和女生132名,發(fā)現(xiàn)受試者脊椎的BMC與水果攝入量之間均呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系[10]。Hooven等[17]對(duì)澳大利亞1 024名青少年男女在14歲和17歲時(shí)分別進(jìn)行食物攝入頻次調(diào)查,并在其20歲時(shí)測(cè)量BMD和BMC,發(fā)現(xiàn)僅在14歲時(shí)遵從富含水果、蔬菜、乳制品飲食的青少年中,其膳食質(zhì)量Z評(píng)分與在20歲時(shí)BMD和BMC呈顯著的正相關(guān)系。這說(shuō)明,青春期攝入水果的膳食習(xí)慣可能對(duì)一生中的骨骼健康都具有重要的保護(hù)意義。
WHO規(guī)定1份水果的量為80g[18],目前各國(guó)膳食指南和研究建議每日水果的攝入量均在2~4份[19-22],具體推薦量略有出入[23],主要是由于部分膳食指南和研究排除了淀粉類水果[24]。一些薈萃分析證明,這個(gè)水果攝入推薦量是降低全因死亡率[25-26]、2型糖尿病[27]、癌癥[26,28]等疾病發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)的最佳劑量,但未涉及骨健康方面的考慮。Byberg等[23]分別對(duì)40 644名和34 947名45~83歲的瑞典中老年男女進(jìn)行了14.5年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)不攝入水果者患髖骨骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較每日攝入3份(1份包含水果121g)者高出39%。此后在歐美老年人中進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若將推薦攝入量的范圍降至1~3份(1份包含水果80g),與基本不攝入水果者相比,在髖骨骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上的差異便不再顯著[29]。同時(shí),髖骨骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)只在一定范圍內(nèi)隨水果攝入量增加而降低,日攝入量超過(guò)5份后便失去量效關(guān)系[23,29]。
攝入過(guò)多蛋白質(zhì)而鉀元素?cái)z入不足的狀況可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致身體的酸負(fù)荷過(guò)高[30-31],從而增加尿鈣排出量,不利于骨礦物質(zhì)的維持[32]。水果和蔬菜中富含的鉀和鎂可以作為堿性緩沖劑降低凈內(nèi)源性酸(NEAP)的產(chǎn)生[33-34],從而有效抑制了骨礦物質(zhì)的溶解。有研究用每日9份以上的水果和蔬菜(1份包含50~80g水果和50~80g蔬菜)對(duì)21名日常每日食用小于5份水果蔬菜的中老年女性進(jìn)行8w的膳食干預(yù),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與基線相比NEAP顯著降低,其尿液pH平均增長(zhǎng)0.68個(gè)單位[35]。
關(guān)于膳食中鉀的作用,2015年一項(xiàng)前瞻性流行病學(xué)研究對(duì)EPIC-Norfolk隊(duì)列中的25 639名40~79歲兩性受訪者進(jìn)行了13.4年的隨訪,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),膳食中鉀和鎂總攝入量(P=0.03)或鉀攝入量(P=0.04)與女性跟骨的寬帶超聲衰減呈顯著的正線性相關(guān)。在男性中,與最低鉀攝入量組(2 505±344 mg/d)相比,最高攝入量組(4 697±603 mg/d)患髖骨、脊椎、腕骨骨折的低23.4%;最高鎂攝入量組(466±73mg/d)患骨折的百分比較最低攝入量組(218±31mg/d)的低18.1%。在女性中以上兩個(gè)百分比分別為32.1%和35.9%[36]。
然而,補(bǔ)充氯化鉀等鉀制劑并不能替代水果蔬菜來(lái)源的鉀起到健骨作用。一項(xiàng)2006年發(fā)表的研究對(duì)161名骨量降低的絕經(jīng)女性進(jìn)行了雙盲對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn),令其口服12個(gè)月的檸檬酸鉀(含鉀1 200mg)或同樣含鉀量的氯化鉀。攝入檸檬酸鉀使尿鈣排出量下降,尿液趨向堿性化。同時(shí),腰椎、股骨頸、髖骨整體等身體多部位的BMD上升,骨重吸收指標(biāo)顯著下降,而氯化鉀組則呈現(xiàn)相反趨勢(shì)[37]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),BMD的變化與尿鈣排出量之間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),尿液的凈酸排泄量與BMD變化也呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[38]。這個(gè)研究有力地說(shuō)明,攝入檸檬酸鉀是通過(guò)部分中和西式膳食中的酸負(fù)荷,調(diào)控尿鈣排出量和部分中和代謝中的酸性物質(zhì)來(lái)改善骨代謝狀況,而不是僅僅通過(guò)提供鉀元素。
此后,Jehle等[38]在201位65歲以上的健康老年男女性中開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)24個(gè)月的雙盲隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),與服安慰劑相比,每日服用60mEq的檸檬酸鉀片劑能夠使L2-L4腰椎的BMD顯著增加1.7%(95%CI,1.0~2.3,P<0.001),使全身的BMD顯著增加1.3%(95%CI,0.8~1.7,P< 0.001),同時(shí)血清中的骨膠原I型氨基末端肽(P1NP)濃度顯著增加(13.8%±28.5%)。蔬菜中也含有豐富的鉀和鎂,但多數(shù)蔬菜食用時(shí)需要加入鹽作為調(diào)味品,而攝入過(guò)多的鹽不僅會(huì)增加高血壓、中風(fēng)等心腦血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[39-40],還會(huì)增加尿鈣的排泄量[41],這對(duì)骨骼健康十分不利。而水果可直接食用,食用水果不會(huì)增加鈉的額外攝入。這或許是很多研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜總攝入量對(duì)骨骼健康的促進(jìn)作用的原因。
