謝洋,趙虎雷,王佳佳,王明航*
特發(fā)性肺纖維化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)為出現(xiàn)在成年人中的原因不明、局限于肺、進(jìn)行性致纖維化的間質(zhì)性肺疾病[1],IPF發(fā)病率逐年上升,致殘率、病死率高,嚴(yán)重危害人類健康。歐洲和北美地區(qū)發(fā)病率為2.8/10萬~9.3/10萬[2]。2014年歐洲和美國的死亡病例分別為2.8萬~6.5萬例和1.3萬~1.7萬例[3]。IPF經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)沉重,特別是IPF急性加重和住院治療進(jìn)一步加劇了醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)[4-7]。IPF患者臨床常出現(xiàn)慢性勞力性呼吸困難,肺功能下降,導(dǎo)致日?;顒幽芰κ芟?,給患者帶來嚴(yán)重心理負(fù)擔(dān),降低其生存質(zhì)量[8]。目前,隨著社會的發(fā)展,患者自身的感受及生存質(zhì)量成為醫(yī)學(xué)關(guān)注的重心之一。2011年美國胸科學(xué)會、歐洲呼吸學(xué)會等發(fā)布了以循證為基礎(chǔ)的IPF診斷和治療指南,提出以減輕癥狀、改善生存質(zhì)量為主要管理目標(biāo)[1]。IPF患者相關(guān)測評工具多是基于西方文化和醫(yī)學(xué)背景研制,缺少反映中醫(yī)療效優(yōu)勢的IPF測評工具,基于患者報告結(jié)局(patientreported outcome,PRO)的測評工具(量表或問卷)是評價患者癥狀及生存質(zhì)量的有效途徑,能夠豐富目前臨床研究的療效評價指標(biāo)體系,尤其是能夠反映中醫(yī)療效優(yōu)勢。IPF-PRO的研制及評價已成為研究熱點,本文通過既往文獻(xiàn)分析目前IPF-PRO測評工具的研制及應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,為進(jìn)一步開展基于我國文化背景的IPF-PRO測評工具的研制提供依據(jù)。
1.1 檢索策略 2017年4—6月,計算機(jī)檢索PubMed、EMBase、中國知網(wǎng)、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識服務(wù)平臺和維普網(wǎng);中文檢索詞為“特發(fā)性肺纖維化、測評工具、量表、問卷、患者報告、病人報告、生存質(zhì)量、生活質(zhì)量、生命質(zhì)量”,英文檢索詞為“idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis、IPF、quality of life、patient-reported outcome、PRO、tool、instrument、scale、questionnaire”。檢索時間為數(shù)據(jù)庫建立至2017年3月。同時,查閱納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)作者明確表明研制量表用于IPF患者的臨床療效評價;(2)量表作為臨床研究主要結(jié)局指標(biāo)的測評工具。排除重復(fù)發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)評價與篩選 由2位評價者獨立閱讀文獻(xiàn)的題目、摘要,必要時閱讀全文,根據(jù)納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),剔除不合格文獻(xiàn)。對于合格文獻(xiàn),逐一閱讀全文,獨立提取相關(guān)信息,包括第一作者、題目、發(fā)表時間、涉及的測評工具及其領(lǐng)域。如意見分歧討論解決或交由第3位研究者判定,直至意見達(dá)成一致。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 本研究初步檢索獲得文獻(xiàn)2 584篇,剔除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后得到1 372篇,通過閱讀題目、摘要,必要時閱讀全文,篩選出合格文獻(xiàn)65篇,其中英文文獻(xiàn)27篇[9-35],中文文獻(xiàn)38篇[36-73]。IPF-PRO測評工具研究文獻(xiàn)最早見于2000年,而國內(nèi)最早見于2007年。文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選流程見圖1。
2.2 文獻(xiàn)研究內(nèi)容 關(guān)于IPF-PRO測評工具研制、信度考核、效度考核、適用性評價的文獻(xiàn)有20篇,其中英文文獻(xiàn)14篇[9,11-12,14,17,19,21-22,24-25,27,29,31,34],中文文獻(xiàn) 6 篇[36-38,42,50,63]。研究各種治療措施(吡非尼酮、尼達(dá)尼布、肺康復(fù)、中醫(yī)藥等)對IPF患者生存質(zhì)量影響的文獻(xiàn)45篇,其中英文文獻(xiàn) 13 篇[10,13,15-16,18,20,23,26,28,30,32-33,35],中文文獻(xiàn) 32 篇[39-41,43-49,51-62,64-73]。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)檢索流程圖Figure 1 Literature screening procedure
2.3 IPF-PRO測評工具概述 文獻(xiàn)中涉及IPF-PRO測評工具共23個,根據(jù)其適用性可分為普適性、特異性、癥狀(呼吸困難及咳嗽)特異性量表/問卷。IPF-PRO測評工具涉及的領(lǐng)域主要包括癥狀(咳嗽、咳痰、胸悶、呼吸困難、疲勞等)、日?;顒幽芰Γㄗ晕艺疹櫋⑿蓍e活動等)、心理情緒(抑郁、焦慮、痛苦等)、社會活動(聚會、工作)、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、療效滿意度(自信心、治療滿意度)等內(nèi)容(見表1)。
