闞強(qiáng)波 田燦瓊 付玉東 王俊峰 侯波 洪志鵬
摘 要:急性炎癥反應(yīng)在肺挫傷的病理生理學(xué)中的重要作用已得到廣泛認(rèn)可,炎癥反應(yīng)是肺挫傷后病情演變加重的主要因素。肺挫傷與急性肺損傷和急性呼吸窘迫綜合癥的發(fā)生具有臨床相關(guān)性已形成共識(shí),然而免疫學(xué)評(píng)分和方法用于檢測和評(píng)估肺挫傷的嚴(yán)重程度在臨床中還沒有建立,一種可能的方法是通過監(jiān)測常規(guī)炎癥標(biāo)記物反映肺挫傷后發(fā)生的免疫反應(yīng)。國外相關(guān)研究已表明炎癥直接相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物,如促血管生成素2、白介素6和降鈣素原與炎癥間接相關(guān)的標(biāo)記物如人五聚素3和腎上腺髓質(zhì)素原,它們都是ARDS的獨(dú)立潛在危險(xiǎn)因素。
關(guān)鍵詞:生物標(biāo)記物;肺挫傷;急性呼吸窘迫綜合癥
中圖分類號(hào):R563 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.08.011
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)08-0031-04
Application Value of Biomarkers in Lung Contusion
KAN Qiang-bo1,TIAN Can-qiong1,F(xiàn)U Yu-dong1,WANG Jun-feng1,HOU Bo1,HONG Zhi-peng2
(1.Department of Thoracic Surgery,the First People's Hospital of Qujing City,Qujing 655000,Yunnan,China;
2.Department of Thoracic Surgery,F(xiàn)irst Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650000,Yunnan,China)
Abstract:The important role of acute inflammatory reaction in the pathophysiology of lung contusion has been widely recognized. Inflammatory reaction is the main factor of exacerbation of the disease after lung contusion.There is a consensus that there is a clinical correlation between lung contusion and the occurrence of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.However, immunological scores and methods for detecting and evaluating the severity of lung contusion have not been established in clinical practice.One possible method is to monitor routine inflammatory markers to reflect the immune response after lung contusion.Foreign studies have shown that biomarkers directly related to inflammation,such as angiopoietin 2,interleukin 6 and calcitonin,are indirectly associated with inflammation,such as human pentagglutinin 3 and adrenomedullin,they are independent potential risk factors for ARDS.
Key words:Biomarkers;Pulmonary contusion;Acute respiratory distress syndrome