水果是膳食中維生素C的重要來(lái)源[42]。在人群研究當(dāng)中,維生素C對(duì)骨骼健康的促進(jìn)作用在老年中表現(xiàn)較為一致[8,11],在青少年研究中的效果則略有差異。Prynne等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),在青春期男女學(xué)生中,膳食維生素C的攝入量與脊柱BMC呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,而Laudermilk等[43]對(duì)美國(guó)363名小學(xué)四年級(jí)和六年級(jí)的女孩進(jìn)行了橫斷面研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)膳食中維生素C攝入量?jī)H與小學(xué)四年級(jí)的女孩骨幾何結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸和強(qiáng)度呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,而與小學(xué)六年級(jí)的女孩未見(jiàn)相關(guān)性。
維生素C通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡,從而誘導(dǎo)成軟骨細(xì)胞的分化,促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞形成骨膠原并進(jìn)行細(xì)胞分化和增殖[44],增加骨形成,減少骨吸收,從而預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松。綠葉蔬菜中的維生素K為骨骼的鈣化作用所必需,但水果并不是維生素K的重要來(lái)源,其重要性不及綠葉蔬菜。但水果中的維生素C和有機(jī)酸有益于多種礦物質(zhì)的吸收利用[45],對(duì)于胃酸不足的中老年人來(lái)說(shuō),水果對(duì)膳食鈣的利用也可能有好的影響。
水果是類黃酮、酚酸、芪類等多酚物質(zhì)的重要來(lái)源。2014年一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在女性中較高的類黃酮攝入量與較高的全身BMD和高股骨頸BMD有顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系[46]。柑橘中除富含維生素C外,也含有較多類黃酮如橘皮苷。Deyhim等[47]用柑橘汁飼喂衰老的雄性大鼠,證實(shí)柑橘汁有改善骨骼代謝的作用。Habauzit[48]進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)2年的平行雙盲隨機(jī)對(duì)照干預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn),將招募來(lái)的50~60歲絕經(jīng)女性分為2組,一組每日食用含500mg橘皮苷的餅干,另一組食用安慰劑,發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)組的骨轉(zhuǎn)化指數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組,表明橘皮苷能夠改善骨骼代謝。
多酚對(duì)骨骼的健康作用表現(xiàn)為其能清除活性氧(ROS),下調(diào)骨組織中的炎癥介質(zhì),這些炎癥介質(zhì)包括破骨細(xì)胞的分化和被成骨細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的骨保護(hù)素(OPG)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、核因子κ-B受體活化因子配體(RANKL)等信號(hào)蛋白[49]。
膳食中的類胡蘿卜素主要來(lái)自于水果和新鮮蔬菜[50],水果中常見(jiàn)的類胡蘿卜素主要存在于橙黃色和紅色的水果當(dāng)中[51]。2014年一項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)研究對(duì)63 257名年齡為45~47歲的新加坡籍華人進(jìn)行了9.9年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)在男性中水果蔬菜的攝入與降低髖骨骨折發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān),且膳食中總類胡蘿卜素、β-胡蘿卜素、玉米黃質(zhì)和葉黃素的攝入量均與髖骨骨折呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[51]。Mackinnon等[52]對(duì)絕經(jīng)女性的膳食進(jìn)行了為期1個(gè)月的番茄紅素?cái)z入限制,結(jié)果受試者血清中的番茄紅素、葉黃素、玉米黃質(zhì)、β-胡蘿卜素和NTx均顯著降低。Zhang等[53]通過(guò)對(duì)中國(guó)成年人進(jìn)行橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清中高濃度的番茄紅素等類胡蘿卜素與高BMD水平相關(guān)聯(lián)。此外,類胡蘿卜素對(duì)骨骼健康的作用在一些動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中也有報(bào)道[54-55]。機(jī)理研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄紅素能夠通過(guò)抑制骨轉(zhuǎn)化從而修復(fù)骨強(qiáng)度與骨微結(jié)構(gòu),并下調(diào)破骨細(xì)胞的分化同時(shí)上調(diào)成骨細(xì)胞功能[56];而β-隱黃質(zhì)能夠上調(diào)OPG的分泌[57],抑制骨吸收,并在骨骼鈣化的過(guò)程中起到重要作用[58]。
越來(lái)越多的流行病學(xué)、人體試驗(yàn)和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)提示,水果對(duì)骨骼健康可能具有促進(jìn)作用。每日攝入3份水果(約為240~366g)即能在很大程度上降低骨質(zhì)疏松或骨折的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與《中國(guó)居民膳食指南(2016)》[19]中推薦的每日200~350g水果的攝入量較為一致。我國(guó)居民目前每日水果的攝入量平均只有36g[59],遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。還有很多不利于增加水果攝入的健康流言??紤]到水果有益預(yù)防心腦血管疾病和多種癌癥,同時(shí)可能有益骨骼健康,且為礦物質(zhì)、類胡蘿卜素、維生素、多酚類化合物等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的重要食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)來(lái)源,應(yīng)繼續(xù)教育國(guó)民從兒童少年時(shí)代便形成每天吃水果的飲食習(xí)慣,并持續(xù)終生,以便更好地預(yù)防中老年之后可能發(fā)生的骨質(zhì)疏松問(wèn)題?!?/p>
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