趙學江
英語教學的目的是為了培養(yǎng)學生聽、說、讀、寫、譯的基本能力,學生的閱讀能力的提高,是這五項基本能力的綜合體現(xiàn)。初中同學到了初三畢業(yè)年級,教會他們?nèi)绾巫x懂英語短文,提高他們的閱讀能力就顯得特別重要。
一、閱讀是學生獲取知識和信息的手段和源泉
通過英語文章的閱讀,學生能夠拓寬知識、視野,學到一些新知識,獲得新的信息。英語文章的題材多種多樣,有對話、笑話、以及一些自然知識的介紹等等。多讀英語短文對于學生夯實英語基礎、理解英語短語、詞組的能力以及提高英語閱讀能力大有益處。
二、閱讀在畢業(yè)考試和升學考試中分數(shù)比重大
今年的畢業(yè)考試和升學考試,A卷中有關閱讀的題的分數(shù)是45分,它們分別是聽力測試的短文(5分)、完形填空(10分)、閱讀理解三篇短文(共20分)、補全對話(10分)。B卷中有關閱讀的題的分數(shù)是20分,其中閱讀理解一篇(10分)、根據(jù)短文完成填空(10分)。讀懂英語短文、做好有關的考題,將直接影響到學生的英語總成績。
(一)近幾年畢業(yè)考試和升學考試中涉及閱讀英語短文的題型
在A卷中有:完形填空、閱讀理解、補全對話共45分;在B卷中有:一篇難度較大的閱讀理解、根據(jù)短文補充短語或句子共20分。所以我們每一個同學在考試時必須讀懂英語短文。
(二)怎樣讀懂英語短文和完成相關考試題目
1.閱讀一篇英語短文應該注意以下幾點:
(1)判斷短文的總體時態(tài)和句子時態(tài)。根據(jù)短文敘述的需要,一篇短文的總體時態(tài)通常只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種,我們可以從一篇短文的開頭句子或結尾句子中的謂語動詞的形式進行判斷。當然,短文中的對話還可能出現(xiàn)一般將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時等其他時態(tài)。比如:初三英語教材第14課,根據(jù)謂語動詞的結構,我們應該很快判斷出這段短文的整體時態(tài)是一般過去時,敘述過去發(fā)生的故事。
(2)注意短文中代詞和短語的理解。短文中會出現(xiàn)很多的代詞,在閱讀時,我們一定要弄清楚它們在不同的地方所替代的是具體的哪個(些)人或哪樣(些)東西。在If you have a chance to go there, take it. (Lesson 20 of Book three) 句中的 it,在教學中要指導學生理解它代指的chance,才能準確理解take的意思。凡是在短文中出現(xiàn)的詞語,我們一定要把它們看作整體理解,而不能把它們拆分開,不能把短語看作單詞進行理解。如:go on, wake up, be amazed at, be proud of等等。我們在閱讀英語短文時,一定要把它們看作整體進行理解,才能準確理解短文中句子的意義。
(3)在閱讀時注意句型結構,特別是含有定語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句的句型結構,在閱讀時要特別注意,以便正確理解句子的意思。在Lesson 22中有三個句子:He even made TV show which ran for eight years. (定語從句)He took pictures of many things that people had never seen before.(定語從句)It let many people see what life was like under the sea.(賓語從句)
(4)根據(jù)上下文理解生詞的意思。運用構詞法、詞境等手段猜測生詞的詞性和詞義。根據(jù)詞形、詞在句子中的位置、構詞法特征,先判斷這個詞的詞性,然后再盡可能猜出它的詞義。在例文中,通過上下文的閱讀和理解,首先應該判斷出learned是一個形容詞,再判斷它的詞義是“有學問的”。
(5)形成短文的總體印象,理解作者的寫作意圖。通過對例文的閱讀,我們形成的短文的總體印象是A story in Mr. Kings book shop(main idea)。
2.完成閱讀理解題型時需要注意的事項:
(1)有些答案可以直接在短文中找到。根據(jù)文中第二句 He was very busy all the time and couldnt do any reading. 可以選出第一題的正確答案為B。
(2)有些答案需要根據(jù)短文細節(jié)和上下文意思進行推斷。如文中的第4、5題我們必須根據(jù)短文細節(jié)和上下文進行推斷,才能得出正確答案。
(三)解題思路和方法
(1)先易后難,各個擊破,不要急于求成。
(2)讀懂題目的要求,正確選出答案。
(3)讀懂整體段落,形成總體印象,理解文章的中心意圖(main idea)。
(4)忠實于作者的意圖和文章的意圖,不要憑自己的想象隨意下筆。
(四)附:練習短文
Mr. King taught English in a middle school. He was very busy all the time and couldnt do any reading. So he left the school and opened a school shop in the center of the town. It wasnt big enough but all the books were nice and most people liked to buy some there. When the shop was closed, he could read at home. He knew a lot and the learned persons were to make friends with him.
It was Sunday and it was cold outside. Mr. King was very busy. At nine in the evening all the buyers left except a girl. She was dressed up and waited for somebody there standing by shelves, she looked over the books one another, and made them in a fearful moss. Mr. King came up to her and asked, “Excuse me, madam, what can I do for you?”
“Your books are not interesting at all.” said the girl, “I want a delicious one.”
“Thats easy.” Mr. King smiled. He brought out a cookbook and said, “Here you are, madam.”
1. Mr. King changed his work because B .
A. he didnt like reading
B. he wasnt free enough to read books
C. he liked the life in the center of the town
D. he wanted to write a book for the school
2. D , so most people liked to buy books there.
A. The book shop was in the center of the town
B. The book shop wasnt big enough but all the books were nice cookbooks
C. The book shop was so large that it could hold all kinds of nice books
D. Though the book shop was not so large, the books there were all good for people.