由美國和歐洲組成的關(guān)于急性呼吸窘迫綜合癥的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)定義,肺挫傷(pulmonary contusion,PC)是導(dǎo)致急性肺損傷(acute lung injury,ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫綜合癥(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的最主要原因[1]。臨床上肺挫傷影像所見的肺挫傷范圍與臨床癥狀不一致,提示肺挫傷的病理生理學(xué)中可能有細(xì)胞水平與亞細(xì)胞水平損傷、炎癥以及肺挫傷與其它潛在損傷如誤吸、感染等相互作用共同參與,相關(guān)研究表明炎癥反應(yīng)在肺挫傷患者的病情進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要的作用[2]。這種炎癥反應(yīng)也有延遲發(fā)生的情況,因?yàn)樗病耙l(fā)”炎癥細(xì)胞對(duì)隨后產(chǎn)生的刺激過度反應(yīng),被稱為第二次撞擊現(xiàn)象,這就是臨床觀察考慮到的臨床癥狀發(fā)作延遲現(xiàn)象,由于對(duì)炎癥立即和延遲反應(yīng)的影響,潛在可以使用的預(yù)防措施存在于肺挫傷持續(xù)期間的治療窗口[3]。與炎癥相關(guān)的一些生物標(biāo)記物是否能作為反映肺挫傷病情嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo),現(xiàn)將一些相關(guān)研究綜述如下。
1 降鈣素原在肺挫傷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值
肺挫傷后炎癥反應(yīng)在病情進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,肺微血管炎癥、血管通透性增加與非心源性水腫是肺挫傷進(jìn)展為ARDS的標(biāo)志,它們都離不開炎癥反應(yīng)的參與[4]。細(xì)胞因子作為炎癥反應(yīng)的媒介起到炎癥放大的效應(yīng),各種炎癥性肺損傷均通過各種可溶性細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子來調(diào)節(jié)炎癥細(xì)胞的作用和細(xì)胞間相互作用 [5]。細(xì)胞因子的趨化作用在多種原因所致肺損傷的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)歸中扮演著重要角色。降鈣素原(procalcitonin,PCT)作為一種次級(jí)炎癥因子也參與其中。
在早期ARDS和ALI階段PCT作為細(xì)胞免疫活性增強(qiáng)的標(biāo)記物有重要價(jià)值。Tsantes等[6]在關(guān)于測定血漿和支氣管肺泡灌洗液中PCT和白細(xì)胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)來區(qū)分膿毒血癥或非膿毒血癥引起的ARDS研究中表明:早期血漿PCT濃度,但不是支氣管肺泡灌洗液中PCT濃度可以幫助區(qū)分膿毒癥和非膿毒血癥導(dǎo)致的ARDS,血漿PCT濃度還與多器官功能障礙綜合癥的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。在非常嚴(yán)重的肺挫傷患者的支氣管肺泡灌洗液中能檢測到PCT,但支氣管肺泡灌洗液中的PCT評(píng)估肺挫傷的嚴(yán)重程度不是一個(gè)可靠的指標(biāo)[7]。Lederer等[8]的研究結(jié)果表明支氣管灌洗液中PCT的水平在ARDS與ALI患者中沒有差異,然而血清PCT濃度在ARDS與ALI患者中有明顯差異,ARDS患者血清中PCT的水平明顯高于ALI患者,血清中PCT水平與肺損傷嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),血清PCT水平在并發(fā)膿毒血癥或非膿毒血癥的ARDS/ALI患者沒有差異,支氣管肺泡灌洗液中產(chǎn)生的PCT非常低,血清中PCT水平是評(píng)估ARDS患者肺損傷嚴(yán)重程度的有用參數(shù)。在ARDS早期,感染和膿毒血癥的發(fā)生是影響ARDS患者死亡的主要因素,測定PCT來區(qū)分是否有膿毒血癥存在[9]。
血清 PCT是敏感和特異性的細(xì)菌性膿毒癥的生物標(biāo)志物,PCT的水平增加與感染的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[10,11]。PCT是一種特異性高,且反應(yīng)快速的生化檢測指標(biāo),能早期快速診斷和鑒別嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌性感染。據(jù)記載,細(xì)菌或細(xì)菌產(chǎn)物出現(xiàn)在血液中2~6 h后PCT被釋放到血液中,這比已有的生物標(biāo)記物更快[12]。并發(fā)ARDS的肺挫傷患者多數(shù)需進(jìn)行氣管插管、呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸,由呼吸機(jī)引起的相關(guān)性肺炎成為晚期ARDS患者死亡的主要原因,呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)的死亡率為24%~50%,在一些特定條件下或特殊高危病原體引起的肺部感染時(shí)死亡率可達(dá)到76% [13]。一組證據(jù)[14]表明不充分的抗菌治療是一個(gè)決定死亡率的重要因素。