2.4 IPF-PRO測評工具的應(yīng)用 納入文獻(xiàn)中應(yīng)用IPF-PRO測評工具共89次,其中中文文獻(xiàn)37次,英文文獻(xiàn)52次,應(yīng)用兩個以上評價工具的文獻(xiàn)有 19 篇[10,13-15,17,20,22,26-29,31,33-35,43,48,62,67]。各文獻(xiàn)中應(yīng)用的測評工具均為國外研制,以圣·喬治呼吸疾病問卷(SGRQ)、健康調(diào)查簡表(SF-36)、改良版英國醫(yī)學(xué)研究委員會呼吸困難量表(mMRC)較多,國內(nèi)研制的測評工具尚未得到應(yīng)用(見表2)。
隨著醫(yī)學(xué)模式由傳統(tǒng)生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式向生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,臨床越來越重視對患者功能損傷程度和生存質(zhì)量的評價。PRO測評工具是通過測量或詢問患者的感受、態(tài)度和行為而獲得的定性或定量的量表/問卷,PRO是直接來源于患者對其健康狀況和治療結(jié)果反饋的報告,對于患者的反饋,沒有醫(yī)生或者其他任何人對其做出解釋。IPF-PRO測評工具為評估IPF患者病情、生存質(zhì)量變化及療效提供了客觀依據(jù)。根據(jù)適用范圍,IPF-PRO測評工具可分為普適性量表/問卷、特異性量表/問卷和癥狀特異性量表/問卷,這些測評工具可從癥狀、活動、疾病對日常生活的影響等多個方面反映IPF患者的生存質(zhì)量。目前SGRQ、慢性阻塞性肺疾病評估測試(CAT)、mMRC、SF-36等已經(jīng)在臨床研究中得到了應(yīng)用,其中SGRQ問卷應(yīng)用較多,但這些測評工具多基于西方文化和醫(yī)學(xué)背景研制,其中的一些條目并不適合中國文化背景,比如對死亡的恐懼、打高爾夫球等條目,鑒于中西文化的差異,各測評工具在我國的適用性值得商榷。
文獻(xiàn)分析顯示,國外對IPF患者生存質(zhì)量測評工具的研制、評價和對不同測評工具的比較研究開始較早。20世紀(jì)90年代,已有研究者對評價間質(zhì)性肺疾病患者生存質(zhì)量量表的適用性進(jìn)行了研究,認(rèn)為SF-36、SGRQ對評價間質(zhì)性肺疾病患者的生存質(zhì)量敏感性良好[74]。2010年,國外首先發(fā)表了IPF專用測評工具[24-25]。而國內(nèi)相關(guān)研究起步較晚,多數(shù)研究者直接引用國外測評工具,對其信度和效度考核、適用性評價以及不同測評工具的比較研究較少。2013年,有研究者對國外測評工具進(jìn)行漢化,并進(jìn)行初步的信度、效度考核[62]。2015年,出現(xiàn)特發(fā)性肺間質(zhì)纖維化中醫(yī)生存質(zhì)量評價量表[37]。目前,有關(guān)IPF生存質(zhì)量研究的文獻(xiàn)不斷增加,研究者已經(jīng)重視醫(yī)學(xué)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,關(guān)注IPF患者心理、社會功能狀態(tài)以及生存質(zhì)量。
表1 IPF-PRO測評工具涉及的領(lǐng)域、條目Table 1 Dimensions and items of 23 IPF-PRO instruments in the included studies
表2 IPF-PRO測評工具的應(yīng)用頻次(次)Table 2 Frequency of quality of life scales used in the included studies
目前,國內(nèi)IPF-PRO測評工具研究基礎(chǔ)薄弱、研制流程欠規(guī)范,如缺乏對當(dāng)前文獻(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)梳理與總結(jié)、缺少概念框架的構(gòu)建環(huán)節(jié)等。鑒于此,有必要從兩方面開展IPF-PRO測評工具相關(guān)研究。其一,遵循國際量表研制規(guī)范,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用經(jīng)典測量理論和現(xiàn)代測量理論,研制基于我國文化背景的IPF-PRO測評工具;其二,在取得國外測評工具所有者授權(quán)的前提下,按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程進(jìn)行跨文化調(diào)適,并進(jìn)行信度、效度、反應(yīng)度考核及適用性評價。
綜上所述,當(dāng)前臨床研究多缺乏基于我國文化背景研制的IPF患者相關(guān)測評工具,亟須加強(qiáng)能夠反映中醫(yī)療效優(yōu)勢的IPF相關(guān)特異性測評工具的研制。今后可進(jìn)一步對測評工具相關(guān)條目的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析,以便形成條目池,篩選條目,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用經(jīng)典測量理論與現(xiàn)代測量理論對不同測評工具進(jìn)行比較和相關(guān)性分析,以形成適合我國文化背景的IPF患者相關(guān)測評工具。
作者貢獻(xiàn):謝洋、王明航進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計、結(jié)果的分析與解釋、論文修訂,負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。趙虎雷進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集;趙虎雷、王佳佳進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理、統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理;謝洋撰寫論文。
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