另外,不必要的抗感染治療或不合理的治療療程也給臨床帶來許多困擾,包括耐藥的產(chǎn)生以及醫(yī)療資源的浪費(fèi)。需要一種正確及時(shí)反映抗生素療效的客觀指標(biāo)來指導(dǎo)臨床抗感染治療的合理性。Christ-Crain等[15]人進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究下呼吸道感染患者接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療或通過降鈣素原引導(dǎo)的方案,當(dāng)降鈣素原值≥0.5 μg/ L和≥0.25 μg/ L情況下鼓勵(lì)使用抗生素。通過測定血中炎癥反應(yīng)標(biāo)記物反映感染的情況對(duì)比通過侵入性的操作(如纖維支氣管鏡下或吸痰管吸出的痰液培養(yǎng)等)取得的微生物檢測更具優(yōu)勢。一些研究[16-19]將PCT描述為膿毒癥嚴(yán)重程度,抗菌效率和醫(yī)院死亡率的預(yù)測因子。使用PCT標(biāo)記物可用于鑒別診斷和指導(dǎo)不同的抗生素治療方案[15,20]。PCT是一種能反映肺挫傷病情嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo),幫助監(jiān)測膿毒血癥患者病情進(jìn)展以及評(píng)估治療措施是否有效,PCT是反映抗生素療效的客觀指標(biāo)并能指導(dǎo)臨床抗感染治療。炎癥反應(yīng)機(jī)制在肺挫傷病情進(jìn)展加重中扮演重要角色,肺部感染、膿毒血癥是早期ARDS常見并發(fā)癥,VAP、MODS是晚期ARDS患者常見并發(fā)癥,PCT作為膿毒血癥標(biāo)記物,PCT能預(yù)測肺挫傷并發(fā)ALI/ARDS的發(fā)生、能標(biāo)記肺挫傷并發(fā)膿毒血癥的病例、呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎病例及發(fā)生MODS的病例,PCT是一種評(píng)估肺挫傷病情嚴(yán)重程度、并發(fā)癥、預(yù)后的良好指標(biāo)。
2 vWF、ANG2及其他炎癥因子在肺挫傷中的應(yīng)用
在肺挫傷的研究中,暴力作用造成肺組織急性損傷,機(jī)械損傷加之局部的缺氧缺血使得毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)損傷,毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)收縮,細(xì)胞連接分離、出現(xiàn)裂隙,血管通透性增高[21]。血管性血友病因子(von willebrand factor,vWF)是一種大分子量的具有粘附功能的糖蛋白,主要由血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞分泌,其中內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是血漿vWF主要的合成場所,血管內(nèi)皮損傷時(shí),內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放vWF增加,血小板粘附、聚集及局部血栓形成,vWF是血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷的標(biāo)志[22]。Blann等[23]的研究證實(shí)在創(chuàng)傷所導(dǎo)致的肺挫傷中vWF水平早期明顯升高,與非創(chuàng)傷因素所致的間接肺損傷對(duì)比有明顯差異。相關(guān)研究[24,25]表明, ARDS組及預(yù)后不良者vWF含量明顯升高,vWF被證實(shí)可作為ARDS的發(fā)生和預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。
循環(huán)中的促血管生成素-2(angiopoietin-2,ANG2)來源于肺血管壁,即使膿毒血癥和創(chuàng)傷易導(dǎo)致不同的ARDS表現(xiàn),但ANG2與肺微血管通透性、呼吸窘迫綜合征發(fā)展,積極液體平衡和危重膿毒血癥或創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡率相關(guān)[26,27]。另外一種生物標(biāo)志物人五聚素3(pentraxin3,PTX3)作為一種急性期炎癥因子,對(duì)于預(yù)測ARDS嚴(yán)重性也有價(jià)值[28]。PTX3表現(xiàn)得像急性期蛋白,是天生的免疫及炎癥標(biāo)記物,并可能在補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡清除中發(fā)揮作用,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)重感染、機(jī)械通氣或ARDS相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的情況下,PTX3存在過度表達(dá)[28]。
新蝶呤(Neopterin)是一種低分子化合物,人體新蝶呤是體內(nèi)生物蝶呤合成途徑中一種蝶呤中間代謝產(chǎn)物,發(fā)生細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng)時(shí)體液中的新蝶呤水平升高,研究者傾向?qū)⑿碌首鳛樯飿?biāo)志檢測人體內(nèi)細(xì)胞免疫的活化狀態(tài),在早期ARDS和ALI,支氣管肺泡灌洗液和血清中新蝶呤和PCT作為細(xì)胞免疫活性增強(qiáng)的標(biāo)記物有重要價(jià)值[29]。在各種肺疾病中,例如結(jié)節(jié)病和間質(zhì)肺部疾病,血清和支氣管肺泡灌洗液中新蝶呤水平升高已有報(bào)道[30]。肺炎患者中支氣管肺皰灌洗液中新蝶呤水平相對(duì)于對(duì)照組有顯著升高[31]。中間區(qū)域的腎上腺髓質(zhì)素原(pro adrenomedullin,proADM)是腎上腺髓質(zhì)素的一個(gè)穩(wěn)定片段,參與了免疫調(diào)節(jié)、代謝,同時(shí)具有血管擴(kuò)張劑的作用,能預(yù)測肺炎和敗血癥的預(yù)后[32]。研究表明炎癥直接相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物,如ANG2,IL-6和PCT與炎癥間接相關(guān)的標(biāo)記物如PTX3和proADM相比,它們的準(zhǔn)確性更好,它們都是ARDS的獨(dú)立潛在危險(xiǎn)因素[27]。Hoeboer等[33]的研究表明,后晚期ARDS中出現(xiàn)新發(fā)熱病例的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不論潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,ANG2能預(yù)測最大嚴(yán)重性;IL-6和PCT具有每日監(jiān)測的價(jià)值,能反映病情的嚴(yán)重程度;ProADM只能預(yù)測28 d死亡率。每日監(jiān)測IL-6,PCT和ANG2的變化對(duì)判斷ARDS嚴(yán)重程度價(jià)值更大。事實(shí)上,肺微血管炎癥、血管通透性增加與非心源性水腫是ARDS的標(biāo)志,ANG2可能直接參與其中,ANG2值隨肺損傷評(píng)分增加而增加[34]。ANG2是一種生物標(biāo)志物能預(yù)測ARDS病情嚴(yán)重程度,監(jiān)測病情發(fā)展過程并預(yù)測晚發(fā)性ARDS危重患者中出現(xiàn)的發(fā)熱病例,不論潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,它是最具體的ARDS生物標(biāo)志物[33]。
3 總結(jié)
炎癥反應(yīng)在肺挫傷病情進(jìn)展過程中扮演重要角色,特別是進(jìn)展為ALI/ARDS階段,直接或間接的炎癥標(biāo)記物自然成為反映病情嚴(yán)重程度的有用標(biāo)記,對(duì)于影像學(xué)存在的評(píng)估肺挫傷范圍與患者實(shí)際病情嚴(yán)重程度不相符的情況,生物標(biāo)記物檢測更能在細(xì)胞水平反映患者病情的嚴(yán)重程度,并能動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測,肺挫傷后早期可能并發(fā)SIRS,SIRS是并發(fā)ALI/ARDS的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,一些生物標(biāo)記物已證實(shí)能標(biāo)記SIRS。ALI進(jìn)展為ARDS的間隙如能早期采取治療措施干預(yù)則能減少進(jìn)展為ARDS的病例,改善患者預(yù)后,如何監(jiān)測這種變化生物標(biāo)記物成為最有希望的一種方法。肺挫傷并發(fā)ARDS后與患者預(yù)后相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素包括并發(fā)膿毒血癥、MODS等,PCT作為膿毒血癥標(biāo)記物及MODS標(biāo)記物能反映病情嚴(yán)重情況,可作為醫(yī)護(hù)人員判斷危重患者預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。關(guān)于生物標(biāo)記物與ARDS的這些研究主要集中在早期ARDS的發(fā)展或其結(jié)果,但生物標(biāo)志物在反映ARDS的嚴(yán)重程度和發(fā)病晚期影響ARDS的無關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素方面,它所具有的價(jià)值在很大程度上還是未知的。
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收稿日期:2017-12-8;修回日期:2017-12-26
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